1、在一份研究报告中,摘要有着非常重要的功能。通过摘要可以传达文章的论述范围以及讨论的主题给你的读者。摘要的存在有利于科学研究。摘要便于科学家从繁杂的已发表的文章中定位到与他们的研究相关的材料,并且许多科学家仅通过阅读文章摘要来判断文章是否与他们相关。考虑你的听众以及他们的需求将帮助你确定哪些应该纳入您的摘要。
2. P34: An informative abstract acts as a report in miniature, encapsulating the whole paper. It summarizes the key information from every major section in the body of the report, and provides the key facts and conclusions from the body of the report. A good way to develop an informative abstract is to devote a sentence or two to each of the major parts of the report. If space permits, you can provide contextual information such as background of the problem and the significance of the research, but you can also omit contextual information because the abstract is not supposed to serve as an introduction to the subject matter of the report—your introduction will serve that role. You should, however, include key numerical facts to make the informative abstract brief and readers will not be surprised to see key data in an informative abstract. …
2、信息型摘要作为报告的缩影,装饰(encapsulating应是简述)整篇文章。它总结了在报告正文中各主要部分的关键信息,并提供从报告正文的关键事实和结论。制定一个信息型摘要的好方法就是从报告的每个主要部分找出一两句话。如果空间允许,可以提供上下文,例如问题的背景和研究的意义。但你也可以忽略上下文信息,因为摘要不应该作为报告主题的介绍—这是报告的介绍部分应起的作用。但是,你应该包括关键的数据事实,使信息型摘要变得简短,读者也不会因为在一个信息型摘要看到关键数据而惊讶。
3. P35: An indicative abstract(sometimes called descriptive abstract) merely includes information about the purpose, scope and methods used to arrive at the findings contained in the original document. The function of indicative abstracts is to help readers understand the general nature and scope of the research article. An indicative abstract indicates the subject and the main findings of the paper but it does not go into a detailed step-by-step account of the process involved . It is brief and concise, from which readers can decide if they should continue to read the entire paper. This type of abstract is often used in writing theoretical papers ,commentary articles, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings. …
3. 指示性摘要(有时也被称为描述性摘要),包含的信息仅仅有目的,范围和用来得出包含在原始文档当中的结果的方法。指示性摘要的功能是帮助读者了解论文的一般性质和范围。指示性摘要指出论文的主体和主要结论,但它不会涉及到过程中的每一步细节。它简明扼要,读者可以通过它决定他们是否应该继续读整个文件。这种类型的摘要常用于写理论文章,评论文章,并在某些情况下用于会议论文集。
4、P40: Put simply, abstracts and summaries …
Put simply, abstracts and summaries are similar-they both represent abbreviated forms of longer works and occasionally the terms are used interchangeably-but they are not identical. Abstract which frequently accompany journal articles and technical reports condense the document to give readers essential information about research purpose, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations. Most abstracts are a single paragraph, and seldom more than one page. By contrast, summaries are thorough though usually longer than abstracts. They are less concerned with condensing the document than with emphasizing results, conclusions and recommendations. Independent or executive summaries precede document, concluding summaries end a document.
4、简而言之,摘要和总结是相似的,它们都是一种长篇文章的简略形式,偶尔二者的术语可以交换使用,但是它们并不是完全相同。摘要经常出现在期刊论文和技术报告中,摘要压缩文章给读者提供研究目的、方法、结果和建议等基本信息。大多数摘要是简单的一段,极少数的能超过一页。相比之下,总结一般长于摘要,内容亦更完整。总结更强调结果、结论和建议,而非压缩文章。或者执行总结在文章之前,总结性的总结则在文章之后。
5、P43: An abstract must be a fully self-contained …
An abstract must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It can’t assume (or attempt to provoke) the reader into flipping through looking for an explanation of what is meant by some vague statement. It must make sense all by itself. Some points to consider include: Meet the word count limitation. If your abstracts runs too long, either it will be rejected or someone will take a chainsaw to it to get it down to size. Your purpose will be better served by doing the difficult task of cutting yourself, rather than leaving it to someone else who might be more interested in meeting size restrictions than in represent your efforts in the best possible manner.
5、一篇摘要必须是完全的,是一篇文章概要的描述。它不能采取或尝试以一些模糊的表述让读者寻找解释而抓狂。它必须要言之有理。一些考虑的要素要包含:符合字数。如果你的摘要写的太长,或者不被读者接受,或者有些人会删减掉一部分直到它符合字数。自己去完成删减字数这个艰难任务,可以更好地实现摘要的目的。交给别人去删减,他们只会更关注字数,而不是以最好的方式展示你的成果。
6、Of the various types of documents, scientists and engineers takes greatest pride in writing research papers for publication in journals, which keep scientists and engineers up to date on what is going on in their professions. The writer has information the reader needs: what was found, how it was found, what the findings mean. Good scientists and engineers are as interested in the quality of their writing as they are in other aspects of their work. They know that technical efforts counts for little if the written reports of that work do not convey information adequately.
