Environmental Geological
Survey Techniques and Approaches
目录Outline
•12.1 环境地学野外调查基础
Environmental Geological Field Investigation Foundation
•12.2 环境监测基础
Environmental Monitoring Foundation
•12.3 环境制图基础
Environmental Drawing Foundation
Environmental Drawing Foundation
•12.4 遥感技术在环境监测中的应用
Remote Sensing Technology Application in Environmental Monitoring •12.5 思考题与个案分析
Questions and Case Analysis
教学内容框架及其与已有知识的衔接Teaching content framework and its cohesion with prior knowledge
12.1 环境地学野外调查基础
Environmental Geological Field Investigation Foundation
12.1.1 地形图概况Topographic Map Overview
地形图是按一定的比例尺，用规定的符号表示地物、地貌平面位置和高程的正射投影图。地形图是根据地形测量或航摄资料绘制的，误差和投影变形都极小，它是进行环境地学调查与观测研究的工具；也是环境制图的基础资料。
学调查与观测研究的具；也是环境制图的基础资料Topographic map is orthographic projection diagram,according to certain scale and with the prescribed symbols to show terrain,physiognomy plane position and elevation.Topographic map is drawn according to the topographic survey or aerial data and error and projection deformation is minimal.It is a tool for environmental geological survey and observation research and it is also the foundational information of environment mapping.地形图上任意一线段的长度与地面上相应线段的实际水平长度之比，称为地形图的比例尺。中国国家基本地形图包括：1:5000、1:10000、1:25000、1:50000、1:1000000、1:250000、1:500000、1:1000000等8种比例尺的地形图。
The ratio between either the length of the line segment on topographic map and the corresponding line length of the actual level on the ground is called the scale of topographic maps.Chinese basic topographic map include:1:5000、1:10000、1:25000、1:50000、1:1000000、1:250000、1:500000、1:1000000and so on.(8kinds of scale topographic maps)
12.1.2 地形图的野外使用
Field Use of Topographic Maps
在进行环境地学野外调查之前，应根据调查区域及其研究内容的需要，选择适当比例尺的地形图，一般情况下野外调查工作常用的地形图比例尺为1:10000、1:25000、1:50 000和1:100000。
Before conducting environmental geological field investigation,we should select the topographic maps of appropriate scale according to the need of the survey area and its research content.In general,field investigation work commonly used topographic map scale of1:10000,25000,1:50000and 1:100000.
在野外使用地形图，首先要求使地形图的方向与实地方向保持一致，常用的方法是借助罗盘和地形图上标注的磁子午线来定向，即将地形图放置在水平的平板上，使罗盘的南北线与地形图上的磁子午线重合，在保持水平的条件下转动地形图，当罗盘磁北针指向北时，即已完成地形图定向。
In the wild use of topographic map,first making the direction of the topographic map consistent with the field direction.Commonly used method is to orientation with the aid of a compass and magnetic meridian on topographic map.Namely,the topographic map is placed in a horizontal tablet that making compass north and south line and the magnetic meridian
on the topographic map overlap,rolling topography under the condition of keeping level.Then when a compass points to magnetic north needle north, namely the topographic map orientation has been completed.
图12-1 地表景观与地形图表示图式（a：地表景观；b：地形图）
（据R. W. Christopherson，1998年资料）
Figure12-1 Landscape and Topographic Map Schema (a:Landscape; b:Topographic Map)在完成了地形图的定向之后，还需要在地形图上确定自己站立的位置即定点，这是环境地学野外调查与采样的前提。简单的定点方法是根据地形图上与实地明显地物的对应关系，测定站立点，即后方交会法和GPS测量法。
After completed the topographic map orientation,we also need to make sure the location you stand on topographic map namely the point because it is the precondition of environmental geological field investigation and sampling.The simple fixed point method is to measure stand point according to the corresponding relation between topographic map and field with a significant feature,namely the Resection Method and GPS method.
12.1.3 环境背景调查与记录
Environment Background Checks and Records
环境背景调查与记录是环境科学和环境地学研究的基础,它是进行区域环境问题的诊断与分析，环境质量现状分析，环境影响评价和环境管理所应具有的基础资料。环境背景包括自然环境背景和社会经济背景两方面。
Environmental background checks and records are the basis of environmental science and environmental geological research.It is basal data for the diagnosis and analysis of the regional environmental problem, environment quality present situation analysis,environmental impact assessment and environmental management.Environmental background includes two aspects of natural environment and social and economic background.
