Passage 1
Not too many decades ago it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people's natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin(亲戚)and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the "obvious" is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else.
Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism many produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers.
These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young troublemakers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community's population size and its social heterogeneity(多样性). For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city urbanities areal so more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a cosmopolitan(见多识广)outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so-called undesirables. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size.
1. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the first paragraph?________
A. An argument is examined and possible solutions given.
B. Two contrasting views are presented.
C. Research results concerning the quality of urban life are presented in order of time. D. A detail description of the difference between urban and small-town life is given.
2. According to the passage, it was once a common belief that urban residents________ .
A. could not develop long-standing relationships
B. did not have the same interests as their neighbors
C. tended to be associated with bad behavior
D. usually had more friends
3. One of the consequences of urban life is that impersonal relationships among neighbors________ .
A. disrupt people's natural relations
B. make them worry about crime
C. cause them no to show concern for one another
D. cause them to be suspicious of each other
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the bigger a community is, ________ .
A. the better its quality of life
B. the more tolerant and open-minded it is
C. the likelier it is to display psychological symptoms of stress
D. the more similar its interests
Passage 2
The cruise(邮轮) tourism is the fastest growing industry in the travel industry. With rapid growth in the number of passengers, the number of cruise ships at sea, and the increased variety of destinations, the fast growth in the industry follows with increasing influences on the environment.
Like many travel industries, the negative influences on the environment seem to outweigh the positive ones. Even though the cruise industry is relatively small compared to the airline industry, cruise ships and their passengers generate more waste and pollutant emissions(排放物) while travelling and docked in port. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, a one-week voyage generates more than 50 tons of garbage, and during that same week 3.78 million litres of waste water is produced. That is water which is harmful to the ocean life and cannot be poured back into the ocean without being treated. These numbers are multiplied by more than 200 cruise ships sailing the world 365 days a year.
Due to pollution, coral reefs(珊瑚礁) are taking a significant damage. There are 109 countries with coral reefs. In 90 of them, reefs are being damaged by cruise ships. It is said 70% of cruise destinations are in the spots with the existence of a wide variety of sea plants and animal species.
However, it is not the amount of pollution generated by cruise ships that is most concerned, but rather, the way cruise ships deal with their waste. The way cruise ships get rid of waste is highly unregulated. Waste can be poured a few short miles off shore, which is later brought back to shore due to ocean currents. In most cases, there was no monitoring or administration from local authorities if cruise ships violated the pollution standards. The cruise industry continues to promote itself as environmentally friendly; the truth is, there are many examples of cruise ships breaking the law.
Processing waste on board is not impossible for cruise industries. Since the increased harmful effects on the environment have come to light, some cruise industries have done their part and as technology increases, their ability to become more eco-friendly has become the most important.
Holland American Line has invested \\1.5 million into a program called Seawater Scrubber Pilot. This program looks for opportunities to reduce engine emission on its ships. The Sea Water Scrubber system uses the natural chemistry of seawater to remove all harmful materials in the seawater before it is poured overboard. Even though it is only a small step, it makes a big difference.
The environmental impact of the cruise industry on the destination has negative effects. However, with effort made, there is still hope that these effects can be limited, or as we wish, reduced.
1. What adds to cruise ships' pollution? ________
A. Lack of proper regulations.
B. Growing size of cruise ships.
C. Service system on cruise ships.
D. Useless water-treating program.
2. Why did the author mention Holland American Line?________
A. To stress environmental protection matters.
B. To evaluate the effects of natural chemistry.
C. To introduce the Sea Water Scrubber system.
D. To prove some anti-pollution measure works.
3. What is the passage mainly about?________
A. Influences of cruise tourism.
B. Problems in tourist industry.
C. Consequence of ocean pollution.
D. Administration of cruise emissions.
4. How is the passage developed? ________
A. By analyzing cause and effect.
B. By discussing problems and solutions.
C. By comparing benefits and disadvantages.
D. By presenting similarities and differences.
Passage 3
Indian-origin Anvitha Vijay has given a new meaning to the phrase "age is just a number"; she has proved that achievements and knowledge follow passion and not just age and experience.
Vijay, who lives with her parents in Melbourne, Australia, at the age of seven realised that her piggy bank did not have enough money to hire a developer to make her an app, so she decided to teach herself how to code. With the help of videos, the young techie learned to code. For one entire year, she watched multiple coding tutorials on the web and became a programmer herself.
Vijay's inspiration for developing the apps was her little sister, who was still learning to talk. Therefore, Vijay developed an educational app for children that were her sister's age. The app is called Smartkins, which uses about 100 sounds and flashcards of different animals that help children learn and identify. Later, Vijay developed a similar iOS app for children to identify and learn colors. Each app has been downloaded thousands of times.
Anvitha's skills won her a scholarship to attend a big tech conference hosted by Apple in San Francisco, California. There, she got tips from the pros. She went to workshops where she learned about the latest software for app building.
