Text A
1.raw: adj. cold and wet; not cooked, refined, processed, organized or analyzed
The event took place on a raw February morning.
This cutting board is only used to cut raw meat.
Raw materials are the natural substances from which
industrial products are made.
2.launch: vt.
1) start
Beginning in the early 1960s, humans launched probes to explore other planets.
This computer company launches a new product this year.
2) send (sth.) on its course
On October 4, 1957, Soviet scientists launched the world’s first artificial satellite
Collocation:
launch an attack 发动战争
launch a massive campaign 发动一场大规模的运动
launch a company 开一家公司
launch threats at sb. 向某人发出威胁
launch into (积极有力地)开始
launch out (精力充沛或戏剧性地)开始
He launched into a long speech about the danger of taking drugs.
She wants to be more than a singer and is launching out into films.
3.campaign: n. a series of military operations or planned activities with a particular aim
The government is launching a massive campaign against corruption.
The campaign against rats in our city got off to a good start.
campaign, battle & war
这三个词都是名词,均含有“战斗,战争”之意
campaign 通常指在一场大的战争中,某一地区进行的一连
串有既定目的的军事行动,也可作引申用。
battle 强调指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗,也指
陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗,或个人之间
的争斗。
war 是战争的总称,一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1. Many war criminals were proceeded against following World War II.
2. The American presidential campaign lasts for eighteen months.
3. It was a decisive battle — we won the war because of it.
4. The Philippines had suffered grievously under the Japanese occupation. A highly effective guerilla campaign controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly jungle and mountain areas.
4.efficient: adj. working well, quickly and without waste
To cut back on fossil fuels, we should build more efficient cars.
It is not efficient to hire poorly trained workers.
5.conquest: n. conquering, defeat
Hitler badly miscalculated when he assumed the conquest of the USSR would be simple.
The year 1939 had witnessed the conquest of Poland by Germany.
conquest, triumph & victory
这三个词都是名词,均含有“胜利”之意
conquest 指获取胜利或征服,把失败者置于控制之下。
triumph 着重指胜利或成功的辉煌。
victory 普通用词,主要指在战争、斗争或竞赛中获得的
胜利,强调艰辛与成功。
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1. Under the leadership of the Party, we are marching from victory to victory .
2. The Yangtze Bridge is a great triumph of modern civil engineering.
3. It was a triumph of human intellect, and also international cooperation and communication.
4.In process of time, Rome became a great empire by conquest
6.retreat: v. move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty
After a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward.
We adopted the following strategies: When the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue.
retreat 的反义词是advance,例如:
to advance against (on, to, toward) 朝…前进
to retreat from 从…撤退
to retreat to 撤退到
7.engage: vt.
1) begin fighting with sb.
The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately. They engaged the enemy.
2) draw into; involve
We tried to engage him in our conversation, but in vain.
3) attract sb.’s interest
We failed to engage any active support for our project.
His good nature engages everyone.
4) Occupy
Studying engages most of a serious student’s time.
Work engages much of her time.
Pattern:engage (sb.) in sth.: (cause to) take part in sth.
They are currently engaged in lengthy trade negotiations.
The teacher tried to engage the shy boy in conversation.
Collocation:
engage as 使聘为…
engage in 从事;使参加
engage with 与…啮合
8.be faced with: have to deal with
be faced with: have to deal with
We were faced with an exceptionally difficult situation.
9.crucial: adj. very important (followed by to)
Amazingly, our soccer team won the victory in the
crucial final game.
Improved consumer confidence is crucial to economic recovery.
crucial, critical & decisive
这三个词都是形容词,都有“紧要的、紧迫的、重要的”
之意。
crucial 意为“决定性的、极重要的”,指对关键性事物不
断增长的缺乏或需求,紧急情况或危急转折关头。
例如:
We must pay attention to this crucial test.
critical 意为“决定性的”,与crucial相似,但表示对缺
乏程度更精确的估计。在转折关头时比crucial表
现出更大的严重性。例如:
The patient’s condition is critical.
decisive 意思是“决定性的、果断的”,具有重要、特殊
或决定性效果。 例如:
Our air forces were decisive in winning the war.
10.take a gamble: take a risk
The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off.
I think she’s taking a gamble investing all her money in stocks.
11.press on/ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way (used in the pattern: press on/ahead (with sth.)
Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform.
Organizers of the strike are determined to press on.
12.bide one’s time: wait patiently for a chance
His political rivals are biding their time for an attack on his policies.