环境背景调查的内容主要包括：
The content of environmental background survey mainly includes:
¾环境概况
Environment Profiles
¾自然环境背景信息
Natural Environment Background Information
¾社会经济环境背景信息
Social Economic Environment Background Information
¾环境观测与采样点信息
Environment Observation and Sampling Point Information
Environment Geological Survey and Record Summary Table12.2 环境监测基础
Environmental Monitoring Foundation 环境监测是指人们对影响人群和生物生存和发展的环境质量状况进行监视性测定的活动。
Environmental monitoring is point to the activity people conduct monitoring determination about environmental quality status of influencing the survival and development of biological and people.环境监测的目的：
判断区域环境质量是否符合环境标准；按污染物及环境质量的分布，追踪污染路线，寻找污染源并确定其环境影响，揭示污染物在区域环境中迁移转化和空间分布规律。
The purpose of environmental monitoring:
i h i l i l li i i li
Determine the regional environmental quality is in compliance with environmental standards;According to the environmental quality and pollutant distribution,tracking the line of pollution and finding the pollution sources and determine its environmental impact,revealing the pollutants'migration and spatial distribution in the regional environmental.
12.2.1 物理与化学监测
Physical and Chemical Monitoring
物理监测是指利用物理学的技术与方法测定环境要素中的噪声、振动、电磁波、热能、放射性水平、能见度、浑浊度等，以及近年来利用遥感技术监测大气中污染物、水体富营养化和生物污染状况等。
Physical monitoring refers to using the technology and methods to determine physics in the noise,vibration,electromagnetic wave,heat and radioactivity level,visibility,turbidity of environmental elements,etc.And in recent years using remote sensing to monitor pollutants in the atmosphere, water body eutrophication and biological pollution,etc.
化学监测是指利用化学的技术和方法测定环境要素(大气、水体、土壤和食物)中各种污染物种类、含量及其存在状态。由于环境属于一个多因素多变量的复杂开放系统，再加上环境中污染物的种类、存在状态又具有时间与空间的多变性，这就要求环境监测必须遵循严格的质量保障程序，即分析方法的标准化和规范化。
Chemical monitoring refers to using chemical technology and methods ariet poll tants content e istence to determine variety of pollutants,content and existence state of
environmental elements(air,water,soil and food).Because environment
belongs to more than a factor of multivariate complex open system,
coupled with the type and existing state of pollutants in the environment
with the variability of time and space,which requires the environmental
monitoring must follow strict quality assurance procedures,namely the
standardization and normalization of the analysis methods.12.2.2 生物监测Biological Monitoring
生物监测是指测定人类活动引起的生态系统的变化，如水土流失、土地荒漠化、生物多样性变化、生物品质变化、生物群落变化状况等。请同学们思考如何运用生物监测大气、水体和土壤污染状况。
Biological monitoring refers to changes in ecosystems because of the determination of human-induced,such as soil erosion,desertification, biodiversity,biological quality changes,condition of biological community change,etc.Please think about how to apply biological to monitor the atmosphere,water and soil pollution.
与物理监测和化学监测相比较，生物监测具有综合性与广泛性，即生物监测易被人们所利用，且生物反映了区域环境中各种因素的长期综合特征。
Compared with the physical and chemical monitoring,the
biological extensive Namely monitoring is comprehensive and extensive.Namely
biological monitoring is easily used by people and biological reflect the
long-term comprehensive characteristics of regional environment
factors.
12.2.3 环境样品采集点的设置
Set Environmental Samples Patch
环境样品的代表性是决定环境监测结果的重要因素之一,如果环境样品没有代表性，无论分析测定工作做得多么仔细认真，也得不到正确的监测结果。而环境样品代表性主要决定于采样点的布置是否合理。
The representativeness of environmental samples is one of the important factors to decide the environmental monitoring results.If there is no representativeness of environmental samples,no matter how careful to do work of analysis determination and can not get the correct monitoring results.The
representativeness of environmental samples are determined mainly whether the sample point layout is reasonable.
