一、知识框架
二、知识梳理
分词是一种非谓语动词形式。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。分词既具有动词的一些特征，可自状语，有自己的逻辑主语，现在分词还可以带宾语，有时态和语态的变化。它同时又具有形容词和副词的句法功能，可以作表语、定语、状语，也可以用于复合结构作宾语补足语等。
（一）现在分词和过去分词的区别
在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；
在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。
如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶
（二）分词的句法功能
一）作表语
| 分 词 | 例 句 | |
| 现在分词 | 多表示主语所具有的特征 | The day was so charming. The film is very moving. |
| 过去分词 | 多表示主语所处的状态 | I’m interested in the book. He was moved. We are determined to overcome the difficulty. |
Summer is gone. 夏天过去了。
Autumn is come. 秋天到了。
The leaves are fallen．树叶落了。
The sun is risen.太阳升起来了。
二）作宾补
分词可以在感官动词和使役动词等后与一个名词（代词）构成复合宾语。若表动作进行，分词与宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，用现在分词；若表动作完成，分词与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，用过去分词。常用于以下结构：
1）感官动词：see/ look at/ watch/ notice/ observe/ witness/ hear/ listen to/ smell/ feel + sb/sth + doing/done
I saw a book lying there
A book was seen lying there.
He found his hometown greatly changed after many years.
2）表发现、致使：find/ discover/ catch/ get/ have/ leave/ keep /send/ set/ start + sb/sth + doing
A flood hit the area the other day, leaving few houses standing.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.
The girl who was caught cheating has admitted her mistake.
A sudden rain sent the players and the audience running in all directions for cover.
After repairing it, the mechanic managed to start the machine running again.
3）表心理、致使：consider/ have/ get/ keep/ leave/ make + sb/sth + done
It is time that you had your washing machine repaired.
I will try my best to get my English improved.
I considered this problem settled.
4）表要求、希望、命令：declare/ like/ need/ order/ want/ wish + sb/sth + done
He declared the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games closed.
I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.
Do you wish your breakfast (to be) brought to your room?
表使役或致使的动词后接分词作宾补的具体情况：
| 动词 | have | keep | get | leave | make | catch | send | set | start |
| 现在分词 | √ | √ | √ | √ | × | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| 过去分词 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | × | × | × | × |
With the fellow leading the way, we had no trouble finding the temple.
With her skirt caught on a nail, she couldn’t move.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
They had passed without a singled word spoken.
区别have sb do | have sb/sth doing | have sth done:
1.have sb do表示让某人做某事，此时have可与make, let, cause, get替换（cause, get后要加to）
The teacher had the students clean the classroom.
2.have sb doing①表示让某人/某物一直做某事或使某物一直处于某种状态;②表示客观上有某情况在进行或持续;③表示容忍或允许某人做某事，主要用于否定式，常与 won’t, can’t 连用
He had the light burning all night.
I looked up and found we had water dripping through the ceiling.
I won’t have you telling me what to do.
3.have sth done①表示让别人做某事②表示完成某事③遭遇某种不幸情况
She is having her eyes tested.
A week ago I had 100 dollars saved.
| She had her leg broken. |
1）单个分词作定语，分词前置。
The sleeping boy is my son.
The excited people rushed into the building.
2）分词短语作定语，分词后置。分词修饰不定代词something等要后置；个别单个分词如found, built, invited, made, mentioned, lost, given, left, discussed, gained/obtained, shown, told等作定语也后置。
The girl standing under the tree is my niece.
The building built last year is our library.
The experience gained is a big fortune.
单个分词作定语前置和后置存在区别，如：
the concerned public 担忧的公众
the departments concerned 有关部门
3）分词完成式不能作定语。表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作，用定语从句。如果是被动结构，直接用过去分词。故分词作定语只有doing、done、being done三种结构。
The teacher criticized the students who had broken the window.
The meeting being held is extremely crucial.
The meeting held by Principal Wang is extremely crucial.
The man holding the crucial meeting is Principal Wang.
4）分词与定语从句的转换。
The man who is looking at the map has got lost.
= The man looking at the map has got lost.
The man who lives next door is a professor.
= The man living next door is a professor.
The building which was completed ahead of time has caught many people’s attention.
= The building completed ahead of time has caught many people’s attention.
The building which is being built has caught many people’s attention.
= The building being built has caught many people’s attention.
