Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Amid all the job losses, there’s one category of worker that the economic disruption has been good for: nonhumans.
From self-service checkout lines at the supermarket to industrial robots armed with saws and taught to carve up animal bodies in slaughter-houses, these ever-more-intelligent machines are now not just assisting workers but actually kicking them out of their jobs.
Automation isn’t just affecting factory workers, either. Some law firms now use artificial intelligence software to scan and read mountains of legal documents, work that previously was performed by highly-paid human lawyers.
“Robots continue to have an impact on blue-collar jobs, and white-collar jobs are under attack by microprocessors,” says economics professor Edward Leamer. The recession permanently wiped out 2.5 million jobs. U.S. gross domestic product has climbed back to pre-recession levels, meaning we’re producing as much as before, only with 6% fewer workers. To be sure, robotics are not the only job killers out there, with outsourcing(外包) stealing far more jobs than automation.
Jeff Burnstein, president of the Robotics Industry Association, argues that robots actually save U.S. jobs. His logic: companies that embrace automation might use fewer workers, but that’s still better than firing everyone and moving the work overseas.
It’s not that robots are cheaper than humans, though often they are. It’s that they’re better. “In some cases the quality requirements are so exacting that even if you wanted to have a human do the job, you couldn’t,” Burnstein says.
Same goes for surgeons, who’re using robotic systems to perform an ever-growing list of operations--- not because the machines save money but because, thanks to the greater precision of robots, the patients recover in less time and have fewer complications, says Dr. Myriam Curet.
Surgeons may survive the robot invasion, but others at the hospital might not be so lucky, as iRobot, maker of the Roomba, a robot vacuum cleaner, has been showing off Ava, which could be used as a messenger in a hospital. And once you’re home, recovering, Ava could let you talk to your doctor, so there’s no need to send someone to your house. That “mobile telepresence” could be useful at the office. If you’re away on a trip, you can still attend a meeting. Just connect via videoconferencing software, so your face appears on Ava’s screen.
Is any job safe? I was hoping to say “journalist,” but researchers are already developing software that can gather facts and write a news story. Which means that a few years from now, a robot could be writing this column. And who will read it? Well, there might be a lot of us hanging around with lots of free time on our hands.
注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
52. | What do we learn from the first few paragraphs? | ||
A) | The over-use of robots has done damage to American economy. | ||
B) | It is hard for robots to replace humans in highly professional work. | ||
C) | Artificial intelligence is key to future technological innovations. | ||
D) | The robotic industry has benefited from the economic recession. | ||
53. | What caused the greatest loss of jobs in America? | ||
A) | Using microprocessors extensively. | B) | Moving production to other countries. |
C) | The bankruptcy of many companies. | D) | The invasion of migrant workers. |
54. | What does Jeff Burnstein say about robots? | ||
A) | They help companies to revive. | B) | They are cheaper than humans. |
C) | They prevent job losses in a way. | D) | They compete with human workers. |
55. | Why are robotic systems replacing surgeons in more and more operations according to Dr. Myriam Curet? | ||
A) | They save lots of money for the patients. | B) | They beat humans in precision. |
C) | They take less time to perform a surgery. | D) | They make operations less painful. |
56. | What does the author imply about robotics? | ||
A) | It will greatly enrich literary creation. | B) | It will start a new technological revolution. |
C) | It will revolutionize scientific research. | D) | It will be applied in any field imaginable. |
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
You’ve now heard it so many times, you can probably repeat it in your sleep. President Obama will no doubt make the point publicly when he gets to Beijing: the Chinese need to consume more; they need--- believe it or not--- to become more like Americans, for the sake of the global economy.
And it’s all true. But the other side of that equation is that the U.S. needs to save more. For the moment, American households actually are doing so. After the personal-savings rate dipped to zero in 2005, the shock of the economic crisis last year prompted people to snap shut their wallets.
In China, the household-savings rate exceeds 20%. It is partly for policy reasons. As we’ve seen, wage earners are expected to care for not only their children but their aging parents. And there is, to date, only the flimsiest(脆弱的) of publicly-funded health care and pension systems, which increases incentives for individuals to save while they are working. But China is a society that has long esteemed personal financial prudence(谨慎). There is no chance that will change anytime soon, even if the government creates a better social safety net and successfully encourages greater consumer spending.
