of Satan in “Paradise Lost”
by
Yi Sha
A thesis
submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts
in the English Department of Foreign Language School of
Shanghai Jianqiao College
March 2012
ABSTRACT
John Milton is one of the famous writers during the whole English history. His masterpiece, Paradise Lost, was undoubtedly a milestone in English literature. He had created a special image, and that made people obtain a very different angle to revisit the evil one, Satan. His epic made Satan more vivid, more humanized, and made him a special hero in some aspects. John selected a period of article to describe Satan’s eloquence towards his followers, which presents Milton’s own idea and spirit. His words had shown his lifelong love of freedom, and implied that the revolution will be failed by using violence. That’s why the Satan in his masterpiece has a kind of contradiction in his masterpiece. He loved freedom, but he couldn’t get freedom by means of violence. And Satan was still a loser in the whole story. Although Milton used a kind of positive attitude to describe Satan, his evil characteristic didn’t change all the time.
Key words: hero, freedom, Satan, failure
摘 要
约翰·弥尔顿,是英语文化历史上最有名的作者之一。他的杰作——《失乐园》,无疑是整个英语文化历史上的一座里程碑。他创造了一个特别的形象,并且使得人们能够以另一种不同的角度来看待传说中的恶魔,撒旦。他的作品使撒旦更加形象生动,更加具有人性,并且使其在某些角度上看起来是一名英雄,或是枭雄。弥尔顿选用了一长段的篇幅来描写撒旦对他的追随者所说的一场雄辩,这段独白中也蕴含了米尔顿自己的意志和精神。他的字句反应出了他毕生所挚爱的自由,同时还暗示了通过暴力方式所进行的终究将会失败。这就是为什么本作中的撒旦会具有这样一种矛盾性。他热爱自由,但是却不能用暴力手段得到他想到的。
同时,撒旦在整本书中还扮演了一个失败者。尽管弥尔顿用了一些积极的语句和情节来形容撒旦,但是该角色的本质从未有所改变。
关键词: 英雄、自由、撒旦、失败
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Satan in Paradise Lost 1
2.1 Satan as an Independent Image 3
2.2 The “Hero” Satan 3
2.3 Satan’s Contradiction 4
3 Differences Between Satan in Bible and the Book 4
3.1 Satan Was the Congregation of All the Sins in Bible 4
3.2 Satan Was the Hero in Paradise Lost 5
3.3 The Differences Between the Two Images 5
3.3.1 Analysis of the Reasons Why People Thought Satan a Heroic Image in Paradise Lost 5
3.3.2 The Satan in Paradise Lost is More Humanized than That in General 6
4 Links and the Background Between the Society and the Book 6
4.1 The Presentation of Different Classes of Every Image 6
4.2 The Combination of Milton’s Own Will 7
4.2.1 Freedom is the Main Theme of the Whole Book 7
4.2.2 Failure is the Doomed Conclusion of “Satan” 8
5 Conclusion 8
References 10
Acknowledgements 11
On the Image
of Satan in “Paradise Lost”
1 Introduction
While Shakespeare was still writing his great plays, another great English poet was born in London. He was John Milton.
His father was a Puritan, but he loved music and taught little John to love it, also, the books.
The great epic, Paradise Lost, cost him seven years, which was based on the story of how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven out of Eden. The poem consisting of twelve books, is marked foe its intricate and contradictory composition. After finishing this great poem, John Milton wrote Paradise Regained and a play telling the story of Samson, the champion of Israel, who, like Milton himself, passed his last days in blindness.
2 Satan in Paradise Lost
Paradise Lost is the masterpiece of John Milton, the great poet, thinker and political commentator of England in the 17th century. It is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The story was taken from the Old Testament: the creation of the earth and Adam and Eve, the fallen angels in hell plotting against God, Satan’s temptation of Eve, and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden. Satan and his followers are banished from heaven and driven into hell, but Satan and his adherents are not discouraged. The painful punishment, instead of rubbing off their will, aroused their deep anger. The poem was to tell people,“ to justify the ways of God to man”. The masterpiece was the product of Puritanism, which has presented his own will and beliefs of freedom. I’ve taken great interest in the image of Satan which Milton has described in the epic. The Satan in his epic is so different from the Bible and other books.
