题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Writing
Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)
Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones.【B1】______of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones【B2】______on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize.【B3】______you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you【B4】______can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate【B5】______to civilization, one of which is to follow the land. When you find yourself well【B6】______a trail, but not in a completely【B7】______area, you have to answer two questions: Which【B8】______is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.【B9】______, if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should【B10】______see signs of people. If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be【B11】______how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another【B12】______: Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.【B13】______, even in dense forest, you should be able to【B14】______gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve【B15】______the woods. Head toward these【B16】______to find a way out. At night scan the horizon for【B17】______light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution. 【B18】______, assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the【B19】______we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can【B20】______you to civilization.
1． 【B1】
A．Some
B．Most
C．Few
D．All
正确答案：C
解析：此题考查词义辨析和上下文语境。首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPs定位系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都能在我们的智能手机中找到的世界里。空格所在句指出：我们中的______在没有电话的情况下直接走进树林。空格句前谈到我们生活在一个靠智能手机指引的世界里，所以句意为在没有手机的情况下我们很少有人走进森林。本句由without和few构成双重否定表肯定。根据句意应填入few“几乎没有人”，符合题意，故选C。
2． 【B2】
A．put
B．take
C．run
D．come
正确答案：C
解析：此题考查固定搭配。run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。其他选项：put on“穿上，使运转”；take on“承担，呈现”；come on“快点，开始”；代入文中，语义不通顺，故选C。
3． 【B3】
A．Since
B．If
C．Though
D．until
正确答案：B
解析：此题考查逻辑关系。空格所在句译文：______你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路，______找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航______文明之地。联系上下文，此处为假设的情况，故填入if，符合题意，故选B。
4． 【B4】
A．formally
B．relatively
C．gradually
D．literally
正确答案：D
解析：空格所在句译文：如果你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路，______找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航______文明之地。此处literally表示“确实地，真正地”，代入原文，语义通顺，即确实找不到北方。故选D。代入其他选项后，不符合原文意思，故排除。
5． 【B5】
A．back
B．next
C．around
D．away
正确答案：A
解析：空格所在句译文：如果你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路，确实找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航______文明之地。前文讲lost(迷路)，此处填入back(回到)文明之地，相互呼应。故选A。
6． 【B6】
A．onto
B．off
C．across
D．alone
正确答案：B
解析：此处考查词义辨析和词组搭配。空格所在句的译文为：当你______路径，但不是完全______的区域，你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域，哪条______是下坡?哪里有最近的水源?通过后半句的问题，能了解到前面是当你偏离轨道，迷失踪迹的时候。B项off意为“逃离，离开”符合语义要求。故选B。
7． 【B7】
A．unattractive
B．uncrowded
C．unchanged
D．unfamiliar
正确答案：D
解析：此处考察词义辨析。空格所在句的前一句说迷失踪迹，偏离轨道。空格所在后半句but开头，所填入的形容词需要和前面构成转折逻辑关系，虽然偏离轨道，但也不是完全不熟悉的路。只有D项unfamiliar“不熟悉的”，符合题意。A项意为“不吸引人的”；B项意为“宽敞的”；C项意为“未改变的”；均不符合题意，故排除。
8． 【B8】
A．site
B．point
C．way
D．place
正确答案：C
解析：此处考察词义辨析。空格所在句句意：你需要回答两个问题，在这个特殊区域，哪个______是下坡?哪里有最近的水源?空格处所需的词需要符合上下文语境。C项意为“道路”，即哪个是下坡路?符合语义要求。
9． 【B9】
A．So
B．Yet
C．Instead
D．Besides
正确答案：A
解析：此处考察词逻辑关系。空格所在句的前一句指出：生活在山谷的人，基本都靠淡水为生。后面也就是空格所在句：______如果你下山，沿着水走，你______会发现人类的迹象。很明显空格处所填的连词和前面构成因果逻辑关系，只有A项符合题意。故选A。
10． 【B10】
A．immediately
B．intentionally
C．unexpectedly
D．eventually
正确答案：D
解析：此处考察词义辨析。空格所在句句意：所以如果你下山，沿着你找到的水一直走，你______会看到人类的迹象。空格处所需的副词需要符合本句语境并使句子通顺。D项eventually“最后，终于”，符合语义要求。故选D。A项意为“立刻”；B项意为“有意地”；C项意为“最终”；三个选项代入空格均不符合题意。
