Can, could, be able to
We use can to say that something is possible or that somebody has the ability to do something. We use can + infinitive (can do / can see etc.):
• We can see the lake from our bedroom window.
• Can you speak any foreign languages?
• I can come and see you tomorrow if you like.
The negative is can't (= cannot):
• I'm afraid I can't come to the party on Friday.
(Be) able to... is possible instead of can, but can is more usual:
• Are you able to speak any foreign languages?
But can has only two forms, can (present) and could (past). So sometimes it is necessary to use (be) able to..
Compare:
• I can't sleep - but I haven't been able to sleep recently, (can has no present perfect)
• Tom can come tomorrow - but Tom might be able to come tomorrow, (can has no infinitive)
Could and was able to...
Sometimes could is the past of can. We use could especially with:
See/ hear/ smell/ taste/ feel/ remember/ understand
• When we went into the house, we could smell burning.
• She spoke in a very low voice, but I could understand what she said.
We also use could to say that somebody had the general ability or permission to do something:
• My grandfather could speak five languages.
• We were completely free. We could do what we wanted. (= we were allowed to do...)
We use could for general ability. But if we are talking about what happened in a particular situation, we use was/were able to... or managed to... (Not could):
• The fire spread through the building quickly but everybody was able to escape. or everybody managed to escape, (but not 'could escape')
• They didn't want to come with us at first but we managed to persuade them. or ...we were able to persuade them, (but not 'could persuade')
Compare:
• Jack was an excellent tennis player. He could beat anybody. (= he had the general ability to beat anybody) but
• Jack and Alf had a game of tennis yesterday. Alf played very well but in the end Jack managed to beat him. or ...was able to beat him. (= he managed to beat him in this particular game)
The negative couldn't (could not) is possible in all situations:
• My grandfather couldn't swim.
• We tried hard but we couldn't persuade them to come with us.
• Alf played well but he couldn't beat Jack.下载本文