四）作状语
分词(短语)作状语修饰谓语动词，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。分词可表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式等，相当于一个状语从句。分词(短语)作状语还可表示方式或伴随，不可用状语从句替代，此时其作用相当于一个句子的并列谓语。
| 功能 | 常在位置 | 例句 |
| 时间（常可在前加when, while, until,once等） | 句首 | Coming out of the room, he found a man hiding in the garden. When seen from the hill, the town looks magnificent. |
| 原因（表原因的连接词常省略） | 句首 | Having no ticket, I couldn’t go to see the film. Not knowing how to get there, he went to ask a policeman. |
| 条件（可在分词前加if，unless等） | 句首 | If polluted, water will be unfit to drink. Having a map, I will find a way to get there. |
| 结果（可在分词前加thus, only, so that修饰） | 句末 | He died, leaving his old parents alone with sorrow. He applied more water to the flowers, only making the things worse. |
| 让步（常可在前加although, even if等） | 句首 | Although wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight. Admitting what you say, I still think you are wrong. |
| 方式或伴随 | 句末 | The foreign teacher stood there surrounded by many students. He sat at he office table, going over the documents. |
1、一些固定搭配或结构，常使用过去分词做状语的结构(源于系表结构）：lost in, devoted to, dressed in, determined to, addicted to, faced with, engaged in, based on, caught in, prepared for, tired of, disappointed at, seated, hidden, exhausted 等。
Dressed in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
2、分词的习惯用语
分词用于习惯用语，在句中没有逻辑主语，作成分，表示说话人的态度，或看问题的角度。
| 习惯用语 | 例 句 |
| concerning关于 | Her feelings concerning the arrival of Tom were very complex. |
| considering 考虑到 | Considering his age, he has done very well. |
| generally speaking 一般来说 | Generally speaking, the price is going up. |
| judging from根据 | Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed. |
| owing to由于 | He is now, owing to ill health, not so active in the movement. |
| compared with 与...比较 | Compared with the students in the remote mountainous areas, you are so lucky. |
| talking/speaking of谈到 | Talking of travel, have you been to Paris? |
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，就用主格结构，即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。其结构是：n./pron.+ v-ing/v-ed(phrases)。这种结构称为结构（Absolute Construction）。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
Weather permitting, we’ll have an picnic tomorrow.
She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room, her heart beating fast.
His work finished, he prepared to return to his company.
The work having been finished, he hurried home.
Mary ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand.
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
（四）with/without引导主格结构
| 结构 | 例句 |
| with/without + 名词/代词 + 形容词 | Don’t speak with your mouth full. |
| with/without + 名词/代词 + 副词 | The square looks more beautiful than ever with the lights on. |
| with/without + 名词/代词 + 介词短语 | He was asleep with his head on his arms. |
| with/without + 名词/代词 + 现在分词 | She felt very nervous with so many people looking at her. Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. |
| with/without + 名词/代词 + 不定式 | With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived here. |
| with/without + 名词/代词 + 过去分词 | With his matter settled, we left the room. They sat still for a few minutes, without a single word spoken. |
| 分词 | 时态 | 语态 | 用法 | 例句 | |
现在 分词 | 一 般 式 | doing | being done | 表示分词的动作与句子中谓语所表示的动作同时发生 | Being poor, he couldn’t go to school. The question being discussed now is important. Having worked in the country for three years, he knew how to grow vegetables |
| 完 成 式 | Having done | having been done | 表示分词的动作在句子中谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生 | ||
| 过去 分词 | done | Heated, ice changes into water. | |||
| 否定 | not + 分词 | Not having finished his homework, the boy was punished by his father. | |||
（一）选择
1.Though ______ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
2.______ such heavy pollution already, the river is difficult to clean up .
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
3.Finding her car stolen, ______.
A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help
4.While building a tunnel through the mountain, ______.
A. an underground lake was discovered B. there was an underground lake discovered
C. a lake was discovered underground D. the workers discovered an underground lake
5.________at my classmates’ faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.
A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked
6.European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
7.We’re ______ to listen to her ______ voice. It’s______ to hear her sing.
A. pleased; pleasing; pleasure B. pleased; pleasant; a pleasure
C. pleasing; pleased; a pleasure D. pleasing; pleasant; pleasure
8.______ a post office, I stopped ______ some stamps.
A. Passed, buying B. Passing, to buy C. Having passed, buy D. Pass, to buy
9.Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ______ the girl and took her away, ______ into the woods.
A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing
10._____a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely new lamp
A. To save B. Saving C. Saved D. Having saved
11.The students came into the classroom _____ their teacher.
A. following B. to be following C. followed D. having followed
12.The result of the test was rather___.
A. disappointed B. disappointing C. being disappointed D. disappoint
13._________with small stores in the neighborhood, we find that supermarkets offer residents a wider choice of goods.
A.Compared B. Comparing C. Having compared D. Being compared
14.With the local guide ________the way, we have no trouble walking out of the jungle.
A.leading B. having led C. led D. being led
15._______ yourself by taking a shower, since you had such a long and tiring journey.
A.Refreshing B. Refreshed C. To refresh D. Refresh
16. When I caught him _______ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
17. Your hair wants _______. You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
18. His remarks left me _______ about his real purpose.
A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering
19. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _______ in Cuba.
