Section 2
W: Good morning, North College Library. How can I help you?
M: I was wondering if it was possible to join the library.
W: Are you a student at North College?
M: No, I’m not, but someone told me it was possible to join, even if I wasn’t.
W: That’s right, it is. Are you over 18? That’s our minimum joining age.
M: Yes, I am.
W: That’s no problem then.
M: Could you tell me what I have to do to join?
W: Well, you’ll need to come in to the library and fill out some forms. You’ll also need to bring 2 passport photos with you. We also need 2 documents for ID, so a driving license would be fine.
M: I’ve got that and what else? A credit card?
W: No, it needs to have your address on it.
M: Shall I bring a bank statement, would that do?
W: That’ll be fine.
M: Good. Does it cost anything to join?
W: Well, it’s free for students here but otherwise it’s £125 per year or £25 if you’ve got a current student card from another college.
M: I was at Westerley College until last year but now I’ve got a job at Jefferson’s steel factory. Er, it’s more expensive than I thought. My local library is free.
W: But you’ll find they don’t have the range of reference books or facilities which we buy for our students. That’s why you have to pay to be an external member.
M: I see. How many books can I borrow?
W: We allow 12 items borrowed at any one time if you’re a student, and that includes CDs, DVDs and videos. However, it’s only 8 items for members of the public.
M: Fine. And how long can I have them for?
W: Well, you can have both fiction and reference books for 4 weeks which isn’t bad really.
M: And what happens if I return them late?
W: Like all libraries there’s a fine system in place. The minimum fine is £1.50 but it can be much higher for some items----up to £5 per week. We’ll give you a booklet with all the details when you join. You can always renew items if they’re not required by anyone else by telephoning or logging on to our website.
M: What about the computers? Can I use them free of charge?
W: For college students it’s free, but for external members like yourself, the first hour is free and then we make a nominal charge of £1 per hour thereafter.
M: Do I have to book in advance for them?
W: Oh, yes, it’s advisable. Most people tend to book 24 hours in advance although sometimes you can get one with only 6 hours’ notice. However, the earliest you can book a computer is 48 hours before you need it, and you can only book 1 hour at a time. If no-one else has booked the computer out, then you may be able to have another hour if you want. We have a wide range of databases, so the computers are in great demand.
M: I’m thinking of doing some writing and I might need to access national newspapers. Do you have them on these databases?
W: We do indeed. We’ve got all the big national, The Guardian and The Observer, The Independent and The Times and Sunday Times. We’ve also got all the local papers and a wide selection of magazines.
M: Excellent. I assume you have photocopying facilities?
W: Of course. 5 p a sheet for both A4 and A3 black-and-white copies and 40 p a sheet for color. You can get a card from the counter here----it doesn’t take coins.
M: OK. Oh by the way, another thing I was wondering about was if you ran any writing classes through the library?
W: We do, but you’ll have to speak to John Grantingham about that. He’s our resident author. He runs the creative writing classes.
M: John … Grant … Could you spell that for me please?
W: Certainly. G-R-A-N-T-I-N-G-H-A-M.
M: Are the classes here at the library?
W: Yes----he’s here on Thursday evenings, oh no sorry, Friday----he’s just changed it. You can contact him by emailing the library.
M: Okay. Right, well that’s about all I need to know. Thank you. I’ll be along later this week to join. Thanks. Bye.
Section 3
Good morning. Today’s lecture will focus on how to make people feel at ease in conversations. I guess all of you sitting here can recall certain people who just seem to make you feel comfortable when they are around. You spend an hour with them and feel as if you’ve known them half your life. These people who have that certain something that makes us feel comfortable have something in common, and once we know what that is, we can go about getting some of that something for ourselves. How is it done? Here are some of the skills that good talkers have. If you follow the skills, they will help you put people at their ease, make them feel secure, and comfortable, and turn acquaintances into friends.
First of all, good talkers ask questions. Almost anyone, no matter how shy, will answer a question. In fact, according to my observation, very shy persons are often more willing to answer questions than extroverts. They are more concerned that someone will think them impolite if they don’t respond to the questions. So most skillful conversationalists recommend starting with a question that is personal, but not harmful. For example, once a famous American TV presenter got a long and fascinating interview from a notoriously private billionaire by asking him about his first job. Another example, one prominent woman executive confesses that at business lunches, “I always ask people what they did that morning. It’s a dull question, but it gets things going.” From there, you can move on to other matters, sometimes to really personal questions. Moreover, how your responder answers will let you know how far you can go. A few simple catchwords like “Really?” “Yes?” are clear invitations to continue talking.
Second, once good talkers have asked questions, they listen for answers. This point seems obvious, but it isn’t in fact.
Making people feel comfortable isn’t simply a matter of making idle conversation. Your questions have a point. You’re really asking, “What sort of person are you?” and to find out, you have to really listen. There are at least three components of real listening. For one thing, real listening means not changing the subject. If someone sticks to one topic, you can assume that he or she is really interested in it.
Another component of real listening is listening not just to words but to tones of voice. I once mentioned D.H. Lawrence to a friend. To my astonishment, she launched into an academic discussion of the imagery in Lawrence’s works. Midway through, I listened to her voice. It was, to put it mildly, unanimated, and it seemed obvious that the imagery monologue was intended solely for my benefit, and I quickly changed the subject. At last, real listening means using your eyes as well as your ears. When your gaze wanders, it makes people think they’re boring you, or what they are saying is not interesting. Of course, you don’t have to stare, or glare at them. Simply looking attentive will make most people think that you think they’re fascinating.
