in Middle School English Teaching
. Introduction
Culture, as the total pattern of human behavior and its products, oversteps geographical limits and historical conditions in many ways, and it is characterized by its strong penetrativeness, people of different cultural backgrounds apparently interact each other (Wang, 1999: 139). Especially after China’s accession to the WTO and the outside world power is strengthening in China, second language usage becomes increasingly extensive. Cross-cultural communication is particularly more important than before.
Language is an important carrier of culture, which is assumed have the task of cultural heritage continuation (Wang & Wu, 1994: ). What’s more, foreign language teaching is the key to cross-cultural communication, that means getting more teachers and students begin to realize that mere knowledge of languages and skills about culture has been far from meeting the requirements of social development, the “ability of cross-cultural communication ” is the ultimate goal of foreign language education.
To meet this demand of the situation development, English teaching should be made substantial adjustments. Among them, “cultural consciousness” plays its role as one of the five basic elements in current situation. How to train students in cultural consciousness, enhance cross-cultural communication ability of students, the new “English curriculum standards” set forth explicit requirements for teachers: teachers’ teaching should be based on cognitive features, gradually expand the scope of cultural knowledge (Fan & Jiang, 1997: 80). In the start-up phase, teachers should enable students to understand primary English national culture, the similarities and differences between Chinese and foreign cultures, students should be closely related to the daily life around them, cultivate their interests in learning English, and encourage them to improve the sensitivity of Chinese and foreign cultures and the ability to distinguish right from wrong, thereby enhancing cross-cultural communication ability.
. The Function of Cross-culture Consciousness in Middle School English Teaching
The function of cross-culture consciousness in English teaching is to make students aware of cultural knowledge, understand not only another country’s social norms, common rules of conduct, values and cultural structures of social positioning, but also the identifications of important facts in the culture and have the capacities to distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable culture by the cultural knowledge in intercultural communication or cross-cultural communication. In China, because of the limited English environment, most foreign languages learning happen just in school scene, the vast majority of learners rarely have the opportunity to target cultural community learning, work and life, and most teachers can only stay in the classrooms, their goal is just export the lifeless language point to students, especially in high school. However, in the new-standard-based teaching, the function of language teaching is to help students develop the intercultural communication skills, and interpersonal skills on the language forms of words the importation of cultural objectives can insert the language learning process (He, 2000: 267).
. The Problems in Middle School Cross-cultural Teaching
The middle school study period as a basic foundation of second language study play an importance role in further English study. That causes our special attention to high school students’ study. However, many problems exist in high school teaching affected English study.
3.1 English vocabularies and English grammars are emphasized
The current problems in high school English teaching is that they emphasize primarily teaching English vocabularies and English grammars, Most teachers focus on the sentences’ structures and grammars knowledge analysis, and neglect of cross-cultural interpersonal skills training (Yang, 2002: 118). Some teachers think the cross-cultural penetration is a waste of time, the time of a class is limited, if to talk about cultural knowledge in the classroom, they can not complete courses on time, and therefore affect the scores of students, the phenomenon most can be seen in high school class-room teaching.
3.2 Lack of speaking environment
Foreign language applications will inevitably involve different cultural practices, different world outlooks, and different ways of thinking, different political beliefs and religious beliefs. However, for a long time, the mother tongue always consciously or unconsciously involved, because our students live in the mother tongue country, and China is lack of the environment that everyone speak English. When come to the international communication, the United States people often do not understand our culture, Chinese either, that result in the actual cross-cultural communication in which students often have some “cultural errors” (Zhang, 2003: 94). Our teaching material do not pay attention to offer a humanistic content and sentences using, which even mislead our students, so they are still follow the incorrect material and writing or speaking “Chinglish”. In this sense, I think, maybe we can say the problems is not made by the students, but the society and educator should take more responsibility for the consequence.
In a word, the education method should be renewed, that means the “exam-oriented-education” should be replaced, otherwise the new method of teaching will not be a practical reformation.