All that training led to an idea for a third app. This one, called GoalsHi, inspires kids to practice good habits. Users are rewarded for achieving goals, such as eating their vegetables or practicing piano. Anvitha says the rewards are like getting a sticker for a job well done.
Anvitha's goal is to continue creating technology that helps kids learn while having fun. But even more important to her is that the world sees the power of technology in kid's hands. "The more training we get in tech at an early age," she says, "the better chance we have of becoming creativity champions who will one day change the world."
1. Vijay taught herself how to code because ________ .
A. she couldn't afford a developer
B. her sister begged her
C. she valued her savings very much
D. her parents encouraged her
2. Vijay's app GoalsHi intends to help kids ________ .
A. identify colors
B. practice good habits
C. learn different animals
D. get in tech at an early age
3. What is the right order of the events?________
a. Learning the latest software for app building.
b. Teaching herself how to code.
c. Developing Smartkins app.
d. Building iOS app.
A. cbad B. bacd C. bcda D. cdab
4. Vijay's story indicates that ________ .
A. one head cannot hold all wisdom
B. passion fuels the young to achieve
C. from small beginnings come great things
D. all things are difficult before they are easy
Passage 4
Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can't be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.
Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?
Always give credit. Many leaders note that the most efficient way to get a good performance from others is to treat them like heroes. Giving public credit to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world. It is also an act of generosity (慷慨) that's never forgotten.
Giving credit is more effective than even the most constructive criticism (批评), which often hurts rather than helps. Kenneth Blanchard, the author of The One-Minute Manager, agrees.
“Catch people doing something right!” he says. Then tell everyone about it.
Take informed risks. “The best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thoughtless exercise,” says management adviser Marilyn Machlowitz. “Sky divers don't go up in an airplane without checking the parachutes (降落伞) beforehand.”
Because the idea of risk also carries with it the possibility of failure, many of us usually wait for others to take charge. But if you want to be a leader, you must learn to fail—and not die a thousand deaths. Pick yourself up and start all over again.
Encourage enthusiasm (热情). “When people understand the importance of work, they lend their mental strengths,” says Lee Ducat. But when they get excited about the work, all their energy gets poured into the job. That's a great force! Is this the best way to create excitement? Be enthusiastic yourself—You will be followed by everyone.
1. The underlined word “cultivated” (paragraph 1) roughly means ______.
A. encouraged
B. compared
C. examined
D. developed
2. The part Always give credit tells us that a leader should ______.
A. give helpful criticism
B. regard others as real heroes
C. praise people for their good performances
D. praise everyone
3. To be a good leader, you should ______.
A. not be afraid of any risks
B. think twice before taking risks
C. try to avoid any possible failures
D. know what a thoughtless exercise is
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. Leadership Is of Skills and Techniques
B. Leadership Is Very Important
C. Not Many Can Be Leaders
D. How to Be a Leader
Passage 5
Goods must be of proper quality, must be as described on the package and must be fit for any particular purpose made known by the seller. Those three rules used for the goods you buy can also be used for the goods you get on hire, or for the goods you get as part of a service.
There are also rules which deal with the standard of services you get—from, say, travel agents, shoe repairers, hairdressers and builders. These tell you what you should expect from any service you pay for.
A person providing a service must do so:
—With reasonable care and skill.You should expect a proper standard of workmanship (工艺). A new house should have straight walls and the roof must not leak.
—Within a reasonable time. A shop should not take three months to repair your TV. You can always agree upon a completion time with the supplier of the service.
You, the customer, must pay:
—A reasonable charge for a service, where no price has been fixed in advance. A trader cannot expect a large payment for a small job.
