Trizol : column-based kit, guidelines differ due to different buffers
Clean and free from residual buffers
Main problem: exaction of inhibitors together with the nucleic acids or degradation of sample
Inhibitor found in blood or environmental samples
General rule: fresh sample, -80 centigrade stored
One-step or two-step reaction?
Total RNA, perform RT before qPCR
One step/two steps: avoid contamination, RNase free, tubes containing the reaction be maintained on ice
30min and 50 centigrade, if random primers/oligo d(T) used(two steps) initial 10 min-step at 25 centigrade to maximize the annealing efficiency as the short oligo d(T) have a lower Tm
Stored -80 centigrade, limiting amount of starting material separate RT step
Back ground?
Which type of primers for the Reverse Transcription?
●Short random primers
●Oligo d(T) bind to the pply-A tail of the RNA ant then transcribe RNA
●Specific primers
One-step qrt-PCR: specific primers, avoid aspecific products
RT at 40-50 centigrade specific PCR primers desingned at 60 centigrade
Partial annealing?
Two-steps qrt-PCR: oligo d(T) or/and random primers in RT step
Specific primers in PCR step
Qualitative vs. Quantitative PCR
●Taq polymerase , extension of short single-stranded primers
●Repeated cycles of heat de-naturation, primer annealing and primer extension
●Primers, specifically bind to extremities of the DNA fragment to be amplified
Taq polymerase use target DNA as a template for primer extension
Each cycle, more template DNA, exponential manner, doubling, until one of reagents limiting
●Qualitative PCR
●Detection chemistry allows quantification
●Amount at a certain point of the run is related to the initial amount of target in the sample
●Most common applications: gene expression analysis, pathogen detection/quantification and microRNA quantification
●Initially a exponential process, eventually a plateau phase
Assume the amount double each cycle and no bias due to limiting reagents
Analysis: Ct value, the more template sample, the quicker Ct point reached, the cleaner Ct values
●Qualitative PCR
●Detect the presence or absence of a certain sequence
●Virus sub-typing and bacterial species identification, allelic discrimination
Different fluorophores used for alleles, the ratio of fluorophores related to the amount
●Double-Dye probe system?
●HMR(gene scanning, SNP)
Detection methods
●Measurable signal: fluorescent technologies, non-specific and specific
●SYBR® Green I
Most commonly dye, non-specific detection
dsDNA intercalating dye, 520nm, emitted related to amount of target
Running a meltcurve at the end of PCR run for specificity of the system
Rarely used for qualitative PCR, often used as the first step to check the specificity of the primers and validate the design.
●High Resolution Melting dyes (HRM dyes)
Separate nucleir acid based on their dissociation behavior
DsDNA, heated, fluorescent dye
●TaqMan® probes = Double-Dye probes
●LNA® Double-Dye probes
●Molecular Beacon probes
●Scprpions primers
●Hybridization probes
●TaqMan® MGB probe
●MGB Eclipse® probe
When should I multiplex?
●Multiplex and singplex
●SNP/mutation analysis
●Targets two genes with equal expression levels
●Quantify lots of different targets on few samples
●Strict requirement for the design
How do you get starte d in qPCR?
Thermocycler:format, number of detection channels, software, time of run, price and flexibility
qPCR reagents:Core kits/MasterMixes
Role of components
Taq Polymerase: 95 centigrade – 5-10 min activate, the antibody-blocked Taq and the chemicallyblocked Taq
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