The science of microbiology did not start until the invention of the microscope in the mid 16th century and it was not until the late 17th century that Robert Hooke and Antoine van Leeuwenhoek made their first records of fungi, bacteria and protozoa.微生物学的科学直到16th世纪中期直到17th世纪后期罗伯特虎克和安东尼·范·列文虎克显微镜的发明才开始——使用显微镜首次记录的真菌、细菌和原生动物The late 19th century was the time when the first real breakthroughs on the role of microbes in the environment nd medicine were made.19th世纪后期是第一个真正的突破的作用在环境医学微生物日。 Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation ( that living organisms spontaneously arose from inorganic materiaD and Robert Koch's development of pure culture techniques allowed him to show unequivocally that a bacterium was respon sible for a particular disease. 路易·巴斯德否定自然发生的理论,从无机生物自发产生的资料),并且把罗伯特·科赫纯培养技术的发展使他毫不含糊地表明,一种细菌被响应为一个特定的疾病。Since then the science has grown dramatically as microbiology impinges on aIL aspects of life and the environment.自从那时起,科学已经大幅增长,因为微生物在生活的各个方面,保护我们的环境
Within the microbial world can be found two different categories of CEll type , Prokaryole and eukaryole.在微生物世界可以发现两个不同的认同范畴的细胞类型,原核细胞和真核细胞。 Bacteria are Prokaryoies : theylack a distinct nuclear membrane,the organelles associated with energy generation ,such as mitochondria and chlorophlasts,and complex internal membrane, such as endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are faund in euharyotes.原核细菌他们缺少清晰的核膜,与能源相关的细胞器如线粒体和叶绿体和复杂的内部膜,如内质网和高尔基体是真核细胞所发现。 Although the basic mechanisms of DNA replication, RNA ynthesis and protein synthesis are the same in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes,there are in the components, and enzymes involved. These are discussed in the appropriate topics. 虽然基本机制的DNA复制,在两个原核生物和真核生物RNA合成配位化合物和蛋白质合成是相同的,在组成、酶参与。这些都是在适当的讨论话题。下载本文