11． 【B11】
A．surprised
B．annoyed
C．frightened
D．confused
正确答案：A
解析：空格所在句提到：如果你之前去过这个地方，一定要注意熟悉的景象，你或许会______快速识别出一块特征明显的岩石或树木能帮助你恢复记忆。此句明显体现了积极褒义的感情色彩，根据这个线索，可直接选出A项为正确答案，即你或许会感到惊讶……
12． 【B12】
A．problem
B．option
C．view
D．result
正确答案：B
解析：这里提到了一个关键词another，所以说明它所指代的内容在上文中提到过，且后面有冒号解释说明：爬到高处，寻找人类居住的迹象。说明这也是另一种方法，所以只有option最合适，故选B。
13． 【B13】
A．Above all
B．In contrast
C．On average
D．For example
正确答案：D
解析：此处考察上下文逻辑。因此需要根据空格前后两句话之间的语义关系来选择。空格前提到“另一个办法就是来寻找有人类居住的迹象”是一种大致的方法，后面内容是具体分析，所以用表示举例分析的for example最合适，故选D。
14． 【B14】
A．bridge
B．avoid
C．spot
D．separate
正确答案：C
解析：结合原文语境，“即使是在茂密的森林里，你也能够______林木线的缝隙。”所以这里填上的动词需与缝隙搭配，只有spot“观察”，符合题意。故选C。
15． 【B15】
A．form
B．through
C．beyond
D．Under
正确答案：B
解析：空格处需填入介词来和前面的动词carve及后面的名词woods构成顺畅的语义搭配。Carve______woods：在森林中开辟道路，B项though用法最恰当，故选B。
16． 【B16】
A．posts
B．links
C．shades
D．breaks
正确答案：D
解析：本题空格前有一个指示代词these，通过语义，“these______”指代上文的”roads，train tracks，and other paths”，并有定语从句“people carve through the woods”修饰，从语义上看，breaks“岔路口”最合适。即朝着这些岔路口走，找到一条出路。故选D。
17． 【B17】
A．artificial
B．mysterious
C．hidden
D．limited
正确答案：A
解析：本题所在句子“scan…for 17 light sources”，与本段开头“look for sign of human habitation”结构一致，语义相关，空格处所填的形容词和human意思相近，选择artificial“人造的”。除此之外，17题后面所列举的两种光源的共同特点就是artificial“人工的，人造的”。故选A。
18． 【B18】
A．Finally
B．Consequently
C．Incidentally
D．Generally
正确答案：D
解析：本空位于段首，并由逗号隔开，所以考察上下文逻辑。空后为条件状语从句“assuming you”，与上文构成顺接递进关系，选项中，只用finally表顺接递进。故选D。
19． 【B19】
A．memories
B．marks
C．notes
D．belongings
正确答案：B
解析：空格后的定语从句“we leave on the landscape”，由语义得知此处应填“标记”，即假设你迷失在一个人类常去的地方，寻找我们在风景中留下的标记。故选B。
20． 【B20】
A．restrict
B．adopt
C．lead
D．expose
正确答案：C
解析：本空主要考察语义搭配，所填动词需要与主语“Trail blazes，tire tracks and other features”，宾语you，以及不定式to civilization之间构成完整语义，所以此处填lead“引导”最合适，即引导你回归文明之地。故选C。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)
Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations. “Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last. The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”. In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing, “ said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week. In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism”. In its latest survey of CEO pay, the Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance. Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism”, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company. Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
21． According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the ______.
A．enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility
B．help corporations achieve larger profits
C．build a new system of financial regulation
D．guarantee the bonuses of top executives
正确答案：A
解析：细节题根据题干关键词“paragraph 1”和“one motive in imposing the new rule”可定位在文章第一段第三句“The main purpose of this‘clawback’rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution．”，由此可知这个规则的主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任。对比四个选项，只有A项enhance banks’sense of responsibility“增加银行的责任感”与原文表述一致，故为正确答案。
22． Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate ______.
A．the conditions for generating quick profits
B．governments’ impatience in decision-making
C．the solid structure of publicly traded companies
D．short-termism in economic activities
正确答案：D
解析：根据题干中的Alfred Marshall可定位在文章第二段最后一句“…Alfred Marshall，in describing this financial impatience as acting like…”，其中的“this financial impatience”指上文提到的“short-termism”，也就是Alfred Marshall描述“短期主义”的行为就像……，由此可知，D项“short-termism”in economic activities“经济活动中的‘短期主义’”为正确答案。其他选项在原文均未提及，故排除。
23． It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be ______.
