Reactions
2.1. Matsuda-Heck Reaction
2.1.1. Olefinic Coupling Partner
Kikukawa and Matsuda were the pioneers in studying the
reactivity of diazonium salts with transition metals. The
new method emerged as a complementary strategy to the
Meerwein reaction6 for the arylation of unactivated olefins
and also as an improvement on the method proposed in the
early studies with aryl halides that Mizoroki and Heck
separately conducted.20
Kikukawa和Matsuda是研究重氮盐与过渡金属盐反应的先驱者。
The olefins that were arylated were
styrene, cyclopentene, allylic alcohols, and ethyl acrylate.
The in situ reduction of LiPd(II)Cl3 by sodium formate or
Pd2(dba)3 as a source of Pd(0) in aqueous acetonitrile was
used as a catalytic system. The reaction occurred at room
temperature with sodium acetate as the base until production
of nitrogen gas ceased. The same authors extended the
methodology to the arylation of ethylene based on a
comparative study of a variety of monosubstituted arenediazonium
salts21,22 (Scheme 5).
Some exceptions were oand
p-nitrobenzenediazonium salts, which only gave nitrobenzene
as the main reaction product. It seems that the
reaction was also sensitive to the steric effects since
mesitylenediazonium salt did not produce the corresponding
styrene. A specific application by the same authors was
vinylation of a benzocrown ether23
The detailed
study of acrylonitrile was taken up again in 2001 when Cai
et al.24 published a paper that investigated both the arylation
of acrylonitrile and acrylamide with various arenediazonium
tetrafluoroborates using Pd(OAc)2 in EtOH at 80 ︒C. The
corresponding (E)-cinnamonitrile and (E)-cinnamamide derivatives
were obtained in yields of between 78% and %.
In 2001, another paper published by Cai et al.25 reported yields of up to 63%
for the arylation of alcohols 11 and 12 using Pd(OAc)2 as
the catalyst in EtOH at 60 ︒C. More recently, Muzart,
Roglans et al.26 achieved the arylation of several allylic
alcohols with arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates with Pd2-
(dba)3 in MeOH, obtaining the corresponding protected
aldehydes 16 from primary alcohols 11 and 12 and ketones
19 from secondary alcohols 17 and 18 (Scheme 7).
One of the main limitations of olefin arylations by
diazonium salts is the instability of some of these salts at
room temperature. Studying the reaction of arylamines with
styrene in the presence of palladium salts, Fujiwara et al.27
found that addition of an equimolar amount of tert-butyl
nitrite to the reaction mixture considerably improved the
yields of the corresponding stilbenes. Inspired by Matsuda’s
success in obtaining aryl-substituted olefins by a Pd-catalyzed
reaction of the olefin and arenediazonium salts,19 Fujiwara
described for the first time a direct domino diazotizationstyrene
arylation by amines in the presence of palladium salts
(Scheme 8). However, in the method used by Fujiwara,
stoichiometric amounts of Pd(OAc)2 were required in order
to obtain good yields (conditions i in Scheme 8). At the same
time, Matsuda et al.28 described the arylation of several
olefins by arylamines (the examples with styrene are given
in Scheme 8) using alkyl nitrite and catalytic amounts of
Pd2(dba)3. In this case it was necessary to add a mixture of
monochloroacetic acid and acetic acid to improve the results
(conditions ii in Scheme 8).
The “one-pot” diazotization-arylation reaction
was also subsequently employed by other authors. Beller et
al.29 described the direct synthesis of substituted styrenes
starting from several anilines and ethylene. The diazotization-
arylation process took place in the presence of
tBuONO, acetic acid, and a catalytic amount (5 mol %) of
Pd(OAc)2 at room temperature and with ethylene under
atmospheric pressure (Scheme 9).
Sengupta33 and Goeldner34 proposed an alternative to
overcome the problem of the instability of arenediazonium
salts based on the study of the effect of their counteranions
on the Matsuda-Heck reactions. Sengupta et al.33 generated
several arenediazonium salts in situ with different counteranions
(OAc, ClO4, F, CH3SO3, BF4, CF3CO2) by acidolysis
of 1-aryltriazenes with the corresponding acid and studied
their utility in the Matsuda-Heck reaction with ethyl
acrylate. With the exception of acetic acid, all acids produced
clean arylation processes in high yields (73-97%). For all
cases studied, the more economical diazonium perchlorates
and fluorides gave better results than the corresponding
isolated arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates. Goeldner et al.34
described an efficient, mild procedure for the synthesis of
arenediazonium trifluoroacetates under anhydrous conditions.
