1.What’s the definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)?
EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of the common features of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation.
2,What are stylistic features of EST?
Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level.
3, What are the general features of Compound Technical Terms?
A. accuracy（确切性）: accurately reflect the nature of the concept
B. monosemy（单义性）: one sense for one word
C .systematization（系统性）:the individual technical terms in a given field should be in a specific level so as to constitute a common system
D. linguistically correct（语言的正确性）: in accordance with the word-formation in the same language
E. conciseness（简明性）: concise and easy to remember
F. motivation（理据性）: just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word.
G. stability（稳定性）: stable and unlikely to change
H. productivity（能产性）: once established, it is easy to produce more neologisms based the original one by means of word-formation
4, What are common rules for Technical Term Translation?
As such, we should deal with the relationship of the following aspects:
A. monosemy vs. conciseness monosemy is the priority
B. motivation vs. accuracy
As science knowledge is rather abstract, motivation in translation is preferred
C. stability vs. productivity Productivity is the priority
D. systematization vs. linguistically correct
Before translation of compound technical terms, we should be aware of the nature and tradition of Chinese word-formation.
E. Chinese language trait vs. conciseness
As for the numbers of characters, we prefer to use pair characters （偶数词语）or even 4-character expressions（四字结构）.
II. Underline and mark out the themes and rhymes of the following sentences with the capital letters T and R respectively. (10’) （2个题）
1. Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to hot treatment processes.
Parallel：T-R1+R2+R3… Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to hot treatment processes.
2. Each cylinder therefore is encased in a water jacket, which forms part of a circuit through which water is pumped continuously, and cooled by means of air drawn in from the outside atmosphere by large rotary fans, worked off the main crankshaft, or in the large diesel-electric locomotives, by auxiliary motors.
3.We, the authors having handled a variety of metals and alloys for over forty years, can reassure those following (Theme) that there is still much scope for craft and ingenuity in metallurgy, despite the fact that great strides have been made in it as a science during the past seventy years,(Rheme 1) and also that real fundamental understanding(Theme 1) and valid explanations (Theme 2) of many of the properties of metals which are used by man still call for intensive scientific work (Rheme). (Rheme 2)
III. Improve the following translation. As for the first sentence you should provide your improved English translation and as for the second sentence you should provide the improved Chinese one. (10’) （2个题）
1.活塞与气缸的配合问题，对发动机的使用寿命影响极大。影响配合间隙的主要因素是活塞在工作状态下的变形，真实反映活塞变形情况，已广泛采用有限元法进行数值分析。
The joint gap between a piston and a cylinder has great influence on the service life of an engine. The primary factor influencing the joint gap is the deformation of piston under working condition. In order to indicate the actual deformation of piston, the finite element method has been widely applied to analyze it numerically.
Improved English Version: As the joint gap between a piston and a cylinder has great influence on the service life of an engine, which the primary factor influencing the joint gap is the deformation of piston under working condition, it is important to indicate the actual deformation of piston and for the purpose the finite element method has been widely applied to analyze it numerically.
2. Correct timing is of the utmost importance, and also extreme accuracy, down to a twenty-thousandth part of an inch, in the grinding of certain parts of the fuel injection pump and the valves.
校正定时的工作是极其重要的，而且是极其精确的，对喷油泵与气阀某些部件的研磨精密度应达到两万分之一英寸。
Improved Chinese Version: 校正定时的工作是极其重要的，而且高度的精确性也是极其重要的，对喷油泵与气阀某些部件的研磨精密度应达到两万分之一英寸。
3. 如果我们测得地震波的走时和振幅，我们就能确定地下的几何形状并估算出与岩石速度和密度有关的声阻抗。
If we measure the seismic travel time and amplitude, we can define the surface geometry and give estimate of the acoustic impedances related to rock velocities and densities.
Improved English Version: Seismic measurements of travel time and amplitude define the subsurface geometry and give estimates of the acoustic impedances related to rock velocities and densities.
4. 虽然火箭复杂而令人难忘，但它是一种比较简单的装置，早在八百多年前，中国人就发明了。Although the rocket may appear impressive and complex it is a relatively simple device and was invented in china as early as 800 years ago.