A．indirect
B．adverse
C．minimal
D．temporary
正确答案：B
解析：由题干中的关键词“transient investment”定位到文章第三段第二句“Transient investors，who demand high quarterly profits from companies，can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty．”，由此可知，短期投资会对公司的长期规划设阻，并影响客户的忠诚度。B项adverse“不利的”对应原文“hinder”，故为正确选项。ACD项在原文并未提及，故排除。
24． The US and France examples and used to illustrate ______.
A．the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”
B．the significance or long term thinking
C．the approaches to promoting long-termism
D．the prevalence of short-term thinking
正确答案：C
解析：根据题干定位到文章第五、六段，第五段为美国的例子，主要讲述美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状。第六段为法国的例子，主要讲述法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的选票权。第六段首句承前启后讲到“Much more could be done to encourage‘long-termism’”，即促进“长期主义”还有很多做法。C项the approaches to promoting long-termism“促进‘长期主义’的方法”，与原文一致，故为正确答案。
25． Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A．Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
B．Patience as a Corporate Virtue
C．Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
D．Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
正确答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章围绕西方国家的金融企业的“短期主义”投资和“长期主义”投资展开。第一段由金融管理者制订一项高管津贴措施引出全文中心话题，促进金融投资的“长期主义”规划；第二段介绍了目前英国银行高管中“短期主义”投资愈发盛行；第三段指出“短期主义”投资的弊端；第四段主要介绍美国现阶段仍然通过技术手段使得“短期主义”投资愈发盛行；五、六段点明美法两国为促进“短期主义”投资所采取的措施；文章尾段再次呼应首段，点明英国新政提醒银行家们注重“长期主义”投资。B项Patience对应文章中反复出现的short-termism和long-termism，Corporate本身在文章就多次出现，因此为最佳标题。
Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs. Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA. The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven. College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely”, said Jack Mine, Ohio State University’s registrar. “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time. “ That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions’ state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges. Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.
26． What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?
A．The change of course catalogs.
B．Students’ indifference to GPAs.
C．Colleges neglect of GPAs.
D．The influence of consumer culture.
正确答案：D
解析：根据题干关键词定位到文章第一段第一句，句子主干“Grade inflation…is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education…”可知高校分数膨胀问题通常被认为是消费者至上时代的产物。选项The influence of consumer culture“消费者至上文化的影响”正是该句原因的同义表达，故选D。
27． What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?
A．To help freshmen adapt to college learning.
B．To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.
C．To prepare graduates for a challenging future.
D．To increase universities’ income from tuition.
正确答案：A
解析：根据题干要求定位到文章第三段第二句。该句中的this practice对应题干中的grade forgiveness，first started对应题干中的original，而以不定式短语“…to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses．”为目的，即……给他们第二次机会去上课，对应题干中的purpose，故正确答案为A项To help freshmen adapt to college learning“帮助大一新生适应大学学习”。
28． According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables colleges to______.
A．obtain more financial support
B．boost their student enrollments
C．improve their teaching quality
D．meet local governments’ needs
正确答案：A
解析：根据题干关键词可定位到文章第五段第一句。通过第一句话可以看出“grade forgiveness”满足了大学自己的需要，而具体的需要在第二句体现。因此本题真正的答案出于第二句“For public institutions’state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can，by boosting figures like those，mean more money．”，即对于大学来讲，国家的基金有时候是跟一些因素有关的。比如毕业率和学生在学率，因此好的分数意味着钱。由此可知“grade forgiveness”使大学能够获得更多的国家的基金，这与A项obtain more financial support“获得更多的经济支持”匹配，故选A。
29． What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?
A．To counterbalance each other
B．To complement each other.
C．To be identical with each other
D．To be contradictory to each other.
正确答案：C
解析：根据题目定位到文章第六段最后一句“On this，students’and colleges’incentives seem to be aligned．”，解决本题的关键是this指代的内容，根据上文“Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job，it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be．”可知由于学生和家长都希望通过大学学历找工作，因此符合学校最佳利益的便是尽可能地证明学生的能力——或者说至少看起来如此，即学生和学校有着共同的利益目标，所以正确答案选C。
30． The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by______.
A．assessing its feasibility
B．analyzing the causes behind it
C．comparing different views on it
D．listing its long-run effects
正确答案：B
解析：由题干可知，表面上问作者通过什么论述方式来探讨grade forgiveness的实践操作，实际是考全文的主旨写作手法，方法即是串读每段段落的大意句，把握作者的论述角度。文章的每段都突出了grade forgiveness能够满足大学自身的需求，这也是分析了grade forgiveness的原因。所以该题答案是B项analyzing the causes behind it。
This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or, The Modem Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come. Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?” What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and “Humans”. “Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, “ says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there. “ But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may he a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem. Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring. On June 7th Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm, “ or to develop Al-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights. While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair. To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.
31． Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it______.
A．fascinates AI scientists all over the world
B．has remained popular for as long as 200 years.
C．involves some concerns raised by AI today
D．has sparked serious ethical controversies
正确答案：C
解析：根据题干关键词定位到文章第一段最后一句话“Even before the invention of the electric light bulb，the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would fore-shadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come．”，即甚至在电灯发明之前，作者创作了这部举世瞩目的推测性小说，这部小说预示了很多即将到来的技术所带来的很多道德伦理方面的问题。由此可知C项“涉及了一些今天AI人工智能带来的担忧”为正确答案，其中，involves对应foreshadow，some concerns对应many ethical questions。其余选项在原文均无依据，故排除。
32． In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness ______.
A．helps explain artificial intelligence
B．can be misleading to robot making
C．inspires popular sci-fi TV series
D．is too limited for us to reproduce it
正确答案：D
解析：细节题。根据题干信息David Eagleman找到定位点第四段第二句“‘We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there．’”，即我们仍然处在没有确凿的理论解释“意识”是什么，而且也不能发明机器实现这一点。从这句话就能选择D项is too limited for us to reproduce it “对于我们来说我们能力太有限去再次创造它”。
33． The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles______.
A．can hardly ever be found.
B．is still beyond our capacity
C．causes little public concern
D．has aroused much curiosity
正确答案：B
解析：根据题干可定位到文章第五段第二句。该句出现for example，可知autonomous vehicle是具体例子。篇中的例子是为了证明论点，应往前看，即证明第一句的观点：涉及人工智能的伦理问题在我们身边，说明问题依然存在。B项与题干结合含义为找出由自动驾驶车带来的人工智能伦理问题的解决方法超出了我们的能力，与文章含义一致。A项过于绝对，CD项原文未提及，故排除。故选B。
34． The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of______.
A．affirmation
B．skepticism
C．contempt
D．respect
正确答案：A
解析：根据题干可定位到文章第七段，第八段。但第七段都是在讲Geogle’s pledge，继续看第八段，开头while，表转折，while the statement is vague，与vague相反的即是观点，这个地方没有说是谁的观点。无人认领的观点即是作者的观点。vague“模糊的、暧昧的”，是情感向下的词语，相反方向应是正向情感。BC项都是负向情感，D项虽是正向情感，但程度太深，所以选A。
35． Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A．AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants
B．Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI
C．The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable
D．AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control
正确答案：C
解析：本文首段通过引用Malw Shelley的书引出本文要探讨的话题，即新技术所引发的道德问题。第二段更是明确指出AI引起了一些问题。第三段和第四段是对第二段的详细论述，表明我们并不能确定智能化的程度，以及因为所处环境的复杂无法定义人类自我意识。而在第五段转折之后明确指出AI所涉及的道德问题已经触手可及了。全篇复现了AI和conscience这两个关键词，因此正确答案为C项“人工智能的道德问题：复杂但是不可避免”。
States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states. The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases. The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the tsales tax o the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field. “ The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to Amazon. com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to. Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state. Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business and Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision. “
36． The Supreme Court decision Thursday will______.
A．dette business revolutions with states
B．put most online business in a dilemma
C．make more online shoppers pay sales tax
D．force some sates to cut sales tax
正确答案：C
解析：根据题干关键词定位到文章第一段第一句“States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states．”，由此可知最高的裁决可能让州去强制消费者在网上购物时要上交销售税，直接得出C项make more online shoppers pay sales tax“让更多的在线购物者支付销售税”。
37． It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions______.
A．have led to the dominance of e-commerce
B．have cost consumers a lot over the years
C．were widely criticized by online purchase
D．were considered unfavorable by states
正确答案：D
解析：根据题干定位到文章第二段“…that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually．The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases．”，由此可知，州抱怨之前的导致每年税收损失惨重，原让州很难收取网上购物的营业税。综合可知，D项were considered unfavorable by state“州认为原对州不利”为正确答案。
38． According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has______.
A．hindered economic development
B．brought prosperity to the country
C．harmed fair market competition
D．Boosted growth in states’ revenue
正确答案：C
解析：根据题干定位到文章第四段第二句“‘Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States’…”，由此可知实体店规定导致州税收亏损严重，由第三句“…the rule‘limited states’ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field．’”可知该规定了州持长期繁荣，并妨碍了所有市场参与者公平竞争，从而得出C项harmed fair market competition“破坏了市场公平竞争”。
39． Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?
