一、名词解释 {5题/10分}
1.apostrophe: a figure of speech in which the speaker addresses a dead or absent person, or an animal, object or abstract idea.
2.dramatic monologue: a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent listener, revealing unwittingly things about himself or herself.
3.satire: a kind of writing that expresses the vices and follies of individuals, institutions, or societies to ridicule and scorn.
4.ode: a rhymed lyrical poem which expresses noble feelings often addressed to a person, an object or celebrating an event.
5.terza rima: a poetic form consisting of a series of units of three lines rhyming aba, bcb, cdc, ded, etc.
6.Byronic hero: a rebel or outlaw who is strong-willed, disillusioned, friendless, always at war with the conventional world.
7.parody: the imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone and ideas of an author in such a way as to make them ridiculous.
8.epistolary novel: a novel written in the form of a series of letters exchanged among the characters of the story, with extracts from their journals sometimes included.
二、文学史常识：作家作品，相关流派 {10题/10分}
1．William Wordsworth (华兹华斯1770-1850)
【1】作品特点 {P6}：Close to nature——he had a profound love for nature. He thought that nature had a moral value and has its philosophical significance.
【2】相关作品 {P6}：
●The Recluse: long poem which illustrated his thinking of life, but it remains unfinished.
●The Prelude (1850): long poem which tells the growth of his mind.
●Lyrical Ballads (1798): an important piece of literature criticism in English literature. It can be read as a declaration of romanticism.
【3】代表作品 {P17}：I Wandered Lonely As a Cloud
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the milky way,
They stretched in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced; but they
Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:
A poet could not but be gay,
In such a jocund company:
I gazed--and gazed--but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
2．George Gordon Byron (拜伦1788-1824)
【1】作品特点：He is interested in democracy
【2】关于作者{P41-42}：
●Born of a noble blood both on paternal and maternal lines.
●He was good friends with Shelly
●In the style of Pope, he satirically attacked Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, and the Edinburgh critics.
●After he attained his M.A. degree, he stayed for some time on his estate and led a dissipated(奢靡的) life
●From 1809 to 1811, he made a grand tour of the Continent.
【3】相关作品：
（1）English Bards and Scotch Reviewers: his first important poem
（2）Hours of Idleness：a collection of lyrical verse
（3）Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: first two cantos(篇章)
（4）Oriental Tales: a series of romantic narrative verses
（5）Prometheus, Sonnet on Chillon, and the Prisoner of Chillon.
（6）Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: his third and fourth cantos.
【4】代表作品 {P59}：She Walks in Beauty
She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudlee climes and starry skies:
And all that’s best of dark and bright
Meet in her aspect and her eyes:
Thus mellowed to that tender light
Which heaven to gaudy day denies.
One shade the more, one ray the less,
Had half impaired the nameless grace
Which waves in every raven tress,
Or softly lightens o’er her face;
Where thoughts serenely sweet express
How pure, how dear their dwelling place.
And on that cheek, and o’er that brow,
So soft, so charm, yet eloquent,
The smiles that win, the tints that glow,
But tell of days in goodness spent,
A mind at peace with all below,
A heart whose love is innocent!
3．Percy Bysshe Shelley (雪莱1792--1822)
【1】关于作者 {P61-62}：
●He eloped with a young girl, Harriet, at last she was committed suicide.
●She met Godwin and fell in love with his daughter Mary Godwin. Her mother was Mary Wollstonecraft(1759-1797), a champion for women’s rights and the authoress of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman(1792)
●He was drowned in a tempest while sailing in a boat along the coast of Italy.
【3】相关作品：
(1)Alastor (1816), The Revolt of Islam(1818), The Mask of Anarchy(1819): allegorical（讽喻的）poems
(2)Prometheus Unbound(1820), Hellas（1822），and The Cenci(1819): lyrical dramas.
(3)Adonis(1821): a poem he wrote on the death of Keats
(4)Ode to the West Wind (1819): the most well-known one.
(5)The Defence of Poetry (1821): published in 1840 after the poet’s death.
【4】代表作品 {P67-70}：Ode to the West Wind
1、
O Wild West Wind, thou breathe of Autumn’s being
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead
Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,
Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,
Pestilence-stricken multitudes:O thou
Who chariltest to their dark wintry bed
The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,
Each like a corpse within its grave, until
Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow
Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill
(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)
With living hues and odors plain and hill:
Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;
Destroyer and presserver; hear, oh, hear!
4 、
If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;
If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee:
A wave to pant beneath thy power , and share
The impulse of thy strength, only less free
Than thou, O uncontrollable! If even
I were as im my boyhood, and could be
The comrade of thy wanderigs over Heaven,
As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed
Scarce seem'd a vision; I would ne'er have striven
As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.
Oh, lift me as a wave , a leaf, a cloud!
I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!
A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed
One too lke thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.
5 、
Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:
What if my leavers are falling like its own!
The tmult of thy mighty harmonies
Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,
Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,
My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like witheered leaves to quicken a new birth!
