I Lead-in
II Language Structures
Modal auxiliaries
1. would + perfect infinitive used to express “unfulfilled wish”
e.g. I would have liked to sign up, but I sprained my ankle.
2. should /ought to + perfect infinitive used to express “unfulfilled obligation”
needn’t + perfect infinitive expressing “unnecessary past actions”
e.g. 1) She should/ ought to have had more oral practice during the term.
2) She needn’t have learned all the dialogues by heart.
3. may /might + perfect infinitive used to express “speculations about past actions”
can /could not + perfect infinitive used to express “negative deduction about past
actions”
e.g. 1)He may/might have gone to the library.
2) She can’t/couldn’t have gone to the library.
4. must + perfect infinitive used to express “affirmative deduction about past actions”
may /might as well used with the second person pronoun expressing “suggestions”
e.g. 1) She must have gone to the language lab.
2) You may/might as well use my bike.
Preparatory Questions
Directions: Recast the following sentences using the following phrases:
1. “would have liked to (do)”
Notice: would have liked to (do) is used with the first person to express the speaker’s wish that was not fulfilled．
1) I intended to go skating with you yesterday but I couldn’t because my mother didn’t let me.
(Response: I would have liked to go skating with you yesterday, but my mother didn’let me.)
2) I meant to sit in on Professor Wang’s class this morning but I didn’t because I had an important meeting to attend.
(Response: I would have liked to sit in on Professor Wang’s class this morning, but I had an important meeting to attend.)
3) I intended to take part in the basketball match yesterday afternoon but I couldn’t
because I had a bad fall yesterday morning.
(Response: I would have liked to take part in the basketball match yesterday afternoon, but I had a bad fall yesterday morning.)
4) I planned to lend you my cassette recorder, but I didn’t, because it was out of order.
(Response: I would have liked to lend you my cassette recorder, but it was out of
order.)
2. should/ought to + perfect infinitive
Notice: should/ought to + perfect infinitive, indicating a past obligation that was not fulfilled
1) The exhibition was a good one. All of us visited it except John.
(Response: : John should/ought to have come with us.)
2) We all learned a lot from the lecture, but Li didn’t attend it.
(Response: : Li ought to/should have attended the lecture.)
3) The engineer went to the research institute without an umbrella and was caught in the rain.
(Response: : The engineer ought to/should have taken an umbrella with him.)
4) They bought a book for Mary but she didn’t like it.
(Response: : They oughtn’t to/shouldn’t have bought the book for Mary.)
needn’t + perfect infinitive
Notice: needn’t + perfect infinitive, indicating something that was unnecessarily done in the past
1) I wrote a summary in more than five hundred words. But the teacher only asked for
200 words.
(Response: : I needn’t have written such a long summary.)
2) Lin answered all the ten questions in the test paper. But we were only required to
answer eight of them.
(Response: : Lin needn’t have answered all the ten questions in the test paper.)
3) Mary went to the station an hour before the train started.
(Response: : Mary needn’t have gone to the station so early.)
4) Yao carried all the parcels home herself. She didn’t know they would deliver them if she asked them.)
(Response: : Yao needn’t have carried all the parcels home herself. They would have
delivered them if she had asked them.)
3．may/might +perfect infinitive
Notice: may/might +perfect infinitive, indicating speculations about past actions
1) Where is Susan? I want to go to the canteen with her.
(Response: : She may/might have gone there already.)
2) It’s a fortnight since Sun went to the South and we haven’t got a word from him. I
wonder if he’s forgotten us all.
(Response: : He may/might have been very busy with his work there.)
3) Sid told me he’d let me have the library book after he’d finished with it. It’s a week
since he said that and he still hasn’t given me the book.
(Response: : He may/might have returned the book to the library. // He may / might not have finished reading it yet.)
4) I’ve been looking for my bicycle key for three days, and it’s still nowhere to be found.
(Response: : You may/might have lost it.)
can’t/couldn’t + perfect infinitive
Notice: can’t/couldn’t + perfect infinitive, indicating negative deduction about past actions
The first part of the response can be given to the students as a prompt.
1) Where is my typewriter? Someone must have stolen it last night.
(Response: : It was here a moment ago. It couldn’t have been stolen last night.)
2) Keith ought to be here now. Perhaps he’s lost his way.
(Response: : I told him how to come and I even drew him a map. He can’t have lost his way.)
3) Who brought the refrigerator upstairs? Perhaps it was Tim.