Improved English Version: Although it may appear impressive and complex, the rocket which was invented in China 800 years ago is a relatively simple device.
IV. Sentence Translation (30’)
A. C-E Translation (15’) （2个题）
1.由于光学纤维频带较宽，损耗较低，光源更为可靠。因此在这一领域会更具竞争力。
Larger fiber bandwidth, lower loss and more reliable optical sources would make optical fibers more competitive in this section.
2.制造方法可分为单件生产和批量生产，单件生产指小批量的生产，批量生产指大量相同零件的生产。
Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.
3. 位于德比郡的铁路技术中心的英国铁路工程师大大削减了列车的重量，增加了牵引力。
British rail engineer at its Railway Technical Centre at Derby have trimmed weight and drag substantially.
4. 考虑到样机类型不一样，通常用参加测试的样机数除以安全系数以得到安全疲劳寿命。 如果测试的样机数为1，则保险系数为8，而入测试的样机数为6， 则保险系数平均为3.5，样机数减少，保险系数越大。
To allow for variations from one specimen to another, the results of test samples are divided by a life factor to obtain the safe fatigue life. If only one specimen is tested the factor is 8, if six are tested the life factor is on the average 3.5, and proportionally for a lesser number of samples.
5. 近40年来，在大量工程设计实践中，我院积极采用新技术、新材料和新设备，荣获部优、省优设计奖25项。In the recent 40 years, the designers of the institute have actively adopted new techniques, new building materials and new equipment in their practice. As a result, the institute has won 25 prizes for excellent designs warded by the Ministry and the Province.
B. E-C Translation (15’) （2个题）
1. The advert of jet and rocket propulsion, and of nuclear reactors, has shown that the materials which previously served for constructional purposes are no longer wholly satisfactory for the manufacture of equipment on which the efficient functioning of theses new sources of power depends. 喷气式飞机、火箭助推器以及核反应堆的出现表明过去的建材再也不能令人满意地用来建造那些有效使用新能源的设备。
2.The technical possible could well exist, therefore, of nationwide integrated transmission network of high capacity, controlled by computers, inter-connected globally by satellite and submarine cable, providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the world. 建立全国统一的大容量的通讯网络，由计算机进行控制，通过卫星和海底电缆在全球从事快速可靠的通讯服务，这种可能性从技术上来讲是完全存在的
3. In this paper, Q-processes are classified in new method and the existence and uniqueness as well as the forms of each class of Q-processes are obtained. The result obtained has important application in the construction and qualitative theory of Q-processes, especially, in that of instantaneous state of Q-processes. 本文将Q过程重新分类，得到每类Q过程存在、唯一性准则以及一般表达式，我们的结果在过程构造及定性理论，特别是在含瞬时效的Q过程的构造及定性理论中，有重要应用。
4. In the course of deepening reform, our institute, relying on quality for existence and technology for development, actively carries out total quality control in its management. 我院在深化改革中，以质量求生存，以技术求发展，推行全面质量管理。
5.By keeping faithfully to signed contracts and rendering hearty services to all the customers as our guiding objective, our institute is opening up successfully survey and design market both at home and abroad. 我院以信守合同，热忱服务为宗旨，努力开拓国内外勘察设计市场。
V. Passage translation (20’)（1个段落）
Suspension Bridges
Suspension bridges are frequently constructed in preference to other types of bridge, especially where relatively light traffic has to be carried over long spans, since they are more economical in material and are extremely strong. There are in existence suspension bridges with main spans of more than 3000 feet, the entire weight of the deck being supported from above by cables (usually only two or four in number) suspended between two towers at either side of the river.