He bided his time until Harvard University offered him a professorship.
13.minus: prep. below zero; made less by; slightly lower than the mark stated
Tomorrow’s temperature will be as low as minus ten degrees Centigrade.
20 minus 10 is 10.
I got B minus in the final examination.
minus 的反义词是plus(加上)。例如:3 plus 6 is 9.
minus 还可以作形容词,意为“负的;减去的”。例如:a minus quantity 负数;minus electricity 负电。此外,minus还可用作名词,意为“负号, 减号;负数”。
14.drag on: move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediously
These compensation cases have already dragged on for one year.
How much longer is the meeting going to drag on?
15.at the cost of: with the loss of
The local government developed its economy but at the cost of environment.
Bill saved John at the cost of his own life.
Collocation:
at any cost 不惜任何代价
at all costs 不惜一切代价
at no cost 不需花代价
16.limp: 1. vi. walk with difficulty, esp. when one foot or leg is hurt
That dog must be hurt — it’s limping.
I injured my ankle and had to limp.
He limped off the football field.
2. adj. lacking or having lost rigidity, as of structure or
substance; lacking strength or firmness; weak or spiritless
a limp handshake
limp opposition
17.catch sb. off guard: take sb. by surprise
The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.
The manager didn’t know what to say. It was clear that my question had caught him off guard.
18. instruct: vt.
1) give orders or directions to (sb.)
The family has instructed solicitors to sue Thomson for compensation.
The professor instructed us that we had one month to conduct the project.
I’ve been instructed to wait here until the teacher arrives.
instruct sb. to do sth.
instruct sb. that
instruct sb. with quote
2) teach (sb.)
He instructed family members in nursing techniques.
They instructed me in the best ways of doing the job.
Pattern:instruct sb. in/on sth.
instruct, direct & order
这几个词都是动词,都有“吩咐、命令”之意。
instruct 指向人下命令或指示、指导等,还可指交待。例如:
He was instructed to represent the Government.
He hasn’t instructed us where to go.
direct 一般指上级对下级进行的指示、命令等,对采取
的行动有准确 说明。例如:
The owners directed that the factory be closed.
The officer directed them to advance.
order 是普通用语,往往带有强制性,语气较强。 例如:
He ordered the enemy to lay down their arms.
The policeman ordered the motorist to stop.
19.render: vt. cause (sb./sth.) to be in a specified condition
(same as make)
The drug will render the tiger harmless for up to two hours.
He was rendered unconscious by a blow on the back of
the neck.
Hundreds of people were rendered homeless
by the earthquake.
Collocation:
render into 译成(某种语言)
render up 做(祷告); 放弃, 交出
render blow for blow 以牙还牙
render good for evil 以德报怨
20.casualty: n. a person who is killed or injured in war or in an accident
First reports of the traffic accident tell of more than 50 casualties.
The precise number of casualties in yesterday’s bomb explosion is not known.
21.bring to a halt: stop completely
Air traffic in Poland had been brought to a halt by an air traffic controllers’ strike.
Our journey was brought to a halt by a storm.
22.offensive:
1. n. aggressive action, attack
The Red Army brought its winter offensive to a successful conclusion.
The Red Army led a massive military offensive.
Collocation:
launch/mount an offensive 发动进攻
carry out/undertake an offensive 进攻
on the offensive 处于攻势
assume/go on/go over/take the offensive
If all else fails, I’ll go over to the offensive.
2. adj. of or about attack; causing offense; unpleasant
The offensive troops gained ground quickly.
My neighbor is really an offensive person. He always plays the piano deep into the night.
23.thanks to: because of
Thanks to her financial support, the two children in the remote village could go to school.
Thanks to their tireless efforts, the performance was a great success.
24.reckon: v. count; consider; think
The existence of the U.S. is reckoned from the Declaration of Independence.
Many people reckon him to be a great basketball player.
常用的搭配 be reckoned with意为 be taken into consideration
All these problems had to be reckoned with as they arose.
reckon, regard, consider & count
这几个词都是动词,都有“认为”之意。
reckon 用来指对事件全面权衡,在有些非正式的行文中,
也用来表示建议或想法。后面接宾语从句或复合宾
语(和as 连用,但在被动语态中也常不带as)。例如:
I reckon it’s time to go.