. The Reasons for the Culture Unawareness
The cause of the mistakes made by Chinese students in cross-cultural communication involves both cultural and communicating knowledge. Only knowing different cultural features, and how to get a successful communicating with members of other cultures with sincerely “desire”, can our students farthest overcome cultural differences caused by different cultural barriers? Chinese high-school students’ mistakes in cross-cultural communication maybe result from following reasons.
4.1 Lack of knowledge and understanding of different cultural differences
English language and Chinese cultural differences often cause students make the same mistake. Firstly, the title in English and Chinese languages cultural differences exists. In informal occasion, Chinese and Westerners will directly call people names, to show the close relationship. Chinese think it is impolite to call stranger’s given name. Therefore, when Chinese people called directly called foreigners’ given names,the Chinese people will feel sorry for the people with feeling inadequate or immodest, but the fact is different. Secondly, the greetings cause cultural differences between the two which we will explore in next section.
Holding the Chinese way of thinking, transplant it to the English expression, commonly known as “Chinglish” equate to neglected cultural differences. As a member of cultural observers, another culture, he often used own culture model to judge and interpret the observed phenomena. When the two cultures conflict with each other, these students are apt to use native model to understand “Greek” culture, thought and expression.
For example, English words are often used in the greetings “Hi/Hello!”“How are you? Good morning! Good afternoon! Good evening (Good night!)” above in the Chinese language greetings is rarely used, and we Chinese people in the party, commonly used are: “Have you eaten?” (Scollon, 2000: 285)
This is the Chinese people’s common greetings. In fact, do not really want to know the experience of the others’ meals. However, in English, the language is not in such greetings, and invites each other to express the meaning of a piece of dining.
Another common Chinese language is “where are you going”? It is not really want to know who regards to where to go or anything. If asking Westerners in this way, they are often unhappy, and will consider such issues in their affair. Instead, they talked about the weather. Therefore, if you do not understand cultural differences in the West, there will be many misunderstandings. Conscientiously study and the correct use of English greetings differences are particularly important.
Moreover, the West cross-cultural communication is usually the way through conversation. “Teacher” is the title phrase that can not be used. Chinese people often greet their teachers “Good morning, teacher”. In fact, it is incorrect, in English language, “teacher” can not be used as a title, they usually use “Mr. or Miss.” in the class.
4.2 Lack of real language environment.
As everyone has realized, English is not our first language, the language is restricted to the classroom practice and presentation, due to the lack of practical language environment. Because of the traditional teaching methods-Law tradition impact on my classroom teaching as a “spoon-fed” education, classroom teachers become the “voice” of teachers reading of prepared statements, the students learn only blind, passively language information as an international language, English should be dynamic and colorful. Not only just in its grammar and fixed sentence, but also in the setting of a good topic for students to create the atmosphere of learning English, students won’t feel learning English is tasteless, lose interest in learning English. In this way, students communicate with teachers and class-mates more than before, which can improve their spoken English and correct their mistakes (Hu, 2005:72-73).
4.3 Lack of the horizon of worldwide
Most teachers themselves are lack of the horizon of worldwide, they are accustomed to the old teaching method of mechanical information export, they haven’t realized in current situation they should improve themselves to catch on with the modern society and meet the need of students, which can make the students lose more interest in English study.
. How to Cultivate Students’ Cross-culture Consciousness
Teaching English is also teaching English culture. The importance of teaching culture has been discussed a lot and widely recognized. Now how to cultivate students’ consciousness in middle school English teaching is also a problem all English teachers confront. I suggest the following approaches.