Why does the U.S. need to learn a little frugality(节俭)? Because healthy savings rates are one of the surest indicators of a country’s long-term financial health. High savings lead, over time, to increased investment, which in turn generates productivity gains, innovation and job growth. In short, savings are the seed corn of a good economic harvest.
The U.S. government thus needs to act as well. By running constant deficits, it is dis-saving, even as households save more. Peter Orszag, Obama’s Budget Director, recently called the U.S. budget deficits unsustainable and he’s right. To date, the U.S. has seemed unable to see the consequences of spending so much more than is taken in. That needs to change. And though Hu Jintao and the rest of the Chinese leadership aren’t inclined to lecture visiting Presidents, he might gently hint that Beijing is getting a little nervous about the value of the dollar--- which has fallen 15% since March, in large part because of increasing fears that America’s debt load is becoming unmanageable.
That’s what happens when you’re the world’s biggest creditor: you get to drop hints like that, which would be enough by themselves to create international economic chaos if they were ever leaked. (Every time any official in Beijing deliberates publicly about seeking an alternative to the U.S. dollar for the $2.1 trillion China holds in reserve, currency traders have a heart attack.) If Americans saved more and spent less, consistently over time, they wouldn’t have to worry about all that.
注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
57. | How did the economic crisis affect Americans? | ||
A) | They had to tighten their belts. | ||
B) | Their bank savings rate dropped to zero. | ||
C) | Their leadership in the global economy was shaken. | ||
D) | They became concerned about China’s financial policy. | ||
58. | What should be done to encourage Chinese people to consume? | ||
A) | Changing their traditional way of life. | B) | Providing fewer incentives for saving. |
C) | Improving China’s social security system. | D) | Cutting down the expenses on child-rearing. |
59. | What does the author mean by saying “savings are the seed corn of a good economic harvest” (Line 4, Para. 4)? | ||
A) | The more one saves, the more returns one will reap. | ||
B) | A country’s economy hinges on its savings policy. | ||
C) | Those who keep saving will live an easy life in the end. | ||
D) | A healthy savings rate promotes economic prosperity. | ||
60. | In what circumstances do currency traders become scared? | ||
A) | When Beijing allows its currency exchange rates to float. | ||
B) | When China starts to reduce its current foreign reserves. | ||
C) | When China talks about switching its dollar reserves to other currencies. | ||
D) | When Beijing mentions in public the huge debts America owes China. | ||
61. | What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage? | ||
A) | To urge the American government to cut deficits. | ||
B) | To encourage Chinese people to spend more. | ||
C) | To tell Americans not to worry about their economy. | ||
D) | To promote understanding between China and America. |
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Who’s poor in America? That’s a question hard to answer. Hard because there’s no conclusive definition of poverty. Low income matters, though how low is unclear. Poverty is also a state of mind that fosters self-defeating behavior--- bad work habits, family breakdowns, and addictions. Finally, poverty results from bad luck: accidents, job losses, disability.
Despite poverty’s messiness, we’ve measured progress against it by a single statistic: the federal poverty line. By this measure, we haven’t made much progress. But the apparent lack of progress is misleading for two reasons.
First, it ignores immigration. Many immigrants are poor and low-skilled. They add to the poor. From 19 to 2007, about three quarters of the increase in the poverty population occurred among Hispanics(西班牙裔美国人)--- mostly immigrants and their children.
Second, the poor’s material well-being has improved. The official poverty measure obscures this by counting only pre-tax cash income and ignoring other sources of support, including food stamps and housing subsidies. Although many poor live from hand to mouth, they’ve participated in rising living standards. In 2005, 91% had microwaves, 79% air-conditioning, and 48% cell phones.
The existing poverty line could be improved by adding some income sources and subtracting some expenses. Unfortunately, the administration’s proposal for a “supplemental poverty measure” in 2011 goes beyond that. The new poverty number would compound public confusion. It also raises questions about whether the statistic is tailored to favor a political agenda.
The “supplemental measure” ties the poverty threshold to what the poorest third of Americans spend on food, housing, clothing, and utilities. The actual threshold will probably be higher than today’s poverty line. Many Americans would find this weird: people get richer, but “poverty” stays stuck.