The method permitted production of large quantities of an
extensive series of aniline derivatives. Their application in
the arylation of ethyl acrylate was studied in depth, and an
interesting alternative to arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates
was found.
A very recent contribution in this area is due to Barbero,
Fochi et al.35 and Dughera,36 which use arenediazonium
o-benzenedisulfonimides (Figure 1) as an interesting alternative
to the more usual arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates.
These compounds are easy to prepare and isolate and are
highly stable.37 Furthermore, benzenedisulfonimide is easily
recovered for reuse at the end of the reaction. The authors
use this kind of arenediazonium salt in Matsuda-Heck35 and
Stille36 (see section 2.4.1.) coupling reactions.
It should be noted that in most cited cases reactions with
chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-substituted arenediazonium salts displayed
a high degree of chemoselectivity, indicating the
superior reactivity of the diazonium nucleofuge over chloride,
bromide, and even iodide. This fact illustrates one of the
advantages of working with arenediazonium salts as arylating
reagents in Matsuda-Heck reactions and shows that the
aryl-nitrogen bond is more reactive to zerovalent palladium
than aryl-halogen bonds. Sengupta38 and Xu39 have taken
advantage of the above-mentioned differential coupling of
the nucleofuges.
Sengupta38 described a stepwise assembly
carried out on a 4-iodo-2-methylbenzenediazonium salt to
prepare unsymmetrical divinylbenzene derivatives (Scheme
11). As shown in Scheme 11, the different regioisomers were
obtained by switching the order in which the olefins were
added.
Xu et al.39 also described the synthesis of unsymmetrical
divinylbenzenes taking advantage of the superior reactivity
of arenediazonium salts as compared to aroyl chlorides.40
Several carboxybenzenediazonium salts were used to arylate
methyl acrylate using Li2PdCl4-CuCl as a catalytic system
in a methanolic solution at room temperature in 10-30 min.
The corresponding alkenylated benzoic acids were transformed
into their benzoyl chlorides, and this functionality
was used to run a second Pd-catalyzed arylation process.
Since it is known that arenediazonium salts in the presence
of Cu(I) can give a Meerwein reaction, the authors ran the
reaction in the absence of Li2PdCl4 to confirm that this
reaction did not occur here. However, the authors do not
explain why CuCl is required (Scheme 12).
Two- and 4-fold Matsuda-Heck reactions of bisdiazonium
salts 20 and 21 and tetrakis-diazonium salt 22 were described
by Sengupta et al.41,42 as a further demonstration of the
greater reactivity of arenediazonium salts. Matsuda-Heck
adducts 23 and 24 were obtained after 1 h with 60-83%
yields when Pd(OAc)2 was used as a catalyst in EtOH at 80︒C.
Another specific demonstration of the superior reactivity
of arenediazonium salts over aryl halides as electrophiles in
Matsuda-Heck reactions was given by Geneˆt et al.43 on
studying the arylation of perfluoroalkenes.
2.2. Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction
It was not until 20 years after the first utilization of the
arenediazonium salts in a palladium-catalyzed reactions that
these electrophiles were applied in Suzuki-Miyaura crosscouplings.
This late discovery was made independently, but
simultaneously, in the laboratories of Geneˆt et al.83 and
Sengupta at al.84 Moderate to good yields of biaryls were
obtained by coupling of arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates
and arylboronic acids in the presence of catalytic amounts
of Pd(OAc)2 and in the absence of both an added base and
ligands.
After the initial discovery the Geneˆt group performed an
intensive study to improve the reaction by modifying the
boronic counterpart.85 The search for a more nucleophilic
organoborane moiety led them to test potassium aryltrifluoroborates,
whose easy preparation had been previously
reported by Vedejs et al.86 in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling.
These very stable, water-resistant, and easily isolated nucleophiles
were shown to be more efficient and reactive than
the corresponding organoboronic acids, leading to higher
product yields in shorter time periods
Geneˆt et al.83b showed that alkenyl boronic acids could
also be effectively coupled to arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates
using Pd(OAc)2 in 1,4-dioxane at room temperature.