In Paradise Lost, Satan is an independent image which can be separated and be discussed in a different angle during the whole literature history. I think the special image of Satan is the reflection of the author, who advocated freedom and at the same time, presented a kind of contradiction, and also the reflection of the society that time. This point has appeared in many articles which I have read, written by Chen Weihong and Professor Xiao Minghan’s two articles ( 1999 & 2011)
They all think that:
1.The Satan in Paradise Lost is full of heroism, because of his rebellious character and the adherence of freedom.
2.These characteristics made Satan an eclectic image, and made God a little bit negative.
Xiao’s two articles indicated that the special image doesn’t come from the Bible, but comes from himself. The words and deeds Satan did in the hell, and the main reasons of his betraying are the features which helped Milton to describe Satan into a personalized image. The most important point in Satan’s characteristic is his indomitable will, whatever situation he was in, he had never changed this nature.
Another author’s article also elaborated this kind of view, that is, Satan in Paradise Lost is vivid and clear. Satan’s betray, in an opposite place, is the strong will to pursue freedom, and resistance of God’s slavery. And the contradiction was also presented by him. His image has duality, the mix of positive and negative.
We all thought Satan was the most evil one in the Bible, or we can say that Satan was the congregation of all the sins. In Bible, Satan’s name means “obstruct, hinder”, he’s God’s enemy, an everlasting pervert. There’s an important in her article, and also, it has been mentioned in Xiao’s paper. The view is: Satan wasn’t a born sinner. His sin and his bitterness are the results of his free choice.
Adam and Eve’s betray comes from the desire of knowledge. After the punishment, they knew how to distinguish right from wrong, and began to beg God’s forgiveness. It was after the baptism of evil that the good will be more precious.
The last part is about Milton’s own idea, which has combined with Satan. Every image he had made is a presentation of different classes in the society at that time. In the paper of Huang Delin, he has pointed the view that Satan is Milton’s own reflection, and also, in Chen Jinxi’s article, he said that the poem is the reflection of the people’s spiritual condition. Milton combined his masterpiece with the Puritan revolution. God presented the Cromwell government, or the dictatorship of England; Satan presented the force of revolution. It was Milton, who was a loyal puritan andhad realized that happiness must be on the basis of freedom, but the revolution can’t get the real freedom. The revolution must be a failure in his opinion. That’s why Satan has a kind of contradiction, he loved freedom, but he couldn’t get freedom by violent means. These ideas have appeared in the preface of a translation version which was translated by Jin Fashen.
There’re many ideas of the images in Paradise Lost, discussing about their meanings and presentations. It has left so profound an influence on the literature history, and I will do an analysis on this great epic.
2.1 Satan as an Independent Image
In this epic, the image of Satan is the most controversial image. The controversy about the image of Satan in Paradise Lost relates to the inner nature of Satan are whether he is the hero or the devil in the epic. In the whole literature history, many people thought Satan in Paradise Lost is a special image. He has something like hero, which incarnated in his words in first two volume.
John Milton’s Paradise Lost, with its graphic depictions of a rebellious Satan being hurled from Heaven to earth, greatly popularized the image of a personal Satan. Satan could be an independent image in the masterpiece, mostly owe to his declamation to show his firm will. He seems to be almost heroic in the earlier portion of the poem, grand and majestic in appearance, fearless in character. However, as the story develops, Satan’s image changed significantly. The most important nature of Satan is his ambivalence. This factor made the image of Satan glitter from the whole book, and became a really part which is deserved to be studied.
2.2 The “Hero” Satan
People always thought Satan in Paradise Lost has made a heroic impression. But it is a kind of misapprehension because of the words which Satan said in the book. In The Odyssey, Homer lets Odysseus give a speech that would convince anyone they could survive the journey to the Strait of Messina, Then we die with our eyes open, if we are going to die, or know what death we baffle if we can. (ln.1243-1245)
Odysseus again lifts their spirits with this speech, Garcia 2 Friends, have we ever been in danger before this? More fearsome, is it now, than when the Cyclops penned us in his cave? What power he had! Did I not keep my nerve, and use my wits to find a way out for us? … Heads up, lads! We must now obey orders as I give them. (Milton, 1667, 1294-1302页) Here Odysseus shows the true ability of a hero to lead in the face of adversity.
