老师叮咛:李辉老师说,“主题+态度+细节=破解任何一篇文章的三大法宝!几乎每道阅读题目都来自这三大法宝!”因此,学会抓住全文主题,至关重要!本文也将通过对阅读理解主旨大意题的分析来展现准确判断出主题的方法。下文经过了全网首席高考英语名师李辉老师团队高度认真的整理校对,无错、可信!可供全国各省高中生打印,学习、背诵!
1.解题指导
我们阅读一篇文章,首先是要了解其大意、明确其主旨。因此,主旨大意题是常考题型。主旨大意题包括:主要内容(main idea, mainly about)型、文章标题(best title)型、写作目的(purpose)型。
二.解题技巧
1. 弄清文章的大意,关键是找到主题句。
主题句的位置:主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应,有时也在文中,或没有主题句,需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。各段的主题句也常在该段的首句或尾句。议论文和说明文一般有主题句,但记叙文通常没有主题句,需要归纳。
2. 找主题句的方法:用略读法 (skimming)。
即快速阅读文首、文尾,或每段的首句和尾句等,搜索主题线索和主题信息。找主题句的四个小窍门:
(1) 当段落中出现表转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时,该句很可能是主题句。
(2) 当首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的回答很可能就是文章的主旨。
(3) 作者有意识地反复重复的观点,通常是主旨;反复出现的词语,一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
(4) 表示总结或结论的话(常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等)。
3. 关于干扰项和正确答案。
(1) 干扰项可能是文中某个具体事实或细节;
可能是文中某些 (不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论; 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。
(2)正确答案:是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的;但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
三.题型总结
在阅读理解中,主旨大意题常有以下几种命题方式:
(1)Main idea型:选择项多为陈述句,要求考生选择表达作者思想或观点的句子。题干多为如下形式:
①What’s the main idea/point of the passage?
②The passage is mainly about________.
③The passage is mainly concerned about ________.
④Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
⑤Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage?
⑥In this passage the author discusses primarily ______.
⑦The subject discussed in this text is________.
⑧The general/main idea of the passage is about________.
(2)Main purpose型:选择项多为动宾结构,要求考生找到主要的写作目的。常见以下几种题干形式:
①What’s the purpose of the passage?
②The passage is meant to ________.
③The purpose of the article is to________.
④In this passage, the writer tries to tell us that________.
⑤The passage tells us that________.
⑥The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to________.
(3)标题型:选择文章标题是另一类对主旨大意题考查的形式。命题形式:
①The best title of the passage is________.
②Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
③The best title for the passage is________.
④The most appropriate title of the passage is________.
4.典例分析
In the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes
happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy. From my wheelchair experience, I see the best side of people... Often, we try every way possible to avoid showing our weakness. But only when we stop pretending we’re brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness that’s in them.
Question: Which of the following is the best title or the passage?
A. A Wheelchair Experience.
B. Weakness and Kindness.
C. Weakness and Strength.
D. A Driving Experience
答案:B
解析:首先,进行题型的分析,通过对照上文中我们所总结的常见主旨题型,我们可以将本题定义为主旨大意题。在上文中我们也讲到了,解决主旨大意题,最有效的方法就是找到文章的主旨句。因为本题所问的是全文的主旨,所以我们需要去找的是整篇文章的主旨句。从文章开始读,“In the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also.” 作者在文章的开始就通过动物界“展现自己弱小可能会引发其他动物更加好战”的例子类比出人类也会出现相似的情况。在读完这句话后,我们可以很清楚地发现作者在阐发自己的一个观点,但如果我们不继续往下文阅读的话,我们很容易就把这一句话当成全文的主题句。但是文章的主题句绝不仅仅都是在文章的第一句就会给出的,所以我们在读文章时,也不要看完第一句就贸然的断定主题句,而是应该再继续读一句,因为作者极有可能想通过举反例的方式来引出真正的主题。继续向下读,在下文中作者的态度果然出现了转折。“But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people.”与前文中所表达的“展现弱小会让局面更糟”的意思不同,作者在But转折后提出了“弱小也有可能会引发他人心中的善意”的观点。并且下文中作者分别从自己的所见所闻以及亲身经历通过举例子的方式论证了他的观点。并且在最终全文收束的部分再次点题“我们有时并不需要故意去掩藏自己的弱势,唯有如此,别人也才能有一个向我们表达善意的机会。因此,本文一直在围绕“弱势,缺点”与“善良”之间的辩证关系进行探讨,所以主旨也自然与其相关,所以选择B。
五.题目练习
(1)
Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.”Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.
Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “Just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.”
Question: Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Exploring the Future of Jazz.
B.The Rise and Fall of Jazz.
C.The Story of a Jazz Musician.
D.Celebrating the Jazz Day.
答案:A
(2)
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn’t want me for the film— it wanted somebody as well known as Paul— he stood up for me. I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.
The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft(技艺)and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other— but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core (核心)of our relationship off the screen.
We shared the brief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back— he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words.
Question:What is the author’s purpose in writing the test?
A. To show his love of films. B. To remember a frienD.
C. To introduce a new movie. D. To share his acting experience.
答案:B
(3)
“They tell me that you’d like to make a statue(塑像)of me — is that correct, Miss Vinnie Ream?”
The deep, gentle voice helped calm the nervous girl. Asking a favor of the President of the United States was no casual matter, especially for a seventeen-year-old girl.
“Yes, sir,” she replied, her dark eyes meeting his. “I wouldn’t have dared to ask you, but my teacher, Mr. Mills, says I am ready. I plan to make it in an admirable manner. ”
President Lincoln smiled. “Painters, sculptors — they’ve all tried to make the best of this ordinary face, but I’m afraid there’s not much hope. What did you have in mind, Miss Ream? A bust(半身像)?”
Before Vinnie could say yes, the President hurried on, a shade of apology in his voice. “Of course — I shouldn’t have asked. A full-length pose would be much too big a project for a young woman your size. ”
Vinnie’s face turned red. She realized she looked like a child, with her tiny figure. “Small does not mean weak, sir,” she defended herself. “I was born in the country of Wisconsin. I’ve driven teams of horses and carried water. Making a full-length clay(粘土)figure would not exhaust my strength — and that is what I intend to do!”
The President’s eyes, brightened at her show of spirit. “Sorry, madam, I have underestimated you as I didn’t know your background. ”
But his smile faded as he rubbed his beard with bony fingers, in thought. “Miss Ream,” he sighed, “I’d like to let you do it, but as you know, we are in the middle of a war. How could I possibly take the time to pose for a sculpture now? I hardly have a minute to myself. ”
Vinnie glanced around and noted the size of his office. “I work quickly,” she said. Her voice was soft but confident as she pointed to the corner near the windows. “If I were to bring my clay here and work for three hours every afternoon, I could complete most of the project while you are at your desk. ”
The President seemed to consider her idea seriously. He got up and shook Vinnie’s hand warmly, “I’ve heard that you are a talented young woman, and I have found you charming and intelligent as well. I cannot make my decision immediately, but you will hear from me soon. ”
The very next day, Vinnie received an invitation from the President.
Question:What message does the story convey?
A. A strong-willed soul can reach his goal. B. Experience helps to promote excellence.
C. Ups and downs make one strong. D. Devotion requires enthusiasm.
答案:A
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