A. being cultivated B. been cultivated C. having cultivated D. cultivating
20. _______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being believed
（二）填空
1.______(adopt) this method, we will increase the products by 10%.
2.It rained heavily, ______(cause) severe flooding in that area.
3.Please fill in the form, _____( give) your name, address, etc.
4._____________(not know) his address, she couldn’t write to him.
5.___________(ask) to stay in Shanghai, the man decided not to go back to his hometown.
6.After ___________ (ask) to work with them, he came to their company.
7.He went out, _______(shut) the door behind him.
8.______________(not finish) his homework, the boy was asked to go to the teacher’s office.
9. Don’t say anything at the meeting unless _________(ask) to.
10. There ________(be) a show, many people gathered there, _______ (hope) to see the stars.
11. He hurried to the station only________(find)that the train had left .
12. Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes, I still was not able to find a pen____(write)with.
（三）翻译
1.从他在求职面试中的表现判断，他能胜任这个职务。（qualified）
2.一场涉及十多辆汽车的交通事故就发生在你现在站着的公路上。（occur）
3.你能为蔓延在野生动物中的奇怪疾病提供解释吗？（offer）
4.发现学生们下午昏昏欲睡的样子，老师竭尽所能来激发他们的兴趣。（arouse）
5.听到他被大学录取的消息，所有在场的同学们欢呼雀跃。（present adj.）
6.在我看来，与西方人相比，中国人似乎更擅长于理财。（compared）
7. 他穿着黑色的燕尾服出现在舞台上，看上去真像一个音乐指挥。(Dress…)
8. 成立于50年代，我们的公司在产品质量和售后服务方面享有良好的声誉。(Establish …)
9. 深夜听到有人从窗前走过，他害怕地用被子蒙住了头。（hear）
10. 左撇子只是有些人天生的行为方式，因此我们决不能歧视他们。（look down）
四、课后作业
（一）单选
1. He didn’t have chance to read many books, but folk stories _____ by local people became the root of Mo Yan’s later writings.
A. to tell B. to be told C. told D. being told
2. Over time, overuse of antibiotics（抗生素）leads to bacteria that are resistant to the drugs, _____ them all the harder to kill.
A. make B. to make C. made D. making
3. ______ any staircase, I followed a dark passage and it seemed to go on for ever.
A. Not to have seen B. Seeing not C. Having not seen D. Not seeing
4. Unless ______ to speak, most high school students here prefer remaining silent in class.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
5. New house prices in major Chinese cities are continuing to rise, ________ a warming housing market.
A. signaled B. to signal C. signaling D. having signaled
6. Though ________ of high costs, many Chinese parents insisted on sending their high school children abroad to study.
A. warning B. warned C. to warn D. were warned
7. Don’t spend time beating on a wall, _____ to change it into a door.
A. hope B. hoping C. hoped D. to hope
8. The Swedish academy announced in Stockholm on October 11 that Mo Yan would receive the 2012 Nobel Prize for literature, ________ him the first Chinese national to win the award.
A. making B. to make C. having made D. made
9. ________ by Taobao 4 years ago, the massive promotion campaign on Nov. 11, Singles' day, has seen the fiercest competition among Chinese online retailers.
A. having initiated B. being initiated C. initiating D. initiated
10. Though of taking too many risks, the climber continued his challenge.
A. was accused B. accusing C. accused D. to be accused
11. “Does anybody know the definition of Nerd?” the host seated in the front.
A. asked B. asking C. ask D. to ask
12. The students, _________ at the way the questions were put, didn't know the answers to them.
A. they being surprised B. surprised
C. their being surprised D. then surprised
13. Prices of daily goods ________ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
14. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, _______ insufficiently popular with all members.
A. considered B. considering C. to be considered D. having considered
15. ________ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated
16. The latest research _______ shows that micro blog is the most popular social networking tool among Chinese netizens.
A. to undertake B. undertaken C. undertaking D. having been undertaken
17. _______ several important decisions based on emotion instead of reason, he felt bitterly regretted.
A. Making B. Having made C. Made D. To make
18. A strong earthquake hit New Zealand South Island city of Christchurch, ______ widespread destruction in the city center.
A. caused B. to cause C. causing D. to have caused
19. Conveniently ______ in downtown, the hotel is quite popular with visitors to the city.
A. locating B. to locate C. being located D. located
20. The disc, digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recording B. to be recorded C. having recorded D. recorded
21. ________ any sign of their daughter's school, the anxious couple turned to a policeman for help.
A. Seeing not B. Not seeing C. Not to have seen D. Having not seen
22. ________ her way through the excited crowd in the bookstore, the woman writer is surrounded by a group of admirers.
A. To make B. Having made C. To be made D. Making
23. We were aware that, ________ , the situation will get worse.
A. if not dealing carefully B. if dealt not carefully with
C. if not carefully dealt with D. if not carefully dealing with
24. ________ with animals, Pi knows how to keep them under order.