What produces this outcome is a different view of poverty. The present concept is an absolute one: the poverty threshold reflects the amount estimated to meet basic needs. By contrast, the new measure embraces a relative notion of poverty: people are automatically poor if they’re a given distance from the top, even if their incomes are increasing.
The new indicator is a “propaganda device” to promote income redistribution by showing that poverty is stubborn or increasing. The Census Bureau has estimated statistics similar to the administration’s proposal. In 2008, the traditional poverty rate was 13.2%; estimates of the new statistic range up to l7%. The new poverty statistic exceeds the old, and the gap grows larger over time.
As senator Daniel Moynihan said, the administration is defining poverty up. It’s legitimate to debate how much we should aid the poor or reduce economic inequality. But the debate should not be swayed by misleading statistics that few Americans could possibly understand. Government statistics should strive for political neutrality(中立).This one fails.
注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
52. | What is the main idea of the first paragraph? | ||
A) | Poverty is very often defined as a state of mind. | ||
B) | Poverty is a problem hard to tackle in America. | ||
C) | Bad work habits and bad luck lead to poverty. | ||
D) | There is no consensus on the concept of poverty. | ||
53. | What does the author say about the poor in America? | ||
A) | Their living standards have actually improved. | ||
B) | Most of them are immigrants and their descendants. | ||
C) | Their chances of rising above the poverty line are slim. | ||
D) | Most of them rely on government subsidies for survival. | ||
54. | What does the author think of the administration’s proposal for a “supplemental poverty measure”? | ||
A) | It is intended to further help the poor. | ||
B) | It is made to serve political purposes. | ||
C) | It is a positive response to changed circumstances. | ||
D) | It is an attempt to combat the economic recession. | ||
55. | What is characteristic of the new measure of poverty? | ||
A) | It defines poverty by the gap between the rich and the poor. | ||
B) | It raises the threshold for the poor to get welfare benefits. | ||
C) | It is more accurate and scientific in terms of statistics. | ||
D) | It truly reflects the practical needs of the poor. | ||
56. | What does the author want to say by quoting Daniel Moynihan? | ||
A) | Economic equality is but an empty dream. | B) | Political neutrality can never be achieved. |
C) | The administration’s statistics are biased. | D) | The debate over poverty will get nowhere. |
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Eleven summers ago I was sent to a management program at the Wharton School to be prepared for bigger things. Along with lectures on finance and entrepreneurship and the like, the program included a delightfully out-of-place session with Al Filreis, an English professor at the University of Pennsylvania, on poetry.
For three hours he talked us through “The Red Wheelbarrow” and “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.” The experience--- especially when contrasted with the horrible prose of our other assigned reading--- sent me fleeing to the campus bookstore, where I resumed a long-interrupted romance with meter and rhyme(韵).
Professor Filreis says that he is “a little shocked” at how intensely his Wharton students respond to this unexpected deviation from the businesslike, not just as a relief but as a kind of stimulus. Many write afterward asking him to recommend books of poetry. Especially now.
“The grim economy seems to make the participants keener than ever to think ‘out of the box’ in the way poetry encourages,” he told me.
Which brings me to Congress, an institution stuck deeper inside the box than just about any other these days. You have probably heard that up on Capitol Hill(美国国会山), they’re very big on prayer breakfasts, where members gather over scrambled eggs and ask God for wisdom. You can judge from the agonizing debt spectacle we’ve watched this summer how well that’s working. Well, maybe it’s time to add some poetry readings to the agenda.
I’m not suggesting that poetry will guide our legislators to wisdom any more than prayer has. Just that it might make them a little more human. Poetry is no substitute for courage or competence, but properly applied, it is a challenge to self-certainty, which we currently have in excess. Poetry serves as a spur to creative thinking, a reproach to dogma and habit, a remedy to the current fashion for pledge signing.
The poet Shelley, in defense of poetry nearly two centuries ago, wrote, “A man, to be greatly good, must imagine intensely and comprehensively; he must put himself in the place of another and of many others; the pains and pleasures of his species must become his own.” Shelley concludes that essay by calling poets “the unacknowledged legislators of the world, “because they bring imagination to the realm of “reasoners and mechanists.”