5.1 Give appropriate role-play chance and reasonable activities
Give appropriate role-play chance, reasonable and orderly extracurricular activities are the main supplement of classroom teaching; it can help students develop interpersonal skills. But interpersonal skills not only language and cultural ability to involve in, but also a lot of practice, teachers should guide them to comprehend the specific characteristics and the role in speech communication, use the correct language; they have to discuss with their partner and try to wear proper clothes ,speak in unique talking tone, so the repeated rehearsals in the theatre environment is vital to understand the life ways of foreigners; the design of scene should express the role’s thoughts and philosophy, the students will fell foreign cultural atmosphere outside the real exotic cultural life. Through the teaching activities, we can help students gradually increase cultural background and interest in interpersonal awareness and capacity. Substantial research experiments indicate that the internal learning process (knowledge internalization) is a decisive role in the learning process (Huang, 2004: 9). Therefore, learners in the absence of timely communication, internalization of the community and cultural knowledge, their social and cultural capabilities as well as the whole interpersonal skills are still unable to be further improved, for which we need to improve classroom teaching, especially in Chinese high school, make sure a large number of students can involved in extracurricular English communication activities, such as watch video, listen to English radio, listening to reports, notes, associate with foreigners.
5.2 Comparisons and contrast
When we carry on the language knowledge teaching, culture should be put into it. Teachers may summarize some vocabularies and idioms which have cultural connotation. And use direct explanation method and comparative method to show students the difference between Chinese and English. Therefore, teachers should make comparisons and contrast between cultures, which may help students to understand foreign culture and their native culture on the basis of previous experience and new knowledge (Liu, 2004: 23). Only by comparison and contrast can one distinguishing acceptable culture from unacceptable culture, thus preventing students from accepting the target culture uncritically.
5.3 Audio-visual Approach
The audio-visual approach means to guide students to experience the cultural content of English-speaking countries by the use of various audio-visual aids, such as pictures, tapes, videos, computers, newspapers, magazines and so on. For instance, when teaching Disneyland in Unit 1 in SEFC Students’ Book 2A, teachers can show students some pictures of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck to arouse students’ curiosity. When teaching Christmas Day, Thanksgiving Day or Body Language films and TVs can be shown to help students to understand the cultural behaviors of Westerners: what they eat; what they wear; what houses they live in; how they make friends; what traditional activities they have on their important festivals.
5.4 Communicative activities
The teachers can guide students to organize English corners, English party, English Sharon and so on. These activities can provide students with the opportunity to communicate in English. So the students can experience the western culture to a great extent, which is good for them to improve their intercultural awareness and obtain the intercultural competence.
5.5 Improve the teaching materials
The teaching materials should be improved, taking the culture difference into account, let our teaching text to be a real presentation of different cultures. With the advance of new standard, we can see the series book of NSE give us a new idea of illumining students, which aim to cultivate the student’s ability freely. May be it is the first step to cast off exam-oriented-education.
.Conclusion
On the whole, the relationship between language and culture determines the importance of culture teaching. With the increase of exchange between China and Western countries resulting from the reform and opening up program, people have come to realize that due to the lack of profound knowledge of the Western culture, “cultural shock” will appear when Chinese people communicate with Westerners (Scollon, 2000: 81). Culture plays a very important role in English teaching. Thus it is required to foster students’ intercultural awareness and improve their cultural understanding competence. What’s more, the intercultural communicative ability must be developed at an early age. Middle school is the beginning of English learning ,therefore, English teachers should try their best to increase students’ cultural awareness, so that they will notice the differences when exposed to the target language and culture, besides, they will be able to find out for themselves what to say or do and what not to say or do. Filtering cultural teaching into English teaching can bring about new spirit to middle school English teaching, and it can also promote the quality education.
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Acknowledgements
First of all, I owe my earnest gratitude to my tutor, Ms. Geng for her insightful lectures, unstinting criticisms and valuable guidance. And I should express my thanks to her for being critical and demanding and yet caring and supportive, which therefore helps broaden and enrich my knowledge in the course of academic paper writing.
Secondly, special thanks will also go to the other teachers at the Department of English who taught me during my fours years of college life.
Last but not the least, I am indebted to all my friends and classmates who constantly offer their concern, expectation and suggestion to me.下载本文