A. Growing up B. To have grown up C. Having grown up D. To grow up
25. In order to jump, your body changes the chemical energy ______ in the food you have eaten into mechanical energy.
A. being stored B. storing C. having been stored D. stored
26. Health management membership fees range from 2,000 yuan ($ 320) to 20,000 yuan a year _____ on the level of service.
A. depend B. depended C. depending D. to depend
27. The boy has spent a whole day _____ in his room. No one knows what he is doing.
A. locked B. to lock C. locking D. been locked
28. __________for years, the house designed by an Italian architect finally collapsed.
A. Having neglected B. Being neglected C. To be neglected D. Having been neglected
29. Although he has suffered an injury, people keep hoping the world will see Kaka, a talented player,________ the game he loves so much.
A. enjoys B. enjoying C. having enjoyed D. enjoyed
30. _________ on a clear day far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.
A. Walking B. When one is walking C. If walking D. When walking
（二）填空
1. ________ (clean)thoroughly, the garden looked more beautiful than ever before.
2. ______ (remind)not to drive after drinking, some drivers are still trying their luck, which is really dangerous.
3. ______(leave) wondering which way to take, the little boy behaved like a real gentleman who comforted his sister from time to time.
4. Shanghai now increases the supply of smaller houses, ______ (aim)to help low–income families to buy houses of their own.
5. “Have a nice day!” is a wonderful expression, _____ (remind) us, in effect, to enjoy the moment and to value this very day.
6. The dog, _____(train)properly, will be made a good watchdog.
7. _____(Steal) the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.
8. And there, almost _____(lose) in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet.
9. In January , 2004, the United States successfully launched “Spirit”, a Mars Exploration Rover, _____(mark) a new milestone in the history of mankind.
10. I’m examining the article he has just finished _____(correct) the possible mistakes in it.
11. _____(not make) full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week.
（三）翻译
1. 评论家有关影响市政建设因素的评论对的最终决策有很大的影响。（impact）
2.基于真实故事的小说往往更能感动人心。（base）
3. 商家制造的一年一度的消费节为老百姓提供了花小钱买高质商品的机会。(provide)
4. 面对越来越严重的恐怖袭击，许多国家决意联手铲除。（determine）
5. 站在山顶，极目远望，大自然的壮美让我们惊叹不己。（amaze)
6. 看到奶奶有些睡意，他拉上窗帘并把电视的音量调低了。(turn)
7. 近年来随着3D电影变得越来越流行，似乎3D电视也可能在不久的将来进入每个家庭。(with )
Keys
课堂练习
(一) CADDA ABBDD ABBAD ACDAB
(二) 填空
1.Adopting 2.causing 3.giving 4.Not knowing 5.Having been asked / asked
6.being asked 7.shutting 8.Not having finished 9.asked 10.being, hoping 11.to find 12.to write
(三) 翻译
1.Judging from his performance in the job interview, he is qualified for the post.
2.A traffic accident involving over ten vehicles occurred on the highway where you are standing.
3.Can you offer any explanation for this strange disease spreading among wild animals?
4.Finding the students sleepy in the afternoon, the teacher tried his best to arouse their interest.
5.Hearing the news that he was admitted to/into university, all the students present jumped with joy.
6.In my opinion, Chinese people seem to be better at handling money compared with the westerners.
7. Dressed in a long black-tailed coat, he appeared on the stage like a real conductor.
8. Established in the 1950s, our company enjoyed a good reputation for its quality products and after-sale service.
9. Hearing someone walking by/past the window deep at night, he covered himself with the quilt in fright.
10. Being left-handed is just the way of behavior that some people were born with, so we mustn’t look down on them.
课后作业
(一) 选择
1-5 CDDAC 6-10 BBADC 11-15 ABBAC 16-20 BBCDD 21-25 BDCAD 26-30 CADBB
(二)填空
1. Having been cleaned 2. Reminded 3. Left 4. aiming 5. reminding 6.trained 7. Having stolen 8. lost 9. marking 10. to correct 11. Not having made
(三) 翻译
1.The critics’ comment on the factors influencing the city construction have a great impact on the government’s final decision.
2.Novels based on real/true stories are more likely to touch readers.
3.The annual spending holiday produced by merchants provides common people with a chance to buy high-quality goods at low prices.
4.Faced with the more and more serious terrorist attacks, many countries have determined to unite together to eliminate terrorist organizations.
5.Standing at the top of the mountain and looking as far as the eyes can see, we are amazed at the magnificence of nature.
6.Seeing Grandma a little sleepy, he drew the curtains and turned the TV down.
7.With the 3D movies / films becoming more and more popular in recent years, it seems that 3D TV ( sets ) may go into / enter every household / home in the near future.下载本文