The relevance of poetry was declared more concisely in five lines from the love poem “Asphodel, That Greeny Flower,” by William Carlos Williams:
It is difficult
to get the news form poems
yet men die miserably every day
for lack
of what is found there
注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
57. | Why did the author participate in the Wharton School management program? |
A) | He was a passionate lover of classical poetry. |
B) | He was being trained for an important position. |
C) | He had just been promoted to top management. |
D) | He was interested in finance and entrepreneurship. |
58. | What did the author think of Professor Filreis’s poetry session? |
A) | It diverted students’ attention from the assigned reading. |
B) | It made the management program appear romantic. |
C) | It was extremely appealing to the students. |
D) | It pulled students out of prose reading sessions. |
59. | What was the impact of the poetry session on the program participants according to Professor Filreis? |
A) | It inspired them to view things from broader perspectives. |
B) | It led them to think poetry indispensable to management. |
C) | It helped them develop a keener interest in literature. |
D) | It encouraged them to embark on a political career. |
60. | What does the author think of Capitol Hill’s prayer over breakfast? |
A) | It is a ritual that has lost its original meaning. |
B) | It doesn’t really help solve the economic problems. |
C) | It provides inspiration as poetry reading does. |
D) | It helps people turn away from the debt spectacle. |
61. | What do we learn from Shelley’s essay? |
A) | Poetry can relieve people of pains and sufferings. |
B) | It takes poetic imagination to become a legislator. |
C) | Legislators should win public acknowledgement. |
D) | It is important to be imaginative and sympathetic. |
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Is 20th-century capitalism failing 21st-century society? Members of the global elite debated that unusual question at the annual World Economic Forum.
It is encouraging that more than three years since the global financial crisis, a belated(迟到的) process of soul-searching has begun in search of the right lessons to learn from it.
There is a great difference, however, between being willing to talk about an issue and being ready to act.
It is a difference between those who still believe that all governments can do is get out of the way and those who believe there is a real role for governments in first reviving our economies, and then setting the right rules for future success.
If we learned anything from the 1930s, it was that governments cannot shrug their shoulders and watch as their own people are being laid off.
Nor should we forget the causes of the current growth and debt crisis as we seek to put our economies on a more sustainable footing.
Both the United States and Britain suffered because their economies were overly reliant on the financial sector’s artificial profits; living standards for the many worsened while the economic rewards went to the top 1 percent; a capitalist model encouraged short-term decision-making oriented toward quarterly profits rather than long-term health; and interest groups like giant banks were deemed too big to fail or too powerful to challenge.
We need to recognize that the trickle-down promise (benefits given to the rich will eventually be passed on to the poor) of conservative theorists has turned into a gravity-defying reality in which wealth has flowed upward disproportionately and, too often, undeservedly. To address the problem requires fresh thinking from governments about how people train for their working lives and what a living wage should be.
Governments can set better--- not necessarily more--- rules to encourage productive businesses that make and sell real products and services. We need rules that discourage the predatory(掠夺的) behavior of those seeking the fast buck through hostile takeovers and asset-stripping that do not have the interests of the shareholders, the employees or the economy at heart.
And governments must remember they are elected to serve the people, not the powerful lobbies who can pay for access or influence. Too often the real enemies of market capitalism are some of the leading beneficiaries of the current model, which favors big monopolies and consumer exploitation.
I believe that changing the rules of capitalism will require a change in what citizens expect and ask of politics. The question is not so much whether 20th-century capitalism is failing 21st-century society but whether politics can rise to the challenge of changing a flawed economic model.