A．Internet entrepreneurs.
B．Big-chain owners.
C．Third-party sellers.
D．Small retailers.
正确答案：B
解析：根据题干细节“most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling”定位到文章第五段第一句“The ruling is a victory for big chains…”，由此可知这项裁决对于大型连锁公司来说是个胜利，从而得出B项Big-chain owners“大型连锁公司”。
40． In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the author______.
A．gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences
B．describes the long and complicated process of its making
C．presents its main points with conflicting views on them
D．cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications
正确答案：D
解析：整篇文章首段直接点明最高通过新的裁决，征收在线营业税。第二段介绍原来的判决及后果。第三段描绘原来涉及的案例。第四段列举大法官的观点，以前判决有瑕疵。第五段论述新判决的影响：对大型连锁店有利。第六段谈及新裁决对州外卖家的影响。第七段明确新裁决受到零售界的肯定。根据各段主旨可以看出作者的行文思路为：首段先介绍新判决，然后二、三、四段列出一些与此有关的案例，五、六、七段论其对行业内各界的影响。由此得出D项cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications“引出相关案例，并论其影响”。
Part B (10 points)
[A] These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments— from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument. [B] Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side. [C] None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies. [D] Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion. [E] In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: “There is only one way...to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. “ This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives-and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place. [F] These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way. [G] There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes, “ and I yell. “No, “ neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers. 【C1】______→【C2】______→ F→【C3】______→【C4】______→C→ 【C5】______
41． 【C1】
正确答案：E
解析：F和C段为已知段。现在要确定的是剩下的段落哪一段可以作为段首。G段落开头为There is a better way…出现一个比较级，说明是和前面的一个方法相比较，因此不能做段首；A段落There tools开头，出现代词，不能做段首；B段落many discussions are not successful，出现词汇so，为代词，指代上面说的successful discussion，因此不能做段首；这样只剩D和E段落，D段落开头Carnegle would be right if…，这里出现了对人物观点进行正确与否的判断，判断正确与否的前提是首先要提到此人的存在以及其观点具体是什么，所以D段落不能为段首，因此此题答案为E。实际上，纵观全文，本段是以Carnegle的观点为切入，然后通过分析Carnegle的观点，对有效辩论进行探讨。
42． 【C2】
正确答案：D
解析：首段提到Carnegle以及他书中的观点，根据人物线索，本题优先出现人物复现的段落。浏览剩余的段落发现只有D项出现了Carnegle这个人。对比两个选项稍加分析得知，第一段论述了Carnegle书中的观点，D项论述作者对此观点的评论，符合立论型文章的篇章结构。
43． 【C3】
正确答案：G
解析：该选项位于F项之后，F段最后一句“but they can help you win-in one way”中有“help you win-in one way”，而G段首句“There is a better way to win arguments”的“a better way to win”是对“help you win-in one way”的进一步说明，因此G段则接着F段。
44． 【C4】
正确答案：B
解析：本题位置为C的上一段，所以我们只需找到一段的尾句可以与C段首句进行关联即可。C段的第一句话：None of this will be easy…others refuse to…，句意为“这样不容易，即使别人拒绝，但你可以开始……”，下文继续提到从反方面来对待你的观点。不难发现B项最后一句提到了“recognize weakness…accept…on the opposite side．”，此处opposite和refuse均为同义复现的替换词。此外，B项段尾是从心理上对待相反的观点，先有想法再付诸行动的顺序也符合了B在前C在后。故选B。
45． 【C5】
正确答案：A
解析：已知段落C段讲到“Next time you state your position…Next time you talk with someone who…Assess its strength…”，由此可知段落讲的都是一些帮助取得辩论胜利的技巧，这与A段落开头枸成了呼应，尤其是C段后“Next time you talk with someone who…”与A段开头“…but in the better sense of learning about the issues…”，同时都在讲对于别人观点的看法，因此确定答案选A。
Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequency was, I came to recognize various sins of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1. 17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. 【F1】There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. They quote anonymous research who said pithily:’ poor methods get results’. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work. 【F2】Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then count the number. 【F3】Attempts have been made to curd this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. 【F4】This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors. Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable saving in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. 【F5】If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.