(Response: : Tim’s not that strong. He couldn’t have brought it by himself.)
4) A man answered the phone. I suppose it was her husband.
(Response: : But her husband hasn’t come back from abroad yet. It couldn’t have been her husband.)
4. must + perfect infinitive
Notice: must + perfect infinitive, indicating affirmative deduction about past actions
1) The film he saw last night was wonderful.
(Response: : He must have enjoyed seeing it.)
2) He looks tired, doesn’t he?
(Response: : He must have worked hard. / He must have stayed up late last night.)
3) The children were making a lot of noise until five minutes ago. Now it is so quiet.
(Response: : The children must have gone away.)
4) James has checked all the figures twice over, but he can’t get the correct answer.
(Response: : James must have made a mistake somewhere.)
5. may/might as well
Notice: may/might as well, used with the second person pronoun to express the speaker’s
suggestion(s)
1) I am so exhausted after work.
(Response: : You may/might as well go to sleep.)
2) I’m not feeling well. I think I’ve got a cold.
(Response: : Being so weak, you may/might as well see a doctor.)
3) It is too hot for Karen and me to go for a picnic.
(Response: : Why don’t you change it to another day? You may/might as well go to a
movie today.)
4) Nick won’t take up the additional work. He just wants to do his part.
(Response: : You may/might as well ask Lucy to do it. To get ahead on her job, she is
willing to try new things.)
Dialogue Pollution Control
A.Listening to the recording
B.Questions on the dialogue
1.Why is London no longer a city full of fog?
2.What is the cause of air and water pollution in the city where A lives?
3.What problems do car bring?
4.What should be done to bring pollution in China completely under control?
5.Do you think that environmental pollution in China has been effectively reduced? If so, please cite some facts or examples.
C. Language Points
1. It must be terrible living there. — Living there must be terrible. The introductory it is a formal subject, whereas the -ing participle living is the real subject. Another example,
e.g. It is great fun boating on the lake.
2. the Clean Air Act — This was the result of the recommendations made by the Beaver Committee which was set up to inquire into the question of urban pollution in Britain. The committee was so named because its chairman was Sir Hugh Beaver.
3. enforce v .give emphasis or strength to sth.加强；make sth.(a law ) obeyed or effective by force强迫服从，实施；force or cause sth. to be done or to happen迫使（某事）发生
e.g. 1) Mike must provide enough examples to enforce his argument.
2) You have no right to enforce your own views on me.
3) The government is unable to enforce its own laws and regulations.
4. the Thames ／ｔｅｍｚ／ is swarming with fish — the River Thames is full of fish that move about busily. The names of rivers are preceded by the definite article the, e.g., the Yangzi River, the Yellow River, the Hudson River, the River Mississippi.
e.g. 1）Each summer the swimming pool swarms with people.
2) That town is always swarming with tourists from all over the world.
5. double: twice as much or as many as usual; 成双的，双重的，两倍的a. n. v.
a double bed/room at/on the double 迅速地，立即地；以跑步方式
e.g.1) The boss will give him double pay for working overtime.
2) The date had a double significance.
3) You’d better be double careful when crossing the street.
4) The population of Japan doubles that of Canada.
5) The child birthrate in that area has doubled.
6. torment n. extreme suffering, especially mental suffering; a person or thing that causes this.痛苦，折磨 v.
e.g. 1) Love is a sweet torment.
2) David has never suffered the torment of rejection.
3)They never torment themselves or each other over imperfections.
7.treatment devices — devices used to treat smoke, dust, and water pollution 治理三废设备
e.g. 1) The television receiver is an electronic device.
2) Sending advertising by email is very effective marketing device.
3) His illness is merely a device to avoid seeing his girlfriend.
8. residential a. containing or suitable for private houses; connected with or based on residence住宅的，与居住有关的
e.g.1) Gradually the surrounding farmland turned into residential areas.
2) It is a nice residential section, equipped with modern conveniences.
resident a. 居住的；n.居民，居住者
residence n. 居住，住宅
reside v.居住，定居
9.irritate v. make ab. angry, annoyed or impatient 激怒，使烦躁；cause discomfort to(a part of body)使不舒服，刺激
e.g. 1) Our faults irritate us most when we see them in others.
2) Her effusive manner of greeting her friends finally began to irritate them.
3) These tight shoes irritate my toes.