6、各类文档中,科学家和工程师最大的骄傲是在期刊上发表研究论文。科学家和工程师通过这些论文了解他们专业最新的东西。笔者有读者需要的资料:发现了什么,是如何发现的,研究结果的意义如何。优秀的科学家和工程师专注于写作质量,正如在工作的其他方面一样。他们知道,如果工作的书面报告传达的信息不充分,技术工作就没有价值。
7、The key to an effective research paper is integrating the research into the body of the paper. This is also the most difficult part of writing the paper. The research should support and lend credence to you conclusions, but it should not dominate the paper. Much of the writing should be your own ideas that are supported by research. Transition words and phrases should be used to connect your thoughts to the references. If that is not done, the writing will be stilted and contrived; the paper will be choppy, and coherence will be lost. Remember that the research paper is like all other formal essays, and all of the rules of good writing apply. The paper should have an introduction, a body and a conclusion. It should be focused and fully developed.
7、优秀研究论文的关键是将研究整合到论文的主体中,这也是写论文最困难的部分。研究应当支持和印证你的结论,但它不应该支配论文。大部分的写作应该是研究支持的自己的想法,要使用合适的连接词将你的想法和研究结合起来。如果不这样做,写作将是夸张和做作的;论文将是支离破碎的,没有连贯性。请记住,研究论文和其他所有正式论文一样,所有的优秀论文的规则都适用。该论文应该有导言、主体和结论,应突出重点和全面阐述。
8、P53
It is widely recognized that writing introductions is slow, difficult, and troublesome for both native speakers as well as nonnative speakers. A very long time ago, the Greek philosopher Plato remarked, “The beginning is half of the whole. ” Indeed, eventually producing a good Introduction section always seems like a battle hard won.
The introduction section normally leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular field of research. It should guide the reader to current research in the field by discussing the results and conclusions of previously published studies, so as to help explain why the current study is of scientific interest.
8、大家公认的是,对于英语母语人士和非英语母语人来说,写好开头都是一件缓慢的、困难的、麻烦的事情。很久以前,希腊哲学家柏拉图曾说过,“好的开始是成功的一半”。 确实,最终写出一个好的前言部分似乎是一场难以获胜的战斗。
前言部分通常引领读者从一个广义领域到特定领域。它应该通过讨论先前发表论文的结果和结论引导读者注意该领域的研究现状,从而帮助解释为何本次研究引起了科学家的兴趣。
9、P59
In contrast to other types of introductions, research paper introductions aimed at specialists include technical details and a short review of previous work on the topic. Articles aimed at specialists may begin with an introduction based on either a long-form or a short-form problem statement. The problem or research question is normally the topic or one aspect of a research which can’t be possible without the previous research work and giants’ contribution. Therefore, citations of their research are necessary .The reasons are stated as follows:
A Citations are used to recognize and acknowledge the intellectual property rights of authors .They are a matter of ethics and a defense against plagiarism.
B Citations are used to show respect to previous scholars .They recognize the history of the field by acknowledging previous achievements.
C Citations are tools of persuasion ; writers use citations to give their statements greater authority .
D Citations are used to create a research space for the citing author .By describing what has been done , citations point the way to what has not been done and so prepare a space for new research.
9、和其他类型的介绍来说相比,针对专家的研究论文包括技术细节和该主题以前研究的简短回顾。针对专家的文章可以基于一个长的或短的问题介绍做开头。研究问题通常是一个特定主题或某研究的特定方面,该问题的提出肯定要归功于以前的研究工作和大师的贡献。因此,他们的研究引用是必要的。原因如下:
A引用是用来承认和答谢作者的知识产权。这是一个伦理传统,也是对剽窃的一种防止措施。
B引用是用来表达对以往的学者的尊重。他们通过承认以前的成就来承认该领域的历史。
C引用是一种说服工具:作者借助引文内容使得他们的陈述更具有权威。
D引用是用来为作者创建研究空间。通过描述做了什么,引文可以指出尚未研究的领域,所以创建了一个新的研究空间。
10:Summaries of the statistics analyses may appear in the text (usually parenthetically ) or in the relevant Table or Figure (in the legend or as footnotes to the Table or Figure ).The results section should be organized around a series of Table and /or Figure sequence to present your key finding in a logical order .The text of the results section follows this sequence and highlights the answers to the questions/hypotheses you investigated. Important negative results should be reported ,too. Authors usually write the text of the results section based upon this sequence of Tables or Figures.