46． 【F1】
正确答案：在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈，如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。
解析：句子主干为：There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense，which引导定语从句修饰nonsense；when引导时间状语从句，且形式是状语从句的省略，省略了主语和系动词(this kind of nonsense)；介词短语in the medical journals作状语；both health scares和short-lived dietary enthusiasms是并列结构，做动词generate的宾语。nonsense“胡说，废话”。
47． 【F2】
正确答案：如今，任何想要申请一份研究型职位的人，需要发表的论文数量是十年前申请同一职位的两倍。只追求数量，不追求质量。
解析：句子主干为：Nowadays anyone…has to have published twice the number of papers…，applying for为现在分词做后置定语，修饰anyone；that引导的定语从句修饰先行词papers；twice the number of papers为比较结构。applying for“申请”。
48． 【F3】
正确答案：例如，有人已经在评估申请人的论文时，尝试除了纳入关于数量的衡量标准以外，还纳入有关质量的衡量标准，以此来多次试图遏制这种趋势。
解析：句子主干为：Attempts have been made to curd this tendency，by引导的是一个方式状语，该结构内核心搭配是incorporate A into B结构。incorporate“包含”。
49． 【F4】
正确答案：如果科学家不能很轻易地在他们未来的出版物中引用他们自己的论文，或者让合伙人为他们这样去做，以换取类似的好处，那么这种引用索引将会是合理的。
解析：本句主干为This would be reasonable(这将会是合理的)，this指代文中上一句中的“citation index”即引用索引。if it were not for．意思为“如果没有……”，本句为虚拟语气。句中，the fact后that引导同位语从句。该同位语从句在表达时，可以省去fact不翻译。
50． 【F5】
正确答案：如果我们真的想确保我们的科学是有意义和可再生的，那么我们必须确保我们的院校鼓励这种科学。
解析：句子主干为：we must ensure that…，If we are serious about ensuring that…这部分是if引导的条件状语从句，从句中的ensuring后的that引导的宾语从句，主句中的ensure后同样为that引导的宾语从句。be serious about“认真对待”。
Section III Writing
Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)
51． Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET Do not use your own name in the email , use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write address (10 points)
正确答案：Dear friend, I am greatly pleased to receive your letter and I am writing to you to express my sincere hope that I can offer you some details about the project of Aiding Rural Primary School. The details are as follows. In the first place, the aim of this project is to help rural children in a poor financial condition to improve their English, which needs you make an English teaching plan in advance. In the second place, this project will be held at June, lasting about 15 days, therefore it is essential for you to prepare some clothes and daily necessities. In the last place, importance should be attached to the role played by the language due to the fact that there is a few people understanding English, which needs you are capable of speaking basic Chinese. I wish my introduction could satisfy your requirement, and look forward to discussing more details with you.Yours Sincerely, Li Ming
解析：这篇小作文要求考生以李明的身份，给国际志愿者写一封电子邮件，回答他们一些关于“援助乡村小学”项目的信息。邮件内容包括项目的具体内容，持续的时间以及对志愿者自身的一些要求。最后希望这封邮件帮志愿者们回答了他们需要知道的问题，以及期待志愿者询问更多的项目细节。
Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. (20 points)
52． Write an essay of 160 -200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should: (1)describe the picture briefly (2) interpret the implied meaning, and (3)give your comments Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)
正确答案： The cartoon provides us with a thought-provoking scene: two men are climbing a hill, but one of them desires to give up due to tiredness, while the other one encourages him to keep going. Undoubtedly, the cartoonist aims at reminding us of the significance of persistence. At the top of the list, we should attach importance to perseverance mainly due to that it can enable us to ameliorate ourselves so we can be qualified for future career promotion, and be ready for meeting the forthcoming challenges. What’s more, we ought to place a high value on the role played by persistence in personal growth. Put it another way, in this ever-changing world, perseverance is to personal growth what water is to fish. To sum up, if persistence misses our attention in any possible way, we will suffer a great loss beyond imagination. Hence, it is vital for us to derive positive implications from the above cartoon. For one thing, we should frequently use it to enlighten the young. For another thing, we should cultivate the awareness of teenagers that it is very vital to keep going toward our goals. Only by doing so, can we become winner in the face of difficulties.
解析：漫画题材的作文，首段是传统的图画描述段，要求考生对漫画的已知信息进行简单描述，引出作文的主题。漫画中两人正在爬山，但是其中一个人因为疲劳想要放弃，而另一个人鼓励他继续下去。第二段旨在提醒我们坚持的重要性。最后一段总结，给出自己的观点和建议。 下载本文