They reckon the book as one of his best works.
regard 源自法语,意为看、观察,因此,该词更多地通过
对事物外表的评价或视觉感观反映出这一本义。 注
意其后一定要用as。例如:
He is generally regarded as an authority on ancient bronzes.
consider 表示经过深思熟虑或亲身经历之后而相信或确认。
其宾语后面的补足语可以是名词或形容词。例如:
I consider him a good musician.
They always considered themselves very important.
count 表示看法多侧重于一种判断。注意其宾语后面不用
as。例如:
After such a bad accident you should count yourself
lucky you’re since alive.
25.toll:
1)the number of people or animals killed or injured in
particular circumstances
The death toll rose from 270 in 1952 to 5,000 in1954.
2) money paid for the use of a bridge, road, etc.
Each car must pay a toll to cross the bridge.
Collocation:
charge/exact/impose a toll 征收(道路、桥梁等的)通行费
levy toll on sb. 向某人收费(或征税)
war toll 战争伤亡人数
take a heavy toll 造成重大伤亡(或损失)
The earthquake took a heavy toll on several villages.
take a/its toll 造成损失(或危害、伤亡等)
The flood took a toll of 3,000,000 lives.
2. v. sound (a large bell) slowly at regular intervals
Bells were tolled all over the country at the President’s death.
Text B
1.ambitious: adj. full of ambition
A slave has but one master; an ambitious man has as many masters as there are people who may be useful in bettering his position
That looks like a very ambitious plan! I wish both of you good luck!
2.obstacle: n. a thing that blocks one’s way.
The biggest obstacle in our way was a tree trunk in the road.
This decision has removed the last obstacle to the hostages’ release.
3.in case: so as to be safe if (sth.) happens
I brought my key just in case you forgot yours.
I’ve brought some sandwiches in case we get hungry.
5.hold out: offer
Few people held out any hope of finding the lost jewelry.
Our food supplies will only hold out for another two weeks.
6.due to: because of
Due to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an hour late.
A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom.
7.cancel: vt. decide not to go ahead with (sth. previously arranged)
Janet had to cancel tomorrow’s trip because of her bad cold.
The train to London has been cancelled.
8.call off: decide that a planned event will not take place; Cancel
The police have called off the search for the missing child until dawn tomorrow.
Tomorrow’s match has been called off because of the icy weather.
9.on the eve of: immediately before
On the eve of the national entrance examinations, he was so stressed that he couldn’t concentrate on his reading.
The US President issued a letter of congratulations to the Chinese community on the eve of the Chinese New Year.
10.stiff: adj. (of a wind, etc.) blowing strongly; not easily bent
The handle on this door is rather stiff.
The man’s body was as stiff as a board when it was found in the snow.
11.secure:
1. vt. make (sth.) safe from being attacked, harmed, or lost
Our missiles and bombers secure us from attack.
They tried to secure the bridge from the threat of further attack.
2. Adj.
Is your online banking information secure from hackers?
79% of Americans feel secure in their jobs despite rises in joblessness.
12.withstand: vt. endure without giving in; resist
The specially designed shelters are built to withstand ground and air attacks.
The bridge was designed to withstand earthquakes.
13.concern: vt. worry
It concerns me that he hasn’t been in contact with the company yet.
The state of my father’s health concerns us greatly.
14.prior to: before .
There is only one week prior to her going abroad.
He had made a lot of preparation prior to the interview.
15.aboard: prep. on board of; on; in.
How many people were aboard the hijacked plane?
During the collision all passengers aboard the ship fell into the river.
16.pin down: prevent from moving
It took four nurses to pin down the little boy for an injection.
The troops were pinned down by resistance forces 30 miles north of the capital.
17.objective: n. a thing aimed at or wished for
Her main objective now is simply to stay in power.
Can the sales force achieve its financial objectives?
18.responsible: adj. being the cause of; legally or morally Obliged
Paul is directly responsible for the efficient running of the office.
Her department is responsible for overseeing the councils.
19.contest: vt. fight for; struggle to win or keep
The medal is being keenly contested by eight gymnasts.
She is likely to win since only two people are contesting the seat.
20.pay off: bring good results; succeed
I was pleased to hear about your job offer — all that hard work has obviously paid off.
All her hard work paid off in the end, and she finally passed the exam.
21.boast: vt. talk about in a manner showing too much pride and satisfaction (usu. used in the pattern: boast about sth. / that)
He didn’t talk about his success in case people thought he was boasting.
Parents enjoy boasting about their children’s achievements.
They boasted that they had never lost a single game.下载本文