作者：刘宇佳
来源：《当代教育论坛》 2020年第1期
根据萨缪尔森对公品的定义，公品必须同时具备消费的非竞争性和消费的非排他性。消费的非竞争性指在现有的公品供给水平上，新增消费者的边际成本为零；消费的非排他性指任何人在消费公品时不能排除他人消费。与此相反，同时具备消费的竞争性和消费的排他性的产品就属于私人产品，而准公品则介于私人产品和公品之间。课后服务的对象是义务教育阶段的学生，每一个学生在享受中小学提供的课后服务时，无法将其他人排除在外，具有消费的非排他性；但每增加一个学生，课后服务的边际成本不一定为零，特别是当学生数量超过课后服务的拥挤临界点时，学生数量的增加需要学校增加师资配备，改善设施条件，这不但会提高课后服务的成本，也会影响原有学生获得的课后服务水平，具有消费的竞争性。因此，具备消费的非排他性和消费的竞争性的课后服务属于准公品。具体而言，由经费补贴、学校酌情收费、教师获取适当劳酬的课后服务具有准公品属性；而学校之外的社会组织或个人在收费基础上提供的课后服务则不具有准公品属性，是一种私人产品。
市“流动儿童”和农村“留守儿童”等群体而言，课后服务可以弥补其课后家庭教育缺失，《意见》也提到“课后服务要优先保障留守儿童、进城务工人员随迁子女等亟需服务群体”[4]。
the property of quasi-public products. After-school service not only has the intrinsic value of solving the “Half past three problem” in primary schools，but also has the development value of preventing campus bullying，practicing quality education， guaranteeing education equity， increasing people's happiness and alleviating social contradictions. Our country has already formed four types service basic way that school dominates，school parents committee dominates，teenager extracurricular education site dominates and community dominates，but there are also some problems，such as some areas do not have after-school service，the nature of service is unclear，the responsibility of service subject is unclear，the education function of the service is not enough，lack of a complete set of after-school service，and so on. In order to improve after-school service，we need to clarify the qualitative charging，establish a fair and reasonable Cost-Sharing Mechanism for after-school service；attach great importance to the main role of the schools，actively encourage the participation of social forces；follow the principle of voluntariness， and give priority to the service groups in urgent need；constantly enrich the content and form of after-school service by strict orientation of educational objectives；strengthen the process management and quality assessment of after-school service，improve the overall management system of after-school service and solve the problems of after-school service through overall linkage.下载本文