注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
52. | What important lesson could be drawn from the 1930s? |
A) | The government should play a role in reviving the economy. |
B) | The government should provide subsidies for the unemployed. |
C) | The government should not ignore the role of economists in the nation’s economy. |
D) | The government should not brush aside ideas from the World Economic Forum. |
53. | What is one of the factors contributing to the recent financial crisis in the United States and Britain? |
A) | Their business giants’ neglect of attending to long-term planning. |
B) | Their governments’ unnecessary intervention in economic affairs. |
C) | Their governments failing to provide assistance for the poor and needy. |
D) | Their economies relying heavily on the operations of the financial sector. |
54. | What does the author say about the so-called trickle-down promise? |
A) | It defies conventional wisdom. |
B) | It has failed to materialize. |
C) | It will benefit both the rich and the poor once realized. |
D) | It will prove fatal to capitalist economy once broken. |
55. | What rules does the author say governments should set to guarantee sustainable economic development? |
A) | Rules that help businesses to expand fast but in a healthy way. |
B) | Rules that discourage businesses from making quick money. |
C) | Rules that encourage businesses to make and sell real products and services. |
D) | Rules that ensure the increase of shareholders’ dividends and employees’ pay. |
56. | What should the government do about the current economy according to the author? |
A) | Eliminate the real enemies of market capitalism. |
B) | Undertake to repair the flaws in the economic model. |
C) | Prevent the lobbies from exerting too much influence. |
D) | Diminish the role politics plays in national economy. |
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Women are half the population but only 15% of board members at big American firms, and l0% in Europe. Companies that fish in only half the talent pool will lose out to those that cast their net more widely. There is also evidence that mixed boards make better decisions.
Mindful of this, European countries are passing laws that would force companies to promote more women to the executive suite. A new French law requires listed firms to reserve 40% of board seats for women by 2017. Norway and Spain have similar laws; Germany is considering one. The European Parliament declared this month that such quotas should be applied throughout the European Union.
There are two main arguments for compulsory quotas. One is that the men who dominate corporate boards are hopelessly sexist: they promote people like themselves and ignore any female talent.
The second argument is more subtle. Talented executives need mentors(导师) to help them climb the ladder. Male directors mentor young men but are reluctant to get friendly with young women, lest the relationship be misinterpreted. Quotas will break this vicious cycle by putting lots of women at the top, who can then offer their sisters a leg up.
There may be something in both arguments, but in most rich countries sexism is no longer the main obstacle to women’s careers. Children are. Most women take career breaks to look after them. Many care for elderly relatives, too. One study found that two-thirds of American women had at some point switched from full-time work to part-time or flexible time to balance work and family. Such choices make it harder for women to gain the experience necessary to make it to the very top.
What is more, big companies are increasingly global. Many want a boss who has worked in more than one country. Such foreign postings disrupt families; many women turn them down. And many, anticipating a career break at some point in the future, enter fields where their skills will not quickly become outdated, such as law or human resources. Some lawyers make good chief executives. But firms often want people with financial or operational experience for the top jobs, and these fields are still male-dominated.
Quotas are too blunt a tool for such a tangled problem. The women companies are compelled to put on boards are unlikely to be as useful as those they place there voluntarily. Quotas force firms either to pad their boards with token non-executive directors, or to allocate real power on the basis of sex rather than merit. Enforcing quotas for women has led to large numbers of inexperienced women being appointed to boards, and seriously damaged those firms’ performance.
注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
57. | What will happen to a company if men dominate its executive board? | ||
A) | Its talent poo1 will dry out sooner. | B) | Its competitiveness will be weakened. |
C) | Its women employees will complain. | D) | It is bound to make unwise decisions. |
58. | What seems to prevent women from becoming board members apart from sexism? | ||
A) | Many of them lack the courage to face the challenge in the board room. | ||
B) | Male directors are afraid of women’s potential threat to their authority. | ||
C) | Few of them have the training and qualifications needed for executive duties. | ||
D) | Male directors refrain from giving them guidance to avoid misunderstanding. | ||
59. | What does the author say is the real barrier to women’s careers? | ||
A) | An apparent lack of necessary legislation. | B) | Fierce competition from male colleagues. |
C) | The burden of taking care of their family. | D) | The widespread sexism in the workplace. |
60. | Why do many women choose to enter such fields as law or human resources? | ||
A) | They allow women career breaks if need be. | ||
B) | They can bring a woman’s talent into full play. | ||
C) | They offer high salaries and attractive benefits. | ||
D) | They pave the way for women to become CEOs. | ||
61. | What does the author think of the practice of enforcing quotas for women executives? | ||
A) | It is a simple solution to a tangled problem. | B) | It is an effective tool to combat sexism. |
C) | It helps fill the executive board with talents. | D) | It adversely affects a firm’s performance. |