图12-4 河段采样断面设置示意图
Figure 12-4 River Sampling Section Settings Schematic图12-5 区域土壤与生物采样点设置示意图
Figure 12-5 Area Soil and Biological Sample Point Settings Schematic
12.3 环境制图基础
Environmental Drawing Foundation
环境制图是运用地图学原理和GIS技术，编制反映区域环境质量、各种污染物空间分布特征的一项新型专题地图，它以地图或数字地图的形式反映区域环境研究成果，具有形象、直观、可测量和可比性的特点，环境制图已经成为环境科学研究和环境管理的重要手段。
E i d i i f h i fl i l
Environment drawing is a new type of thematic map to reflect regional environmental quality,space distribution characteristics of a variety of pollutants and is prepared using principle of cartography and GIS technology.It reflect the regional environmental research in the form of a map or digital maps with the characteristics of the image,intuitive,measurable and comparable.Environment drawing has become the important means of environmental science and environmental management.
12.3.1 环境地图的表示方法
Representative Methods of Environmental Map
针对研究区域内的点状环境信息、线状环境信息和面状环境信息，运用相应的符号来直观表达区域环境特征。符号是一种物质的对象、属性或过程，用它来表示抽象的概念，这种表示是以约定的关系为基础的。
dot
In view of the dot,linear and planar environmental information of the research area,we can use corresponding symbols to express the visual characteristics of the regional environmental.Symbol is a kind of objects, attributes or process of material and we can use it to represent abstract concepts on the basis of contract relationship.
12.3.2 环境地图的成图过程
Mapping Process of Environment Map 在明确制图区域的范围、编图目标和内容，综合调查研究区域环境特征、环境地图符号、图型和图例设计等工作的基础上，进入环境地图的成图过程，即编图资料的收集和分析－表示方法的选择与符号设计－环境地图的地理底图－环境地图的编绘等。
W d h i f i h b i We can conduct the mapping process of environment map on the basis of the definition of the graphics area,the target and content of mapping,comprehensive investigation and study the characteristics of regional environmental,symbols of environment map,graphics and illustration design, etc.Namely,collection and analysis of the mapping data—the choice of representative methods and symbol design—geographical base map of environment map—of environment map and so on.
12.3.3 环境地图的底图与编绘
Base Map of Environment Map and Compilation
在环境地图上应该包括两种内容：一是地理底图内容或者环境背景状况的内容，如城市与居民点、河流、道路、经纬网等；二是环境专题内容,即环境地图所表示的主题内容。
O h i h ld i l d Fi i h On the environment map should include two contents:First is the content of the geographical base map or condition of environmental background,such as urban and residential areas,rivers,roads,geographic mesh,etc;The second is the content of environment project,namely the content of environment map topic.
图12-6 北京市地面亮温分布图
Figure 12-6 Ground Bright Temperature Profile of Beijing
图12-7 英国伦敦城市热岛效应示意图Figure 12-7 Urban Heat Island Effect in London Diagram12.3.4 数字环境制图简介
Introduction to the Digital Environment Mapping
运用GIS和现代信息技术对环境底图、各种数字环境专题图(环境污染源、大气质量、水体质量、土壤健康状况等)信息进行分层管理，同时也可按不同用户的需求提取相关信息，生成不同系列的专题图件，如矿产资源图、产业结构及其分布图、土地利用图、灾害程度图等。
To conduct layer-management for information using GIS and modern information technology on the environmental base map and all kinds of digital environmental thematic map(environmental pollution source,air quality,water quality,soil health,etc.),as well as relevant information can be extracted
according to the needs of different users to produce different series of thematic maps,such as mineral resources,industrial structure and its distribution map,land use map,drought degree map,etc.图12-8环境制图及其底图整合过程示意图（据R. W. Christopherson，1998年资料）Figure 12-8 Environment Drawing and its Integration Process of Base Map
数字环境地图的编制方法一般是在运用计算机、扫
描仪、数字化仪、绘图仪等硬件设备和通用性GIS和制
图工具等软件的基础上，通过一次性标准化和数字化，
实现既满足数字制图又满足GIS成图需求的目的。
Preparation method in digital environment map is to achieve
purposes both meet the digital cartography and meet the demand of GIS
mapping through one-time standardization and digitalization,in the use
of computers,scanners,digitizer,plotter and other hardware devices and
commonality and on the basis of GIS and mapping tools software.
