2021海淀高三一模

C

The philosopher Martin Buber, is most known for his work on "I-Thou/You” relationships in which people: are open, direct, mutually interested in each other. In contrast, “I-It” relationships are those in which we use the other, like an object, to solve our problems and fulfill our needs and purposes.

It is not our fault that many of our relationships are or become “It” relationships because most of what we feel, think and do is motivated by unconscious memories of how to survive the environment into which we were born. Thus, one of the reasons we use other people to help us feel better about ourselves and cope in the world is that using people was once necessary and it worked. When we were small and helpless, “It” came and fed us, and held us, and set us on our way. We didn't have to reciprocate and care for “It”. Even when the care and attention of “It” was minimal or unpredictable, if we got out of childhood alive, somewhere along the way“It”was involved.

Freud called this stage of early life "primary narcissism"，which is our instinct (本能) for self-preservation and is a normal pay of our development. While most of us grow out of it, we still hold a survival fear. which motivates to escape danger and to stay alive, and we all need this fear in healthy measure.

The problem is that too many of us much or the time, are in a constant state threat-and we often don’t know it. We imagine people are talking about us behind our backs, that we have cancer, that we are inadequate, and vulnerable to more than our share of bad luck. As our brain have grown in size and complexity. so has our ability to scare ourselves.

This causes many problems, For example, our stress levels increase, our digestion is impaired and our thinking becomes restricted. Our threat response stops any bodily function, feeling, thought and behavior that might “waste” energy and detract from fighting or escaping danger. Thus, when in threat, our emotional, cognitive and behavioral range is significantly reduced.

And in this reduced state, one of our solutions is to find someone who can save and comfort us. Instead of enabling us to be open, direct and mutual, fear and anxiety lead us towardsconversations and choices in our relations with others that are orientated towards surviving not thriving (茁壮成长). Threat-motivated relationships are characterized by need, dependency, control, demand, dishonesty, and self- interest.

We cannot form the “I-Thou” relationships that Buber speaks of until we have learned to notice, comfort, and understand the emotions and patterns of our threat brain. When in threat, we tend to use other people as objects who can save and protect us, or who we can blame for our problems.

27. What does the underlined word “reciprocate” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?

A. Return the favour.

B. Ask for some advice.

C. Convey an apology.

D. Make some comments.

28. What can we learn about “primary narcissism”?

A. It leads to our survival fear.

B. It is normal and usually temporary.

C. It impacts our growth negatively.

D. It lays the foundation for Freud's theory.

29. Which of the following could be an example of “I-It” relationships?

A. Comforting an upset friend.

B. Feeling sorry for your mistakes

C. Trying hard to be independent.

D. Asking others to take on your task.

30. What would be the best tile for this passage?

A. How We Can Form the “I-Thou” Relationships

B. How We Can Get Out of the“I-1t” Relationships

C. Why We Teat Others as Objects Rather Than Individuals

D. What Helps Us Survive and Thrive in Early Stages of Life

2021朝阳高三一模C

The Land Under the Sea

Ten thousand years ago, as the last ice age ended, sea levels around the world were far lower than they are today. Much of the land under both the North Sea to the east of Britain and the English Channel which now separates France and Britain was part of a huge region of forests andgrassy plains. Then the climate gradually became warmer and the water trapped in large masses of ice was released.

Now the development of advanced sonar (声纳) technology, known as bathymetry, is making it possible to study this flooded landscape in extraordinary detail. A special echo (回声) sounder is fixed to the bottom of a survey ship and it makes wide sweeps across the seabed. While previous technology has only been able to produce two-dimensional images, bathymetry can now use computers, satellite-positioning equipment and special software to create accurate and remarkably detailed maps. For the first time, an ancient riverbed jumps out of the three-dimensional image. The site of pre-historic settlements can now be pinpointed.

According to expert Linda Andrews, this technological development is of huge significance. “We now have the ability to map the seabed as accurately as we can map dry land,” she says.

Once bathymetric techniques have identified sites where people might have built their homes and villages, divers can be sent down to investigate further. Robot submarines (潜艇) can also be used, and researchers hope they will find stone tools and wood from houses as proof of human activity. The idea shared by many people in Britain of their country as a natural island kingdom will be challenged by the findings: Britain has been inhabited for about 500,000 years and much of this time it has been linked on and off to continental Europe. It remains to be seen how far this new awareness is taken on board, however.

In fact, the use of bathymetry will not be limited to the study of lost landscapes and ancient settlements. It will also be vital in finding ships that have been destroyed in accidents. In addition, commercial applications are a real possibility. Aggregates (骨材) for the construction industry are becoming increasingly expensive, and bathymetry can be used to identify suitable sites for digging for this material. Mapping the seabed will also identify places where rare plants and shellfish are living. Digging at such sites should be prevented, either to work for a profit or to make deeper waterways for massive container ships.

27. How does bathymetry work?

A. It has an echo sounder placed on the seabed.

B. It makes use of a number of different

devices.C. It produces two-dimensional images of the sea floor.

D. It bases its calculations on the

location of construction sites.

