本题总分为30分,按5个档次给分。评分时,应根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求衡量,确定或调整档次,最后给分。词数少于80和多于120的,从总分中减去2分。评分时,应注意的主要内容:内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、上下文连贯性及语言的得体性。拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。如书写较差,以至影响交际,将分数降低一个档次。
一般来说,写作题的高考评分标准包含评分原则、内容要点、给分范围及要求、说明和参考范文五个部分。其中内容要点以及词数、标点、书写等方面的原则比较容易理解、操控和落实。但“评分时,应该注意的主要内容为……应用词汇和语法结构的数量……上下文的连贯性和语言的得体性”等评分原则,“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇;语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致,具备较强的语言运用能力;有效地使用了语句间的连接成份,使全文结构紧凑”等给分要求、以及“对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”等说明,相对比较抽象,不易捉摸。
一、 如何理解“应用了较多的词汇”
这里所说的“词汇”,可以从高级词汇的使用、同义词的使用、短语的使用等方面去理解:
(一) 高级词汇的使用
评分标准第五档次的要求中提到,“词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”。这里所说的“高级词汇”,指的是大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求,但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇,比如frustration, awkward, awfully, concern等词,都可以算作是“高级词汇”。考生若能够适当地运用一些高级词汇,定会给评卷老师留下深刻的印象。
1. I can’t find any way to solve the problem. (换作高级词汇:I can’t find any solution to the problem.)
2. The pet dog is so lovely that almost everybody likes her. (换作高级词汇:The pet dog is so cute that almost everybody likes her.)
3. The question is really difficult to understand. (换作高级词汇:The question is really confusing.)
4. He had to face all the possible difficulties. (换作高级词汇:He had to cope with all the possible difficulties)
(二) 同义词的使用
英语中有些词的使用频率非常高,比如interesting, clever等,在表达时大家都很喜欢用,这样很容易令文章入千人一面的窘境中。但如果我们能够使用它们相应的同义词,就可以做到与众不同,给评卷者带来清新的感觉。例如:
1. It will be very interesting. (换作同义词:It will be a lot of fun.)
2. He was so clever that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.( 换作同义词:He was so smart that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.)
3. Last summer I visited New Jersey with my parents. (换作同义词:Last summer I toured New Jersey with my parents.)
(三) 适当利用短语取代单词
总体而言,使用短语的难度比单词要大一些,因此适当运用短语更能显出作者的功力。例如:
1. Suddenly I had a good idea. (换作短语:Suddenly I came up with a good idea.)
2. Take a moment to see what is happening around you. (换作短语:Take a moment to see what is going on around you.)
3. Everyone should do his or her best. (换作短语:Everyone is supposed to do his or her best.)
二、 如何理解“应用了较多的语法结构”
固定句式(如感叹句、复合结构、强调句型等)、定语从句、现在分词短语等都属于较复杂的语法结构。这些结构的正确使用,可以使文章的语言充满层次感,从而较好地反映写作者的语言运用能力。
(一) 使用固定句式
1. She was robbed of her purse but she had no time to call for help.(使用before one can do sth.结构:She was robbed of her purse before she could call for help.)
2. The environment will never improve until everybody takes care of it. (使用倒装结构:Not until everybody takes care of it will the environment improve.)
(二) 使用现在分词结构
现在分词结构可以表达伴随、原因等状语,因此几乎在任何文章中都可以用得上。现在分词短语可以使句子的表达更加简洁、生动,而且也使前后两个动作的衔接更加紧密。例如:
1. Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another and this bridges the gap among different races or cultures. (换作现在分词短语:Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another, thus bridging the gap among different race or cultures.)
2. People worked together on the assembly line.(换作现在分词短语:People worked together on the assembly line, moving quickly and efficiently.)
(三) 使用定语从句
定语从句的使用,不仅能使上下文更加流畅,也同时能充分展示写作者运用较复杂的语法结构的能力。例如:
1. My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle. I think he is a genius. (使用定语从句:My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle, who I think is a genius.)
2. My aunt bought me a book. The title of the book is All about USA. (使用定语从句:My aunt bought me a book, whose title is All about the USA.)
三、 如何理解“上下文的连贯性”
评分标准指出,书面表达应该注意“上下文的连贯性”,并能“有效地使用语句间的连接成份,使全文结构紧凑”。这里说的连贯性,就是指通过连接词(包括并列连词,从属连词和连接性副词)、非谓语动词短语等语法成分,使两个或多个意义相互关联的事情或观点在同一个句子内得以表达,从而使整个段落或篇章浑然一体,连贯流畅。
(一) 连接性副词
连接性副词也被称为过渡词。它们的位置一般以句首居多。连接性副词承上启下,能够令读者对后续的句子产生心理上的期待和准备,因此整个篇章会因它们而紧凑连贯。常见的连接性副词有:also, furthermore, in addition, additionally, hopefully, meanwhile, however, instead, in other words, in brief, in a word, in my opinion, on the whole等等。例如:
1. We have many things to do. We believe we can finish before the day is over. (使用连接性副词:We have quite a lot to do. Hopefully, we will be able to finish before the day is over.)