Satan, as any good leader would, quickly allays his companion’s fear with more speech. During the speech, Satan casts doubts about God’s supremacy and boldly states that they are better off where they are. Here at least we shall be free… Here we may reign secure…Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven. (Milton, 1667, 258-263页)
The most influential nature points of Satan throughout the whole epic and also stick in the characteristic, hard bosom, independent intellectuality, and his own power. These three points all took effectiveness on Satan, which made Satan looks like a hero.
2.3 Satan’s Contradiction
There is a most attractive point in the whole characteristic of Satan, which is his contradiction, combined with evil and the great will of freedom.
Although Milton could not but sympathize with some heroic qualities of Satan, he had not intended to turn a devil into a pure hero: a devil is a devil.
In Paradise Lost, however, at least in the first several books, a characterization of Satan is portrayed in which the audience feels sympathy and fraternity with Satan's character. In addition to an analysis of God's and Satan's characters, there are two perspectives on the content of Paradise Lost which show where the conflict in the reader's perception evolves. Although Satan have made a profound impression of hero in the first two books, he still evils as the original story had told. Adam and Eve, are seduced by Satan and made to suffer therefrom. It is Satan’s strong will of chasing freedom that made him became such kind of evil angel.
3 Differences Between Satan in Bible and the Book
3.1 Satan Was the Congregation of All the Sins in Bible
In Bible, Satan is a hundred-percent demon, not only because of he seduced human but also because of his betraying. Our understanding of the basic spiritual realities of the universe would not be complete without also understanding something concerning Satan and his forces. Satan is the great enemy of God who rebelled at the foundation of the earth. Satan is therefore the author of evil. His chief desire is to receive the worship that belongs only to God the Creator (Matt. 4:8-10; Rev. 13:4). He also works in his hatred against mankind to destroy them as much as he can for time and eternity. Fear, hate and pride are the major motivations in Satan's kingdom. That’s what Bible told people to define Satan as an evil in this universe.
3.2 Satan Was the Hero in Paradise Lost
In the epic, Satan was described as an image which sticks to his belief and he dared to fight for his beloved freedom. These pro-Satanists praise Satan’s high superior nature and take him as the real hero of the epic.
At the emblem of Paradise Lost, Satan gives a vehement speech which attracts numerous readers for hundreds of years.
“That glory never shall his wrath or might. Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace. With suppliant knee, and deify his power who, from the terror of this arm, solate. Doubted His empire: that were low indeed. That was an ignominy and shame beneath. This downfall, since, by fate, the strength of gods. And this empyreal substance, cannot fail.
The lines are powerful and courageous. People can easily find out that Satan’s ambition became apparent, and also, his struggle spirit and independent characteristics.
Going through the seventeenth century Puritanism and the English Revolution, Milton naturally added political colors to his works and to the images he created. The cause for which he fought for the whole life caused him to endow Satan more or less with revolutionary spirit. The poet’s passion and sympathy for the revolution are mirrored in his depiction of Satan and his rebellion.
3.3 The Differences Between the Two Images
3.3.1 Analysis of the Reasons Why People Thought Satan a Heroic Image in Paradise Lost
The later thought Satan in Paradise Lost can be an heroic image because he dare to fight against God, and didn’t fear God’s power, who always insists on his own will, just like Milton himself. John Milton was brought through a Puritan family, the childhood and the society that was, give him vitality and tenacity in his personality, which was also externalized in the words of Satan: “Princes, potentates, the flower of Heaven, once yours, now lost. If such astonishment as this can seize eternal spirits! Awake, arise, or be forever fallen.”[9]
Though defeated, Satan still keeps his “unconquerable will”. Here, Satan is not only a military leader, rousing his rebel angels from their angelic state but also is a skillful politician, employing the fierce language of resistance as he continues unrepentant, to defy God.
3.3.2 The Satan in Paradise Lost is More Humanized than That in General
In Bible and in most of people’s idea, Satan is a congregation of evil, but in Paradise Lost, Satan became a vivid image which can touch our readers. In the later story, after Adam and Eve have been deduced by Satan, and they were all been punished, Satan became to think about what he had done to the people, and he was painful about what he had done. This kind of description makes Satan looks not that bastard, but more humanized than the Bible said.
All of what we have read about Satan in Paradise Lost, may be he’s an evil, he had ambitions; or sometimes he’s a hero, he had strong will and powerful speeches. Undoubtedly, Satan in the book is more vivid than ever before.