图12-9 数字环境制图的一般流程图式
Figure 12-9 General Process Scheme of Digital Environment Mapping12.4 遥感技术在环境监测中的应用Remote Sensing Technology Application in Environmental Monitoring
12.4.1 环境遥感概况Environmental Remote Sensing Survey
遥感技术是现代环境地学调查和监测的基本方法，在大面积环境背景调查与制图、区域环境质量变化监测、区域污染源监测与评估等方面具有巨大的应用价值，因此它已成为现代环境地学调查制图与动态监测研究必不可少的手段。
Remote sensing technology is the basic method of modern environmental geological investigation and monitoring.It has great application value in the survey and mapping about background of large-scale environmental,the regional environmental quality change monitoring and regional pollution sources monitoring and evaluation,so it has become a essential method for modern environment geological survey mapping and study on the dynamic monitoring.
世界各国都重视中分辨率资源环境卫星遥感的应用，当前全球有10颗左右的中高空间分辨率的遥感卫星，主要应用于资源调查、环境监测、灾害监测、土地利用动态监测等公益性事业，这些卫星主要有美国Landsat卫星、欧空局ERS-1/2以及ENVISAT卫星、日本JERS-1卫星、中国CBERS1卫星。
Governments around the world attaches great importance to the application medi m resol tion reso rces en ironment
of medium resolution of resources and environment satellite remote sensing.Currently global have about10medium or high spatial resolution of remote sensing satellite,mainly used in resource investigation,environmental monitoring,disaster monitoring,land use dynamic monitoring and other public welfare undertakings.They mainly include the Landsat satellites,ESA ERS-1/2and ENVISAT satellite, Japan JERS-1,Chinese CBERS1satellites.
International main Satellite Program for Environmental Monitoring遥感图像所显示的是某一时刻特定区域环境的整
体性特征，它是地表环境系统的综合反映。任何遥感信
息都不是孤立存在的，而是作为区域环境一个有机组成
部分表现在影像上，如图形、纹理、色调等直观信息以
及各波段发射率的数据信息，不同遥感信息还具有不同
的空间分辨率、波段分辨率和时间分辨率。
Remote sensing image is shown the holistic characteristics of
specific en ironment
regional environment at a certain moment and it is the
comprehensive reflection of surface environment system.Any remote
sensing information is not exist in isolation,but as an organic part of
regional environment on the image,such as graphics,texture,color and
other visual information and data information of each band emissivity.
Different remote sensing information has different space resolution,
spectrum resolution and temporal resolution.图12-10 基于环境地学和数字环境的环境遥感解译模式Figure 12-10 Environment Remote Sensing Translating Model Based on Geological Environment
and Digital Environment
12.4.2 遥感影像的目视解译方法Remote Sensing Image Visual Interpretation Methods 环境遥感影像目视解译是指直接利用经过校正的遥感影像所反映的环境景观的光谱特性(色调、几何形状、阴影、纹理和图形结构等)，或间接地应用环境地学相关分析、信息复合分析等方法对区域环境要素组成及其特性的定位、定性与定量的分析和鉴别的过程。
Environment remote sensing image visual interpretation refers to use directly the spectral characteristics reflected environment landscape after correction of remote sensing image(hue,geometry shape,shadow,texture and structure,etc.)or the located,qualitative and quantitative analysis and identification process of regional environmental elements and characteristics using indirectly methods of environmental geological correlation analysis, information compositing analysis and so on.
请同学们查阅你所熟悉地区的遥感影像，并通过
实地观察与遥感影像解译，了解区域环境状况及其空间
分异规律。
Please refer to your familiar remote sensing image and through the
field observation and remote sensing image interpretation to understand
the status of the regional environment and its spatial distribution rules.
图12-11 北京西郊遥感影像图（SPOT，2004年秋季）
Figure 12-11 Remote Sensing Image of Beijing Western Suburbs图12-12 杭州市遥感影像图
Figure 12-12 Remote Sensing Image of Hangzhou
图12-13 珠江三角洲地区遥感影像图
Figure 12-13 Remote Sensing Image of Pearl River Delta Region
12.4.3 环境遥感数据自动识别方法
Data of Environment Remote Sensing Automatic Identification Methods 借助地理信息系统和计算机技术，采取人机对话方式输入遥感数据与特征地物间的相互关系，然后经计算机按照特定法则自动分类，即依据遥感像元点数据特征识别其类型，与实地类别联系起来，再对各像元进行聚类分析，制出环境类型或环境状况空间分布图的过程。
The process of making environment type or environment space distribution using geographic information system and computer technology and adopting the man-machine dialogue mode to input the relationship between remote sensing data and ground objects with features,and then the
computer automatic classification according to the specific rules,namely, according to the characteristics of metadata on remote sensing image to identify its type and linked with field category to conduct clustering analysis for the pixels.