Stilbene and styrene derivatives were obtained in good to
moderate yields (Scheme 31).
An elegant step forward was proposed by Geneˆt et
al.85b, in describing an efficient synthesis for potassium
vinyltrifluoroborate and studying its reactivity toward arenediazonium
salts under palladium catalysis. Good yields
of differently substituted styrenes were obtained
As a logical follow-up on the diversification of substrates,
Geneˆt et al.85b tried to extend the diazonium-trifluoroborate
coupling to formation of sp2-sp carbon-carbon bonds.
2.3. Carbonylative Coupling
Kikukawa, Matsuda et al.97 pioneered the use of diazonium
salts in carbonylation reactions. They first reported the Pdcatalyzed
reaction of arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates with
CO in the presence of sodium acetate, or other sodium
carboxylates, in acetonitrile.
Kikukawa, Matsuda et
al.99 were again the pioneers in the Pd-catalyzed carbonylation
of arenediazonium salts in the presence of tin
compounds, and their first communication appeared in
1982,99a the same year that arylboronic acids were described
for the first time100
2.4.1. Stille Cross-Coupling
Conventional Stille couplings17 with diazonium salts have
attracted much less attention than both Suzuki-Miyaura
cross-couplings (section 2.2) and carbonylative couplings
involving organostannanes (section 2.3).
Kikukawa, Matsuda et al.79 reported methylations with
Me4Sn to give toluenes 103, arylations, as well as a vinylation
with CH2dCH-SnBu3 that produced styrene (Scheme 47).
Methylation of diazonium salts, reported for the first time
in this study, was carried out using arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates
or hexafluorophosphates with different substituents,
giving moderate to good yields of substituted toluenes 103
in 2 h (Scheme 47).
2.4.2. Carbon-Heteroatom Coupling
By analogy with carbonylations, Keim et al.104 prepared
sulfinic acids 104 by reaction of diazonium tetrafluoroborates
in an atmosphere of SO2 and hydrogen in the presence of
10 mol % Pd/C (Scheme 48). As a reducing agent, the
authors demonstrated that hydrogen was superior to silanes,
which had been used by Kikukawa et al.98 in reductive
carbonylation processes.
Borylation of aromatics was achieved by Strongin et al.105
by palladium-catalyzed carbon-boron bond formation from
arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates. Thus, arenediazonium
salts reacted with both halves of bis(pinacolato)diborane 105
in the presence of PdCl2(dppf) in refluxing methanol to afford
boronic esters 106 (Scheme 49).
Two processes which do not fit any of our previous
headings involving arenediazonium salts in palladium crosscoupling
reactions are shown in Scheme 50. A ternary
coupling between norbornadiene, arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates,
and tin or boron compounds as formal donors of
Ph- or Ph-CtC-produced norbornenes 107 in moderate
to good yields.107
The second very different case is that of the reaction of
benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate with silyl enol ethers in
the presence of Pd(PPh3)4, NaBPh4 using pyridine as a
solvent to afford a 74% yield of R-phenyl ketone. However,
the reaction was more efficient in the absence of the
palladium catalyst, demonstrating that arylation proceeded
via a radical mechanism promoted by pyridine.108
Concluding Remarks
arenediazonium salts
are attractive partners in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling
reactions. In particular, Heck reactions involving arenediazonium
salts have been extensively developed and widely
used in the synthesis of natural products and other complex
organic compounds. There are fewer publications involving
use of these electrophiles in Suzuki-Miyaura, carbonylative,
Stille, and carbon-heteroatom cross-couplings. A series of
advantages of working with arenediazonium salts as electrophiles
has been observed. Arenediazonium salts derive
from inexpensive aromatic anilines, and the corresponding
tetrafluoroborates have the additional advantage of being
easily prepared in large quantities.
The
superior reactivity of the diazonium nucleofuge over halides
has also permitted the chemoselectivity of the crosscouplings,
which has resulted in interesting applications being
developed. Moreover, the cross-couplings do not seem to
be sensitive to the electronic nature of the substituents in
the arenediazonium salts, which is an important drawback
when aryl halides are used.下载本文