一. 时态:
1.主句用一般现在时,从句可用任意时态。可归纳为“主现从不限”
She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 她说她从周一至周五上班。(从句是一般现在时)
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。(从句是一般将来时)
2.主句用过去时,从句用过去某个时态。可归纳为“主过从四过”
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 他说昨天下午没有课。(从句是一般过去时)
She said (that) she was going to take care of the baby. 她说他会去照看这个婴儿。(从句是过去将来时)
He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 他说他们那时正在开会。(从句是过去进行时)
3.主句用过去时,从句是客观真理时,只用一般现在时。
The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。
He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光传播比声音传播快得多。
4.情态动词could/would用于,“请求”,表示委婉、客气的语气时,从句不受主句的约束。
Could you tell me where we will have the meeting this afternoon?你能告诉我我们今天下午将在哪儿开会吗?
二. 宾语从句的连接词
1. 从属连词, 主要有that, if, whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句, He told me ( that)he would go to college the next year.他告诉我他明年上大学. if和whether,whether...or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没有人知道他是否会通过考试.
2. 连接代词, 主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么? The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么. Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?
3. 连接副词, 主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等. He didn’t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please tell me how you use the new panel? 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.
定语从句: 定语从句相当于形容词,翻译为‘……的’。修饰名词或代词,在句中作定语。
位置:定语从句置于被修饰词之后。Those who are willing to attend the party , sign your names here please. 即将参加聚会的人,请在这里签名。
(一)定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导
1、关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that, as,绝对没有what 2、关系副词:when, where, why, how
P.S :关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首,主句先行词之后,起着连接先行词和从句的作用,同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.(关系代词who在从句中作主语)
3、关系代词和关系副词的用法:
1)当先行词为人时用who作主语He is the man who has an English book.
whom作宾语可省略,也可用who, He is the man whom/who I talk to.
2)当先行词为物或整个句子时用which,可作主语或宾语(可省略);Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
3)先行词用that指人时=who/whom;指物时=which 在定语从句中作主语或宾语(可省略) 例如:Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning.
4)whose用作定语,可指人或物;He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
whose 指物时,常用以下结构来代替:Do you like the book whose color is yellow? = Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
5) when 指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语 I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
6) where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语Shanghai is the city where I was born.
7) why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语 please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
注意;关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换why=for which where=in/at/on/+which when=during/on/in/ +which
The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is not clear. Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.
(二)性定语从句与非性定语从句
1、性定语从句:从句与主句关系密切,去掉从句,主句意义不完整,甚至不合逻辑。e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定语从句,意思就不完整)
2、非性定语从句:从句对先行词关系不密切,去掉定从句,意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开,不能用that引导。
e.g. Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引导非性定语从句,整个句子可分成两句来翻译)
(三)使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题
1)用that而不用which的情况:
①先行词为不定代词a) everything, anything, nothing, none. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it.没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。
b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时,这时的that常被省略;All (that) can be done has been done.
There is little (that) I can do for you.
②先行词有最高级修饰 This is the best film that I have ever seen.这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。
先行词有序数词修饰 The first place that they visited in London was Big Ben.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
③先行词有the only, the very, the same, one of等词修饰;Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。
④先行词既有人又有物时。The bike and its rider that had run over (撞倒了)an old man were taken to the police station.
2)用which而不用that的情况:
①引导非性定语从句;
②代表整个主句的意思;e.g.He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry.他数学考试没有及格,这使他的父亲很生气。
③介词+关系代词。This is the room in which my father lived last year.这是父亲去年居住过的房子。
3)as引导定语从句时的用法
①as引导性定语从句通常用于the same…as, such…as结构中。
e.g.I want the same shirt as my friend’s.我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
②as引导非性定语从句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。通常用于:as is known to all, as is said, as is reported
as is announced, as we all know, as I expect等。
e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.正如我所预料的那样,他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。
4)as引导非性定语从句时与which的区别
①当主句和从句语义一致时,用as;反之,用which来引导非性定语从句。e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.
He made along speech, which was unexpected.
②当非定语从句为否定时,常用which引导。e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.
2.关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。e.g.The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。 The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.下载本文