4 Links and the Background Between the Society and the Book
4.1 The Presentation of Different Classes of Every Image
In the book, Milton described every image very well, and as we all know, the epic is the reflection of the society Milton lived, so every image has its own presentation.
Milton was a Puritan, who was very loyal to his belief. His strong will of freedom had shown thoroughly through out the book.
Apparently, God represents the authority. God is another best drawn of Milton’s characters. Those who appreciate Satan treat God as a tyrant and egoist while those who condemn that Satan justify God and take him as a merciful, just and lenient authority. The poet also points out from Abdiel’s mouth that obedience to God is not servility, but the only way of winning freedom. Only those defying their superiors and starting a rebellion are servile and inferior.
And how about Adam and Eve, they deduced by Satan and have been punished by God, like all the ordinary people, all the civilian class, they can’t fight against the authority, but lived by themselves.
That’s why Paradise Lost became so famous, though the story was as same as Bible told, because of its own standing meaningful background.
4.2 The Combination of Milton’s Own Will
4.2.1 Freedom is the Main Theme of the Whole Book
If you have known something about Milton, you will find out that his life was not that favorable before he did this masterpiece. In that society, he loved freedom very much. Freedom as a theme, has throughout the whole epic.
The book is closely related to Milton’s own life experience. He was a great man, who never rebel his belief and will insist on his will. Milton’s disagreement with the old-fashioned teaching methods is best referred to disobedience to feudalistic force, just as Satan’s rebellion against God and heavenly warfare:“ We may with more successful hope resolve. To wage by force or guile eternal war. Irreconcilable to our grand foe, who now triumphs, and in the excess of joy. Sole reigning holds the tyranny of Heaven.”
Instead of withdrawing from society, Milton remained active, no longer participating directly in politics, but continuing to host foreign visitors and to work closely with friends and acquaintances. The result of his thinking is such a rebellious and heroic image of Satan.
He always chasing the freedom, like Satan always took steps wanted to get rid of God’s dominion.
4.2.2 Failure is the Doomed Conclusion of “Satan”
Milton was a loyal puritan and had realized that happiness must on the basis of freedom, but the revolution can’t get the real freedom, the revolution must be a failure in his opinion. Satan was the presentation of the revolutionary class.
Learning the English history, we know, the Puritan Revolution was a failure, that’s just going like Milton implied in the book, violence is not a good method to take over the time. Milton was a puritan. Although he didn’t satisfied with the crown, but he didn’t appreciate the violence way to solve the conflict, either.
Maybe this kind of idea was not that correct in readers’ eyes, but actually, in the macroscopical way, war will never bring happiness.
5 Conclusion
The Bible is not just relevant to Milton as a 'literary' source. As we've seen in the page on Milton's Religious Context, in particular, it was often used to back up points of view on controversial matters, since the Bible was accepted by most people as an authoritative source. Milton quotes heavily from the Bible in his pamphlets against bishops governing the Church, his pamphlets in favor of divorce, and his writings defending the execution of the king.
Throughout history, John Milton’s Paradise Lost, especially his characterization of the image of Satan has been studied by many people and comprehended in many different ways, developing all kinds of new interpretations. On one side, there are those who say that Satan is the true hero of the epic and Milton was secretly on the Devil’s side. On the other side, there are those who say that Satan is a Devil and Milton’s sympathy was with God and the angels. There are also those who interweave the two interpretations.
But through the analysis of the above three chapters it is clearly shown that the changes of Satan’s character gives a much more different and much clearer picture of Milton’s attitude toward Satan. The poet spent all the life bringing his political cause into action.
In my own opinion, Satan is a heroic image, but not a hero. The spirit he shown, the constantly fighting against God made him a true fighter. And the everlasting love of freedom is the main meaning which I have felt from the book. It is more than an article or a kind of study, but at last, a sympathetic chord appeared during the reading.
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Acknowledgments
I am greatly indebted to many people who have helped me with my completion of this thesis.
First of all, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Li Lei, who has constantly guided me through the whole research and through the writing of the thesis, and also thank him for his much devotion of his precious time and energy to reading and revising my manuscript with great carefulness and patience.
Besides, my sincere gratitude also goes to my friends who have put considerable time and effort into their comments on my thesis.下载本文