建造悬索桥往往比其他形式的桥有利，特别是在跨度较大且通过载荷又不太大的情况下更为有利。这是因为悬索桥用料较为经济，且较为坚固耐用。世界上有的悬索桥，主跨度长达3000英尺，桥板的总体重量，全部吊载在河两边塔墩间悬架的缆索（通常两根或四根）上。
The cables are composed of thousands of wires, made of high-ensile steel, which are galvanised to resist corrosion. Two or three hundred of these wires, each of about 0.19 inch in diameter, are clamped together to form a single strand, and the whole able may consist of a considerable number of such strands compacted and bound together with wire. In constructing the cable, two distinct methods may be adopted. The wires may either be listed into strands, the strands then sometimes being twisted round a central strand to form the completed cable, or they may be spun parallel to each other, and clamped together at intervals. The latter method obviously involves a much longer spinning operation, since each wire or small group of wires must be spun and adjusted to the correct sag individually, whereas the strands of Twisted wire can be erected as units, provided that they are not so heavy as to be unmanageable. However, on bridges with very long spans, there are certain advantages in the parallel wire method of spinning the cable.
缆索用上千根电镀防腐的高抗拉钢丝制成。每根钢丝直径为0.19英寸，将二百或三百根这样的钢丝拧成一股绞索，一根缆索由许多股这样的钢丝绞索压紧，并用钢丝绑扎到一起而组成，制作缆索主要采用两种方法：一种是先钢丝拧成股，然后将各股钢丝再绕着一根心股拧股到一起，而成整根的绞合缆索；另一种是将钢丝彼此平行配绞并分段固紧在一起。显然，后一种方法需要进行冗长的工序，因为每根钢丝或每组钢丝都需要绞合而且要分别校正挠度。而绞合在一起的钢丝股，只要不重，以致影响施工，就可以作为一个组合体进行安装。然而，对于大跨度桥梁来说，用平行绞合绕成线法是有一定优点的。
The cables are normally made continuous through the tops of the towers, down through side towers, where these exist, and thence into the anchorage. They bear on specially constructed saddles on the towers, which are shaped to accommodate them, the saddles being either fixed so that the cables may slide over them, or mounted on rollers so that they move with any movement of the cables. In view of the enormous pull exerted by the heavy cables, their ends must be secured in firm anchorages, and unless they can be embedded in sound natural rock, constructions of masonry or concrete must be provided strong enough to withstand the severe pressures put upon them. The cable strands are normally looped round strand-shoes, which are in turn connected by chains to an anchor-plate embedded in the base of the anchorage.
通常,经塔墩顶部悬拉的缆索，要一直拉过两侧存在的桥墩，然后固定在嵌块中；缆索紧压在塔墩上面特制的滑座上，滑座根据缆索制成，可以固定，使缆索在上面滑动，也可安装在滚柱轴承上，使滑座随缆索任意移动。考虑到缆索很重，拉力较大，所以缆索端头必须牢靠地固定在系缆嵌块上。如果缆索不能牢固地固定在天然岩石上，那么就应当构筑石材结构或混凝土结构，其强度应足以承受强大的作用力。通常缆索端头做成环套，然后通过铁链连接到系缆板上；而系缆板则港灌注在嵌块的底座上。
At intervals along the main span, cast-steel cable bands are attached to the cables, gripping them firmly and excluding moisture from them, and from these bands suspenders of wire-rope or chains hang down. Since these suspenders have to take the weight of the deck to which they are attached, they must have high tensile strength. One advantage of using the braced-chain suspenders is that they largely dispense with the need for a system of stiffening, being themselves rigid. This stiffening is necessary to resist deformations of the deck of the bridge due to moving traffic loads and also to resist lateral pressures from wind. In the case of wire-rope suspenders, the stiffening must be provided by trusses constructed at the level of the deck, the depth of the truss varying with the length of the span.
沿着主跨的一定间隔，在缆索上装有铸钢箍圈；箍圈可牢固箍紧缆索并可使缆索同湿气和水分隔绝。钢杆吊索或钢链吊索便从这些箍圈向下悬垂。因为这些吊索须承受其所连接的桥板的重量，所以吊索必须具有很高的抗拉强度。使用悬链吊索的一个优点在于，吊索本身是钢性结构，因而在很大程度上可免去加筋系统。（这种加筋系统对于消除桥板动载变形以及风载侧向压力是必须的。）在使用悬链吊索的情况下，应在板桥水平位置上构筑桁架进行加固，桁架高度随跨度长度而有所不同。下载本文