图12-14 环境遥感影像监督分类（土壤类型）过程图式
Figure 12-14 Environmental Remote Sensing Image Supervision and Classification(soil type)
Process Schema大气环境遥感主要监测大气中的O3、CO2、SO2、CH4、气溶胶等污染物及其含量的空间分布，由于这些大气污染物具有各自固有的辐射和吸收光谱特征，故借助遥感传感器测量大气的散射、吸收及辐射的光谱特征值就可以从中识别出这些污染物。
Atmospheric environment remote sensing monitor mainly O3, CO2,SO2,CH4,the spatial distribution of aerosol pollutants and its atmosphere As
content in the atmosphere.As a result of these air pollutants have their inherent radiation and absorption spectral characteristics,therefore,we can identify these pollutants with the aid of remote sensing sensor to measure spectrum characteristic value of atmospheric scattering, absorption and radiation.
在水环境遥感监测领域中，地表水体的成分一般分为清洁水、溶解性有机物(黄色物质)、藻类色素(以叶绿素为主)和固体悬浮物，地表水体中这些物质都以不同强度吸收不同波长的入射光，从而引起水体反射率、向上辐射、水色等表观参数的改变。
In the field of remote sensing monitoring of water environment, the composition of the surface water is generally divided into clean water,dissolved organic matter(yellow),algae pigments(mainly chlorophyll)and suspended solids.These substances in the surface water can absorb different wavelength of incident light with different intensity and cause the change of the apparent parameters such as water reflectivity,radiate upward and water colour.
土壤植物系统、土地利用状况及环境综合景观的
遥感监测一直是遥感应用研究的重点领域。近30年来中
国学术界在该领域内已经取得了一系列重要成果。
The remote sensing monitoring of soil plant system,land use status
d h i i l l d h b h f i h
and comprehensive environmental landscape has been the focus in the
study of remote sensing application fields.China's academia has made a
series of important achievements in this area for nearly30years.
图12-15 云南省滇池沿岸遥感影像的比较分析（据国家环境保护总局，2002年资料）
Figure12-15 Comparation and Analysis of Coast Remote Sensing Image in Dianchi lake
of Yunnan province
12.5 思考题与个案分析
Questions and Case Analysis
•1.借阅一幅你熟悉地区的地形图(1:50000或1:100000)，通过阅读用铅笔标出河流及其流向、山脊、山谷、鞍部、平原、丘陵等的位置。
Borrowing a topographic map that you are familiar with the area(1:50000 or1:100000),by reading to mark the location of rivers and its flow,ridges, valleys,nek,plains,hills and others with a pencil.
•2.试比较分析物理化学监测与生物监测的特点。
To compare and analyze the characteristics of physical and chemical monitoring and biological monitoring.• 3.查阅相关资料试说明如何制备土壤环境样品，以及制备样品过程中应该注意哪些问题。
To consult the relevant information shows how to prepare soil environmental sample as well as the problems should be paid attention during the preparation of samples.
• 4.环境地学调查方法通常有资料收集与分析、环境现场调查观测与采样分析、环境遥感调查分析三种方法，结合你的学习与观察，试举例说明这三种方法的特点。
Environmental geological investigation methods usually have data collection and analysis,field investigation and observation and sampling analysis,environmental remote sensing investigation analysis,please combine with your learning and observation and try to illustrate the characteristics of these three methods.
• 5.在本章学习的基础上，通过查阅相关资料试绘制你所在校园的综合环境图(比例尺1:5000，包含教学楼与区、生活楼与生活区、公共服务区、文体活动区、绿化区、主要道路，以及可能的环境影响。
On the basis of learning,through consult relevant data to try to draw
the comprehensive environment map about your campus(scale p p y p(
1:5000,including buildings and area,living buildings and living area,
public service,stylistic activity area,green area,main roads)as well as
the possible environmental impact.下载本文