1. The underlined word “these” in Paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. the services
B. the workers
C. the goods
D. the rules
2. What should the supplier do when offering a service?
A. He should determine the completion time himself.
B. He should provide free repairs within three months.
C. He should make sure the service meets proper standards.
D. He should reach an agreement on the payment with his workers.
3. The passage is trying to ______.
A. ask the customer to buy goods and services of high quality
B. advise the buyer how to pay a reasonable price for a service
C. tell the customer what rights he has once he pays for something
D. warn the seller what he sells must meet the buyer's requirements
参
Passage 1
1. B推理判断题。在文章第1段作者通过However提出了两种完全不同的观点,"就在几十年前,对普通大众和社会学家而言,现代社会‘明显地'改变了人们的自然关系"和"然而,最近几年,越来越多的研究表明,那些‘明显'的事情并不真实"。因此,应该选B。
2. A细节理解题。根据文章第1段”Not too many decades ago it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people's natural relations,loosened their responsibilities to kin(亲戚)and neighbors,and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances"就在几十年前,对于普通大众和社会学家而言,现代社会‘明显地'改变了人们的自然关系,使他们的亲情、邻里观念变得淡薄,取而代之的是彼此之间萍水相逢的表面关系",由此可推断,故A正确。
3. C细节理解题。根据文章第3段“If neighbors are strangers to one another,they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young troublemakers”"如果邻里之间互不相识,他们就不大会清扫隔壁老夫妇门前的过道,也不会帮忙照看一下小捣蛋",故C正确。
4. B推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的句子"Large-city urbanities areal so more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a cosmopolitan(见多识广)outlook,to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles,to vote for leftist political candidates,and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups,unpopular political groups,and so-called undesirables,"可知,社区越大,就越能容忍,越开放,故选B。
Passage 2
1. A细节理解题。根据题干中add to和cruise pollution可以定位到文章第四段;从第四段“However, it is not the …, but rather, the way cruise ships deal with their waste. The way cruise ships get rid of waste is highly unregulated.”可知but rather之后才是重点。意思是邮轮处理垃圾的方式非常随意,没有明确的规定才是问题的症结所在;故正确答案是A。
2. D细节理解题。根据题干中的Holland American Line可以定位到文章第六段。本段提到“This program looks for opportunities to reduce engine emission on its ships.”这个项目寻找机会减少船上引擎垃圾的排放。并且本段最后一句“Even though it is only a small step, it makes a big difference.”尽管只是很小的一步,但是它起到很大的作用。可知一些对抗污染的措施已经开始有效果;故正确答案是D。
3. A主旨大意题。而主旨大意题的答案往往在文章的首尾段有比较明显的体现。文章首段中提到“the fast growth in the industry follows with increasing influences on the environment.”邮轮旅业的快速发展伴随着的是日益增长的环境影响。而最后一段中提到“…negative effects. However, with effort made, there is still hope that these effects can be limited, or as we wish, reduced.”影响是负面的,但是随着不断的努力,我们有希望看到污染被或者减少。BC选项缺少全文的中心对象,不选;D选项“Administration of cruise emissions”意思是邮轮排放的管理,“管理”并不是全文的写作核心,故不入选;故正确答案是A。
4. B推理判断题。全文先是提出问题——邮轮旅业中的污染问题,然后分析问题的原因——缺乏合理的管理规定等,最后提出解决方案——投钱提升技术先处理后排放。故正确答案是B。
Passage 3
1. A细节理解题。Vijay学习编码的理由可以定位到文章第二段第一句话“Vijay, …to hire a developer to make her an app.”表明Vijay没有钱去雇开发者来帮她做app,故正确答案是A。
2. B细节理解题。通过题干可以定位到文章第五段第一句话“This one, called GoalsHi, inspires kids to practice good habits.”表明这个软件是为了鼓励孩子培养好的习惯;故正确答案是B。
3. C细节理解题。题干要求对文章的故事脉络进行顺序排序,因此是把握全文的题目。首先第二段介绍了Vijay自学编码的故事,对应b;第三段为了帮助自己的妹妹建立认知和识别能力开发出来了Smartkins软件,对应c;第三段倒数第二行,随后开发了一个相似的iOS软件,对应d;接着第四段倒数第二行“She went to workshops where she learned about the latest software for app building.”,她去了一些研讨会,在那里她学习了最新的应用程序软件,对应a,故正确答案是C。
4. B主旨大意题。A选项一个人的头脑不能容纳所有人的智慧;与文章题目不符;B选项热情激励年轻人有所成就;C选项小的开始也能成就大事;D选项一切事物在变得容易之前都是困难的;根据文章第一段第二行“she has proved that achievements and knowledge follow passion and not just age and experience.”她已经证明,成就和知识跟随激情,而不仅仅是年龄和经验。故正确答案是B。
Passage 4
1. D 词义猜测题。文章第一段称“Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can't be easily swallowed down.”由此可知,领导能力不像维C片可以轻易吞下去(掌握),必须去小心地cultivate,由句意可以推断,cultivate是“培养”之类的意思,结合四个选项, develop“发展”最为接近,因此D选项为正确答案。
2. C 推理判断题。从后面的treat them like heroes(把他们当英雄那样对待) 可以看出,领导需要经常称赞鼓励下属,这比批评更有效,但并不是把他们真正地当成了英雄,因此C选项为正确答案。
3. B 推理判断题。从“the best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thoughtless exercises”看出领导人在冒险前应该要三思,因此B选项为正确答案。
4. D 主旨大意题。阅读全文可知,这篇文章主要说的是怎样才能成为一个领导人,因此D选项为正确答案。
Passage 5
1. D 词义猜测题。由文章第二段第一句可知,these替代的是rules,因此D选项为正确答案。
2. C 细节理解题。从You should expect a proper standard of workmanship可知,各行各业的服务都应符合其标准,因此C选项为正确答案。
3. C 主旨大意题。阅读全文可知,作者写文章的用心所在是告诉顾客他们所拥有的权利,A、B、D三个选项均不符合题意,C选项为正确答案。下载本文