And , by the incantation of this verse,
Scatter, is from an unextinguished hearth
Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
Be through my lips to unawakened earth
The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,
If Winter comes , can Spring be far behind?
4. John Keats (约翰·济慈1795-1821)
【1】关于作者 {P74}：
●Unlike Byron and Shelley, Keats was born in London, of lowly origin.
●His parents died early. He was forced to serve his apprenticeship and he worked as the surgeon’s helper for more than two years.
●He died when he was only 25 years old.
●Most of his best poems were written in the short three years from 1817 to the time of his death.
●名家名言： Beauty is truth, truth is beauty.
【2】相关作品：
(1)Endymion (1818): his long allegorical poem, about love between a Greek shepherd and the moon goddess
(2)In 1817 he abandoned his profession and published his first collection of poems.
【3】作品特点：
(1)His poetry is concerned with joy in the beauty of this world. He had a taste of beauty of nature and works of art.
(2)His poetry is always senshous, colorful and rich in imaginary which express the acuteness of his sense.
【4】代表作品 {P76}：Ode to a Nightingale
I.
MY heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,
Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains
One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:
'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,
But being too happy in thine happiness,—
That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,
In some melodious plot
Of beechen green, and shadows numberless,
Singest of summer in full-throated ease.
II.
O, for a draught of vintage! that hath been
Cool'd a long age in the deep-delved earth,
Tasting of Flora and the country green,
Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!
O for a beaker full of the warm South,
Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,
With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,
And purple-stained mouth;
That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,
And with thee fade away into the forest dim:
III.
Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forget
What thou among the leaves hast never known,
The weariness, the fever, and the fret
Here, where men sit and hear each other groan;
Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,
Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;
Where but to think is to be full of sorrow
And leaden-eyed despairs,
Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,
Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow.
5. Charles Dickens (狄更斯1812-1870)
【1】关于作者 {P135-136}：
●He was once put into prison with his father. Although he was there only for half a year, this experience of his childhood left such a deep impression on his mind that it became a recurring subject in his novels.
●He later became a parliamentary reporter.
●In 1858 he began to give public readings which continued until his death.
【2】相关作品：
(1) 1836：Sketches by Boz;
(2) 1836-1837: The Papers of the Pickwick Club: rapidly brought him fame and wealth.
(3) 1837-1838: The Orphan in Oliver Twist(雾都孤儿)
(4) 1838-1839: Nicholas Nickleby
(5) 1840-1841: The Old Curiosity Shop
(6) 1843-1844: Martin Chuzzlewit
(7) 1843-1845: Christmas stories which included A Christmas Carol, The Chimes and The Cricket on the Hearth: he showed his profound sympathy for the poor and described how the rich were converted after undergoing severe tests. These stories are permeated with the spirit of brotherhood and are regarded as representatives of the spirit of Christmas.
(8) After 1844: he began to write novels of bitter social criticism, such as Dombey and Son (1848), Bleak House (1853), Hard Times (1854), Little Dorrit (1857), Our Mutual Friend (1865)
(9) 代表作：David Copperfield
【3】作品特点：
（1）He has a tendency to depict the grotesque (very odd or unusually, fantastically ugly or absurd) characters or events. Most of his characters have a peculiar habit, manner, behavior, dress and catch phrase of his or her own.
（2）He loves to instill life into inanimate things and to compare animate beings to inanimate things.
（3）He is noted for his description of pathetic scenes that aim to arouse people’s sympathy. Pathos(激起怜悯) is a distinctive quality in his writings.
6. William Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷1811-1863)
【1】关于作者 {P157-158}：
●He and Dickens were contemporaries(同时代的). They were both novelists and humorists and they criticized the Victorian society satirically.
●He was born in a well-to-do family.
●名家名言：I have no brains above my eyes; and I describe what I see.
【2】代表作品：Vanity Fair（名利场） the Pilgrim’s Progress(天路历程)
【3】作品特点：和Dickens相比
(1) The world they described was different. Thackeray mainly described the lives of aristocrats and rich businessmen, that is people of the upper classes and middle classes, whereas Dickens mainly described the underdogs and he unprivileged (例：The Orphan in Oliver Twist)
(2) Dickens was a sentimentalist. He liked to avail himself of every opportunity to arouse the emotions of his readers. As for Thackeray, he also showed anger and indignation at hypocrisy, vanity, snobbery etc. but he always heid himself under control. He was seldom sentimental, being usually quiet and effective.
(3) Dickens was a romantist in many aspects by letting loose his imagination. Thackeray was against affectation, Byronic attitudes.
7. Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)
【1】关于作者 {P191}：
●He was born in a clergyman’s family.
●He became an inspector of schools after he left Oxford; he was professor of poetry at Oxford from 1857 to 1867.
●He was both a poet and a literary critic. In his poetry he reflects on the doubt of his age, and the conflict between science and religion.
【2】相关作品：
(1)1865 and 1888: Essays in Criticism
(2)18: Culture and Anarchy(无状态)
(3)特点：He attacked the barbarians(野蛮人)
8. Daniel Defoe (丹尼尔·笛福1661-1731)
【1】关于作者 {上册，P238}：
●He is known as a pioneer novelist of England, and also a prolific writer of books and pamphlets (小册子)on a great variety of subjects.