Next, good talkers are not afraid to laugh. If you think of all the people you know who make you feel comfortable, you may notice that all of them laugh a lot. Laughter is not only warming and friendly; it’s also a good way to ease other people’s discomfort. I have a friend who might enjoy watching at gathering of other people who do not know each other well. The first few minutes of talk are a bit uneasy and hesitant, for the people involved do not yet have a sense of each other. Invariably, a light comment or joke is made, and my friend’s easy laughter appears like sunshine in the conversation. There is always then a visible softening that takes place. Other people smile, and loosen in response to her laughter, and the conversation goes on with more warmth and ease.
Finally, good talkers are once who cement a parting. That is, they know how to make use of parting as a way to leave a deep impression on others. Last impressions are just as important as first impressions in determining how a new acquaintance will remember you. People who make others really feel comfortable take advantage of that parting moment to close the deal. Men have had it easier. They have done it with a smile, and a good firm handshake. What about women then? Over the last several years, women have started to take over that custom well between themselves or with men. If you’re saying goodbye, you might want to give him or her a second extra hand squeeze. It’s a way to say, I really enjoyed meeting you. But it’s not all done with body language. If you’ve enjoyed being with someone, if you want to see that person again, don’t keep it a secret. Let people know how you feel, and they may walk away feeling as if they’ve known you half their life.
Okay, just to sum up. Today, we’ve talked about four ways to make people feel at ease in conversations. These skills are important in keeping conversations going, and in forming friendships later on. Of course, these skills are by no means the only ones we can use. The list is much longer. I hope you will use these four skills, and discover more on your own in your conversations with other people.
Section 4
Good morning, everyone. A few of you have asked me to go over my introduction to cancer again, so before we go on today, let me try to put it to you in another way. Think of your body as a team. In a very real way, your life depends on teamwork. You probably think of yourself as one creature, but you actually are a collection of trillions of living cells, each with a specific job to do and all working to keep the rest----and hence you alive.
Cancer cells are selfish cells that don’t work for the team. In fact, they hurt it. They divide too much, splitting wildly into new cells faster than the normal cells around them. And they don't stop dividing, regardless of the damage they cause. They simply ignore the biological cues that tell your cells when to stop.
Eventually, this unchecked cell growth can lead to a tumor----a semiautonomous mass of tissue that serves no productive purpose and that may, through its growth, damage surrounding cells. Worse still, unlike normal cells, a cancer cell can separate from its neighbors and travel to other parts of your body, causing even more damage someplace else.
The worse the cancer gets, the more the cancer cells tend to take an undifferentiated (无差别的; 一致的) "immature" form. Your body contains more than 200 different types of cells, each with a specific job to do and with a form that follows that function. Cancer cells, however, are both incapable of doing a useful job and increasingly aggressive.
Cancer cells get this way because they're broken. Your cells work by following specific instructions. These instructions are found in each cell's nucleus(细胞核), laid out in sequences of DNA called genes. Each of your genes----and there are tens of thousands of them----contains a code that tells a cell how to do a specific job.
At least two of these gene types, proto-oncogenes (原癌基因) and tumor suppressor genes(肿瘤抑制基因/抑癌基因) can cause serious trouble if they get messed up, or mutate. Proto-oncogenes regulate when, how, and how much your cells divide. Tumor suppressor genes help to keep this process in line and can put the brakes on cellular reproduction if it is necessary. They're also the genes that tell your cells how to fix damaged genes.
With an unlucky mutation or two, proto-oncogenes can turn into oncogenes (致癌基因) (basically, which are the genes that cause cancer). The affected cell becomes very active, and divides free of the usual constraints. Fortunately, your tumor suppressor genes can still slam on the brakes, repair the DNA, or even call for the ultimate sacrifice: we call that “apoptosis” (凋亡) or "cell suicide.” When a cell's DNA suffers from so much damage that it is beyond repair, a healthy cell still thinking of the team can destroy itself to prevent greater problems.
But if the genetic errors prevent your tumor suppressor genes from doing their job, too, troublemaking oncogenes are more likely to cause cancer. And that's why cancer tends to strike older people. It takes more than one genetic mutation to make a cancer cell, and those mutations can take a long time to occur. (Unfortunately, some people are born with some mutations already.)
There are almost as many ways in which genes can go bad as there are genes involved in cancer. Molecular mutations can change your DNA sequence, mixing the code and turning healthy genes into oncogenes. Or, errors in the cell division can cause entire genes to move to a new location, get repeated, or be deleted altogether.
Sometimes, these mutations are hereditary or transmitted from generation to generation. At other times, they happen in your cells over your own lifetime. They could be random genetic accidents, or they could be caused by environmental exposure to carcinogens(致癌物质), like cigarette smoke and the UV radiation in sunlight. Even certain viral infections can lead to cancer.
In fact, part of what makes cancer so tough to cure is that it isn't a single disease with a single cause. The word "cancer" actually covers more than 100 distinct diseases, all characterized by out-of-control cell growth. Because the diseases are different, treatments that are effective for one aren't necessarily effective for others. Still researchers are optimistic that they will continue to make progress if not toward a one-size-fits-all cure, at least toward a range of disease specific treatment.下载本文