10. more and more people have come to know how harmful ... — more and more people begin to know how harmful ... The infinitive after the verb come expresses an action that takes place gradually over some time.
e.g.After working with Mrs. Brown, who appeared quite hard-hearted, in the same office for many years, I’ve come to see that she has a heart of gold.
11. make stricter laws to that effect — make stricter laws with the intention to forbid car horns blowing in the streets. The word effect refers to what B says in the preceding line “it’s against the law to blow car horns in any street in town.”
to that effect: used to show that you’re giving the general meaning of what sb. has said or written rather than te exact words表示那个/这个意思，大意如此
e.g.1）He said he was greatly worried, or words to that effect.
2) Mary said she hated to see John, or hear of the words to that effect.
to this/the effect 大意是说
to good/great/ dramatic effect 产生好的结果
to no effect 无效果，不起作用
Expressions in Focus
1. “do away with...”— terminate, get rid of; abolish sth. e.g.
e.g. 1) Why not do away with all the junk in your room? It is getting more and more untidy!
2) How could they do away with a lovely old building like that and put a car park there instead?
3) These ridiculous rules and regulations should have been done away with years ago.
2. “add to…” — increase or have an increased effect;
“add sth. to sth.” — put sth. together with sth. else so as to increase e.g.
e.g.1) His words did nothing but added to my anger.
2) The bad weather only added to our difficulties.
3) Teachers should exercise their imagination and add art to their teaching.
3. “bring…under control” — subdue or master sth.
e.g.1) To bring the noisy children under control, the teachers told them the story of “Buzzy Bees”.
2) Hundreds of firemen have brought a wildfire spread over nine square kilometers of land under control after battling to put out the flames for two days.
3) The Prime Minister said yesterday that the government is making all efforts to bring the high inflation under control.
D. Retelling
Sample outline for retelling
B, a student from England, is talking to A about the pollution problem.
1. B tells A about London at present: the steps that have been taken by the government and
the change that has taken place.
2. A and B talk about the pollution problem in China:
1) air pollution in factory zones;
2) noise pollution in city streets;
3) A tells B that the Chinese government has taken some measures to control pollution.
Reading I Environment Pollution
A. Pre-Reading Activity
The environmental pollution on our planet has caused undesirable change and harmfully affected health, survival and activities of humans and other living organisms. Now, please think about the following questions before you read the text.
1. What are the major causes of environmental pollution?
Sample: Development of industry and Urbanization.
2. Is the place where you live polluted or even seriously polluted? If so, describe to your partner.
3. What can we do to reduce environmental pollution?
Sample: We should curb the sewage and smoke from factories, perform garbage classification and recycle wastes.
B. Background Notes
Particle Pollution (PM10) and (PM2.5)
1.Particle(n.颗粒，微粒；微量，极小量) pollution (also known as "particulate Fine particles (PM2.5). Particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter are called "fine" particles. These particles are so small they can be detected only with an electron microscope. Sources of fine particles include all types of combustion, including motor vehicles, power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agricultural burning, and some industrial processes. Coarse（粗糙的，粗鲁的；粗野的，粗俗的）dust particles. Particles between 2.5 and 10 micrometers in diameter are referred to as "coarse." Sources of coarse particles include crushing or grinding operations, and dust stirred up by vehicles traveling on roads. 2. fog and haze 雾霾 Fog and haze differ in that fog is a thick, opaque（不透明的，晦涩的；难以理解的） effect that lasts a short time, while haze is a thin, translucent (a.半透明的)effect that lasts a long time. Fog Whether created by nature or machine, fog consists of liquid droplets suspended（v.使悬浮；悬，挂；停止，终止；延缓，暂缓执行）in the air. Fog machines create fog by vaporizing（v.使蒸化，使汽发；吹牛，吹嘘） fog fluid – that is, they convert the fog fluid from a liquid form to an aerosol（n.悬浮微粒，浮质；烟雾机，气雾剂）form. Haze Like fog, haze consists of liquid droplets, but the drops are very fine and are distributed evenly over a large area to form a mist. C.Questions on P35. D.Language Points 1.surroundings — the conditions, scenery, etc. around a person, place or thing; environment. The word “surrounding”, however, is generally used as an adjective. e.g. They make regular checks on the surrounding areas for pollution levels. 