2. The boy comes from a poor family. The boy does very well in his studies. The boy plans to work his way through college. (使用连接性副词:Even though he comes from a poor family, the boy does very well in his studies; furthermore, he plans to work his way through college.)
(二) 使用从属连词
常见的从属连词有after, as, when, while, as long as, as soon as等。例如:
1. You work hard and never give up. You will succeed in your studies. (使用从属连词:So long as you work hard, you will succeed in your studies.)
2. The teacher came in. the students were quiet. (使用从属连词:The students were quiet as soon as the teacher came in.)
四、 如何理解“语言的得体性”
评分标准要求考生应注意“语言得体性”,就是要求在表达时根据说话的对象、时间、地点、场合等因素来选择使用恰当的英语语言。
(一) 体裁和题材对得性的要求
不同体裁和题材的文章有不同的用语要求。比如,书面通知中就不适合用“I will tell you a piece of good news.”或“May I have your attention, please?”等句子。这些句子只有在口头通知中才算得体的语句。2003年高考的书面表达要求“你”给一位外国朋友回信,介绍“你”帮他找的一套出租房。相当一部分考生没有理解“你”与说话对象的关系,所以话语中没有给对方提出异议的余地,叙述的方式和口吻上缺乏礼貌性,像“The house is very suitable for you.”等语句显得相当主观,若改为“Do you think it is suitable for you? If not, I will try again.”就比较得体。
另外, 英语中还有正式语和非正式语,书面语和口头语之分。写作前,还应该认真分析题目的体裁,根据不同的体裁,确定用语的类别。正式用语或书面语的句子结构严格遵循语法规则,所采用的单词使用频率不是很高,比如:permit, inform, discover, depart等词都属于正式用语;而非正式用语或口头用语则较多地使用短语,所采用的单词使用频率高,也比较短。比如let, tell, find out, leave等等。费正式用语也经常使用简略语或缩略词。
(二) 文化和思想内涵对得体性的要求
只有了解社会、历史、文化、政治及思维习惯等因素对语言的影响,才能使选词更贴切、更得体。例如:
1. People who live on the farm can hear cocks’ crow every morning. (rooster 和cock 都可表示“公鸡”,但cock通常听起来比较粗鲁,所以应把cock改为rooster才比较妥当。)
2. Because he was ill, he had to stay at home yesterday. (本句话想要表达的意思是“因为他病了,所以他不得不呆在家里”。汉语思维中常常是先原因,后结果,而英语则刚好相反。所以句子应该改为:He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.)
五、 如何理解“紧扣主题的适当发挥”
所谓“紧扣主题的适当发挥”,就是指在合乎情理、合乎规范、力所能及的前提下添加一些要点中没有提及的信息。请看2003年全国高考的一篇优秀考场作文(节选):
I am very pleasant to learn that you will come to China to study Chinese. I have found an apartment for you. The apartment is on the third floor of a quiet tree-lined street—Fangcaosix-storeyed building, which is located on a where you are‚Street. It is only one bus stop away from Jianxin Chinese School, planning to study this summer. The apartment has a bedroom, in which there is a a single bed. Inside there is a… for office and „ comfortable sofa, a desk ƒ bathroom and a kitchen. The apartment occupies an area of 25 square meters. The rent is 500 yuan per month. I hope that the apartment will meet your expectation.
出开头和结尾外, 本文适当发挥的地方有五处(见文中标注),都是稍加扩展又立即收题,而且无一例外都是定语。这些信息的添加,不仅增强了文章的个性,而且使文章内容更加丰富。可见信息的添加不能旁逸斜出或标新立异,否则就会适得其反,突然增加一些出错的机会。
CET作文题采用总体评分方法。从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体,作文应表达题目所规定的内容,而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题,是否充分表达思想,也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想,也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。
满分15分,根据考试大纲的评分标准,给出的最高的14分评分标准为:
14分:切题,表达思想清楚。语言通顺,连贯性较好,基本上无语言错误;
解读:
A. “切题,表达思想清楚”:所谓切题,最直观的理解就是“不跑题”,在四六级英语写作中,跑题是比较难的,因为题目会给出非常明确的观点选择或者命题场景。所谓表达思想清楚,尤其对于四六级写作中的给出两种观点,问你同意哪一个观点的时候,这个时候建议同学们要有清晰的观点倾向,即便你会对比两种观点各自的利弊,最终你清晰的preference是给考官非常重要的信息传递。
B. “语言通畅,连贯性较好,基本上无语言错误”:这一条主要要求考生的语言的逻辑和语言的使用能力。在四六级写作中,虽然不像GRE GMAT这种高端逻辑写作对逻辑要求那么高,但是逻辑的通畅也是最基本的,而且只有逻辑通畅了,语言才是通畅的。但是英文作为“形合”语言,既注重“内容逻辑”也注重“形式逻辑”,例如必要的逻辑引导信号,firstly,sencondly,whereas,on the other hand,all in all….都能引领读者和考官更加清晰的把握你的文章的起承转合。关于语言错误,建议大家还是要高标准严格要求自己,用最地道的书面英文进行写作,四六级写作还不是真正的文章写作,但是是非常好的过渡都GRE TOEFL、甚至论文写作的桥梁,培养自己书面化表达的严谨性和地道性。下载本文