10数据分析的总结可能用文本(通常是注释)或者是相关的表或图(用图表的图例或者注脚)的形式来展现。结果部分应围绕一系列图表有逻辑得表达自己的调查结果。结果的文本部分遵循这一顺序,突出你要调查的问题或猜想的答案。重要的不太好的结果也应该报告。通常,作者所写的结果部分的顺序都是基于一系列的图表、图例的顺序。
11:Like many other aspects of writing ,data commentaries are exercises in positioning yourself .There are, as a result ,both dangers and opportunities .One danger is to simply repeat in words ,to offer description rather than commentary. An opposite danger is to read too much into the data and draw unjustified conclusions. The art of the matter is to find the right strength of claim for the data and then order your statements in some appropriate way (such as from the more significant to the less significant ). In the most cases, this means moving in a general - specific direction.
11像许多其他方面的写作,数据的评论是一种表明自身态度的行为。因此,会同时存在危险和机会。危险之一是简单地重复话语,只是提供描述,而不是评论。相反的危险是过分解读数据并得出不合理的结论。这件事的艺术是找到对数据进行论断的合适强度,然后以某种适当的顺序来表达出来(比如从重要到不重要)。在大多数情况下,可以用一般到具体的顺序。
12、with any scientific process, there is no such ideal as total proof or total rejection, and researchers must, by necessity, work upon probabilities. That means that, whatever level of proof was reached, there is still the possibility that the results may be wrong. Therefore, writers need not only good judgment about data while making highlight statements about data, but also good presentation of judgment. Thus, they have two requirements. One is the need to be cautious-and sometimes critical-about the data. As Skelton(1998) neatly observed, “It is important for students to learn to be confidently uncertain.” The other requirement is to have the linguistic resources to express this caution. In ways of qualifying or moderating a claim.
12、任何科学的过程,没有完全证明或全盘否定这样的理念,因而研究者必须在可能性这一基础上工作。这意味着,论据不管达到什么水平,结果仍然有可能是错误的。因此,当在做出有关数据的重要评述时,作者不仅需要对数据有良好的判断力,同时也需要对判断力进行良好的呈现。因此,他们需要两种要求。一是需要对数据谨慎,并且有时是批判的。正如斯凯尔顿(1998)指出:“学生学会自信地说不确定是一件重要的事情”。另一个要求是要有语言资源来表达这种谨慎。以下是使论断具有性或变得温和的方法:
13、The discussion and conclusion section is somehow the counterpart of the introduction. The function of the Discussion is to interpret your results in light of what was already known about the subject of the investigation, and to explain our new understanding of the problem after taking your results into consideration. The Discussion explains the implications of your results. It fits the results into the context of the field by relating your results to other work, both theoretical and experimental. Along with the Introduction, it explains why your work is important, how it contributes to the advancement of the field. You want to avoid introducing new ideas here or discussing tangential issues not directly related to the exploration and discovery of your thesis. It is critical that the Discussion be done carefully and thoroughly.
13、某种程度上说,讨论和结论部分是引言的呼应部分。讨论的作用是根据关于调查的对象已知内容来解释你的结果,并且在考虑本次的结果之后,讲解关于问题的新理解。讨论解释了结果的推想。通过将你的结果与其他人的工作在理论上、实验上进行关联之后,本部分将此次的结果与研究背景结合。与介绍相互呼应,它解释了你的工作为什么重要,它是如何有助于该领域进步的。这里你需要避免介绍新想法或讨论与你的理论探索发现过程无关的离题问题。进行讨论至关重要的是要仔细和彻底。
14、Writing a summary (or summarizing information) is a common way of integrating information into your original work that requires care and attention to detail. By summarizing ,an author reduces a text ,concept, idea, or data set to its most basic point or element without appropriating the language of the source .While you cannot retain all the definition and detail of the original context of the information in a brief summary, effort to represent the essential point without its context is essential or you risk distortion of the original meaning.
14、写概要(或总结信息)是一种在你的原始文献中进行信息整合的过程,需要细心和注意力来细致完成。通过总结部分,作者在不使用原始文献中的语句的前提下,将主题、概念、想法或数据集合归纳成最基本的观点或原理。在一个简要的总结中,你不可能记住所有的定义和最初的上下文的细节。在没有上下文的情况下,努力描述关键点是重要的,否则你将承担曲解最初意义的风险。
15、An active and efficient researcher may use summarizing as an effective way of building his own repository of research literature that he can readily taps into. Writing a summary and a review following reading a research report can help the reader and potential researcher digest the information of the source and develop insights into it, let alone form a lasting memory of it. Writing a summary helps a writer develop an understanding of the subject matter. Once understanding is developed the writer becomes up to date hopefully with current knowledge
15、积极高效的研究人员,可能会使用总结作为创建自己容易利用的研究文献知识库的一种有效方式。依照读到的研究报道,写概要和评论能帮助读者和潜在的研究人员融会贯通该文献信息,并更加深入的了解它,更不必说有助于形成一种永久的记忆。写概要帮助作者形成对主题问题的理解。一旦形成理解,作者就很有希望能够及时吸收当今最新的知识。下载本文