2. The adjective “dirty” and the noun “poison” are used as verbs here, which respectively mean “to make…dirty” and “to put poison in” or “to cause poisoning”. 3.pesticide n. chemical substance used to kill pests, esp. insects e.g.1)The biotechnology company is developing a range of new pesticide. 2)The insects have become resistant to the pesticide. 4.ruin v. n. severe damage or destruction毁灭，破坏；废墟 e.g.1) The most glorious city at the time was burned down to be fiery ruins. 2) Whom God would ruin, he first deprives of reason. 3)One indiscreet remark at the wrong moment could ruin the whole plan.若时机不当，一言不慎，可能毁掉整个计划。 5.junk — things that are considered as useless or of little value. Do you know what junk shop, junk mail and junk food mean? Can you tell the difference between junk and litter? 6.scatter v. throw or drop things in different directions so that they cover an area of ground; move or make people or animals move very quickly in different directions.使分散，散播 e.g.1)Lily thinks love will scatter her concentration on work, so she pays zero percent to it. 2)The birds scatter at the sound of the gun. .7.the pollution problem is as complicated as it is serious — the pollution problem is serious, it is complicated as well 8.exhaust — waste fumes, gases, steam, etc expelled from an engine or a machine. 9.lessen — reduce or (make something) become less. The suffix “-en” can be added to an adjective or a noun and thus form a new verb, for example, worsen, strengthen, darken ect. “en-” can also be added before a noun as a prefix and form a new verb, for example, enforce, encourage, enrich etc. e.g.1)Keeping a balanced diet can significantly lessen the risk of heart disease. 2) Listening to the speech through an interpreter lessened its impact somewhat. less+en=lessen sharp+en=sharpen soft+en=soften deep+en=deepen 10.to persuade businesses to take action toward reducing pollution — The preposition toward here means “for the purpose of”; it is often followed by the -ing form of a verb. 11. in the 1700s and 1800s — During the 1700s, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. It started spreading to other parts of Europe and to North America in the early 1800s. The Industrial Revolution created an enormous increase in the production of many kinds of goods, which resulted from the introduction of power-driven machinery and the development of factory organization. 12.steadily ad. at a steady rate or pace; in a steady manner e.g. 1) I had to level the table’s legs to make it steady. 2) The girl had made a serious decision on her own about giving up a steady job. 3) My brother was steady fellow, who always brought home the bacon. 13.intend v. have a plan ,result or purpose in your mind when you do sth.; plan that sth. should have a particular meaning. e.g. 1) The chair was intended for you, but my sister took it away. 2) I intended to catch the early train, but I didn’t arrive at the station in time. 14. foster v. help the growth or development of sth. encourage or promote; take care of and bring up ( a child that is not legally one’s own)鼓励，促进；培育；收养（小孩），养育，抚养 e.g. 1) The mother tried to foster her son’s interest in painting. 2）The couple fostered the little girl while her mother was in hospital. 15.municipalities —town, city or district with its own local government; governing body of such a town, etc. 自治市；自治区；自治市或区的当局、市 16.sustainable a. capable of being sustained 可持续的，能保持的sustain v. experience loss, injury, etc.经受，遭受；承受住，支持；维持生命，维持存在 e.g.1) He died of a severe blow on the head sustained last night. 2) The foundations were not strong enough to sustain the weight of the house. 3) There is not enough oxygen on the planet to sustain life. 17. initiative a. of or concerning initiation or serving to initiate; initiatory起始的，初步的，创世的n. 进取心，首创精神；倡议；主动性，主动权 e.g. 1) I put it all down to her hard work and initiative. 2) Philip is shy and does not take the initiative in making acquaintances. on one’s own initiative 主动地 seize/lose one’s initiative 掌握/失去主动权 take the initiative in doing sth. 首先采取行动… 18.environmentally-friendly — designed not to harm natural environment 不污染环境的、环保的、有利于环境的 The suffix “friendly” is often used at the end of words to mean “not harmful”, “convenient for user” or “suitable for particular people to use”. e.g.1)The building is not only environmentally-friendly, but also marketable. 2)The government is now trying to encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally-friendly technologies. eco-friendly 对生态环境无害的 ozone-friendly 不破坏臭氧层的 user-friendly 容易操作的，用户界面友好的 Can you tell the meaning of a user-friendly website, reader-friendly materials, and a family-friendly restaurant? 19.innovative a. introducing or using new ideas, ways of doing sth.创新的，革新的 v.innovate 革新，改革，创新； n. innovation e.g.1) Nationally, such innovative approaches seem to be taking off. 2) Ezra Pound was one of the most important innovative leaders in the development of poetics in the twentieth century. 下载本文