●代表作：Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨逊漂流记1719）
Moll Flanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯1722）
9. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
【1】关于作者 {上册，P2}：
●He was the greatest English man of letters between Pope and Wordsworth.
●He founded a club and many men of letters gatherd around him.
●代表作：
(1) A Dictionary of the English Language
(2) The Rambler: An imitation of Addison’s The Spectator
(3)Letter to the Right Honorable The Earl of Chester field (致**爵爷书, 上P 291)
【2】名家名言
●The most famous one: Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel(流氓).
●Curiosity is one of the permanent and certain characteristics of a vigorous mind.
●A man should keep his friendships in constant repair. If a man does not make new acquaintances as he advances through life, he will soon find himself alone.
●Praise, like gold and diamond.
●What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure.
●The true measure of a man is how he treats someone who can do him absolutely no good.
【3】代表作再现Letter to the Right Honorable The Earl of Chester field
My Lord,
I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public, were written by your lordship. To be so distinguished is an honour which, being very little accustomed to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.
When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your lordship, I was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre;—that I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.
Seven years, my lord, have now passed, since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance , one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.
The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a native of the rocks.
Is not a patrons my lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it: till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a patron, which providence has enabled me to do for myself.
Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation, My Lord,
10. 补充几个作家
【1】Lord Alfred Tennyson:
（1）Break，Break，Break （2）Ulysses
(3) Poems by Two brothers (4) The Lady of Shalott
(5) Morted’s Arthur
【2】Robert Browning： He is famous for dramatic Monologues
（1）My Last Duchess （2）Meeting at Night
【3】Emily Bronte：Wuthering Heights（呼啸山庄）
【4】William Blake: (1)London (2)Tyger
【5】Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨逊漂流记）
三、简答题：二选一，（要有自己观点）20分
【I】浪漫主义特点{下册，P4-5}
1. Subjectivism（主观想象主义）:
●Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, the source of which is in the outer world, romantic poets describe poetry as “the spontaneous(自发的) overflow of powerful feelings” which expresses the poet’s mind”.
●The interest of the romantic poets is not in the objective world or in the action of men, but in the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the poets themselves.
●In short, romanticism is related to subjectivism, while neo-classicism is related to objectivism.
●The poetry of the Romantic Age in England is famous for its high degree of imagination.
2. Spontaneity (自发性)
●Wordsworth defines poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”. It reflects spontaneity is opposed to the “rules” and “regulations” imposed on the poets by neoclassic writers.
●Romanticism is an assertion(主张) of independence，a departure from the neo-classic rules.
●A work of art must be original
3. Singularity(奇特性)
●Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical.
4. Worship of nature (钟爱自然)
●The romantic poets are worshipers of nature, especially the sublime（超群的） aspect of a natural scene.
●Romantic poets read in nature some mysterious force.
●Some even regard nature as the revelation of God.
5. Simplicity (简单朴实)
●Romantic poets take to using everyday language spoken by the rustic(质朴的) people as opposed to the poetic diction used by neo-classic writers.
●Under the influence of the American and French revolutions, there was a growth of democratic feelings, and an increasing belief that every human being is worth being praised.
●Many poets had a vision of the brotherhood of mankind, universal sharing, and the ultimate freedom of human spirits.
【II】维多利亚小说特点{下册，P132}（要有自己观点）20分
四、名家名言 {5段/10分}
除去前边所有作者涉及到的之外，另附William Blake两篇
No.1: London ——William Blake
I wandered through each chartered street,
Near where the chartered Thames does flow,
A mark in every face I meet,
Marks of weakness, marks of woe.
In every cry of every man,
In every infant's cry of fear,
In every voice, in every ban,
The mind-forged manacles I hear:
How the chimney-sweeper's cry
Every blackening church appals,
And the hapless soldier's sigh
Runs in blood down palace-walls.
But most, through midnight streets I hear
How the youthful harlot's curse
Blasts the new-born infant's tear, And blights with plagues the marriage-hearse.
No.2 :Tyger –William Blake
Tyger Tyger, burning bright,
In the forests of the night;
What immortal hand or eye,
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
In what distant deeps or skies.
Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
On what wings dare he aspire?
What the hand, dare seize the fire?
And what shoulder, & what art,
Could twist the sinews of thy heart?
And when thy heart began to beat,
What dread hand? & what dread feet?
What the hammer? what the chain,
In what furnace was thy brain?
What the anvil? what dread grasp,
Dare its deadly terrors clasp!
When the stars threw down their spears
And water'd heaven with their tears:
Did he smile his work to see?
Did he who made the Lamb make thee?
Tyger Tyger burning bright,
In the forests of the night:
What immortal hand or eye,
Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?
五、综合评论题+诗歌分析题 50分
提示：凭以往积累的知识和能力，自由发挥吧！
外院07级英教四班
张旭 整理
2010-7-3一整天下载本文