28. What does the underlined word “pinpointed” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?

A. Occupied.

B. Adjusted.

C. Rebuilt.

D. Discovered.

29. The author believes a better understanding of the settlements on the seabed may ______.

A. attract investment in the research under the sea

B. inspire people to take an interest in

modern technology

C. adapt the attitudes of the British to their country’s history

D. receive confirmation of rebuilding ancient man-made objects

30. We can learn that the use of bathymetry will help to ______.

A. identify new species of plants and animals

B. provide the precise location of sunken

ships

C. evaluate the cost of seeking certain resources

D. promote the development of deeper

waterways

2021丰台高三一模

C

Just because a scientist puts a GPS tracking collar on a wild polar bear does not mean the animal will willingly keep it on. They can remove it, if one becomes annoying. But scientists have now found a way of using signals from those dropped collars to track the ice itself.

The scientists identified 20 collars that transmitted movement data consistent with ice

drift( 漂流) rather than polar bear motion between 2005 and 2015. The resulting records of how melting ice drifts in Hudson Bay are unique; there are no easily accessible on-the-ground sensors, and satellite observations often cannot accurately capture the motion of small ice sheets.

The team compared the removed collars' movements to widely used ice- drift modeling data from the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center(NSIDC). Collar data indicated that the NSIDC model underestimates the speed at which ice moves around in Hudson Bay- as well as the overall extent of drift. Over the course of several months the model could diverge(偏离) from an icesheet's location by a few hundred kilometers, the scientists say.

This means the bears may be working harder, when moving against the direction of the ice, than scientists had assumed, “Since we' re underestimating the speed of drift, were likely underestimating the energetic effort of polar bears," says Ron Togunov, who led the study.

The study reveals timely insight into how highly mobile ice moves. As melting increases in coming years, such ice will likely become more common farther north, in the central Arctic, says Andy Mahoney, a geophysicist at the University of Alaska, who was not involved in the study. Scientists had known NSIDC data could underestimate drift speeds, Mahoney says, but “any time we can find a data gap and plug it is a good thing.”

Plus, such data could improve predictions about how oil spills or other pollutants may spread in seas littered with drifting ice, says Walt Meier, a senior NSIDC research scientist. The findings may even influence future NSIDC models, “It’s a really nice data set," Meier says. “And certainly one we'll take under consideration.”

28. What can a GPS tracking collar do?

A. Measure the depth of ice sheet.

B. Capture the movement of ice.

C. Describe the melting speed of ice.

D. Record the emotional state of bears.

29. What can we learn about the collar data?

A. It shows the ice moves more slowly from its original location.

B. It may reveal polar bears are not so energetic as before.

C. It indicates the ice is more likely to move south in the central Arctic.

D. It can help predict the location of some pollutants in seas.

30. Which would be the best title for this passage?

A. Data Tells a Different Story

B. Wild Polar Bears' Signaling

C. Insights into a Puzzling Aspect

D. Ice Is Taken under Consideration

2021石景山一模

CWhat is a port city?

The port city provides a rich understanding of the movement of people and goods around the world. We understand a port as a centre of island-sea exchange and a major force for cultural mixing.

➢Ports and harbours

Harbor is a physical concept, a shelter for ships; Port is an economic concept, a centre of land-sea exchange which demands goods for export and import. Some ports were developed from poor harbours which were improved with breakwaters(防水堤) and dredging(清淤). Madras and Colombo are examples of harbours expensively improved by enlarging, dredging and building breakwaters.

➢________________________

Port cities become industrial, financial and service centres and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which draws to it railways, highways and air routes. Water transport means cheap access, the chief basis of all port cities. Many of the world’s biggest cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Tokyo and San Francisco began as ports-that is, with land-sea exchange as their major function. Although their port functions are no longer dominant now, they remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that difference.

➢International city and trade

Port functions, more than anything else, can make a city more international. A port is open to the world. In it races, cultures, as well as goods from a variety of places, mix and enrich each other and the life of the city. But much domestic port trade has not been recorded. What evidence we have suggests that domestic trade was greater at all periods than foreign trade. Shanghai, for example, did most of its trade with other Chinese ports and inland cities, Calcutta traded mainly

with other parts of India and so on.

➢Position of port city centre

Cities which began as ports keep the chief commercial and administrative centre of the city close to the waterfront. The centre of New York is in lower Manhattan between two river mouths, the city of London is on the Thames, Shanghai along the Bund. This is also true of Boston, Bombay, Madras, Bangkok and Singapore, where the commercial, financial, and administrative centres are still grouped around their harbours even though each city has expanded into a big one. Even a casual visitor cannot mistake them as anything but port cities.

28. Which port city is changed from a harbour by improving the facilities?

A. Singapore.

B. Bangkok.

C. New York.

D. Madras.

29.Which would be the best heading for Paragraph 2?

A. Good ports, huge profit centres

B. Once a port city, always a port city

C. Water transport, basis of port cities

D. Port functions, a feature of big cities

30. What can we learn about port cities?

A. They have water connections.

B. They don’t trade with inland cities.

C. They are easily mistaken for harbours.

D. They moved their chief centres away from

waterfront.

2021东城高三一模

C

Vaccines(疫苗) may soon make their first film appearance. Led by expert Maria A. Croyle, researchers have developed a thin sheet that preserves vaccines for long periods without refrigeration. This means the carefully cooled small bottles now used to ship vaccines could potentially be replaced by lightweight films that can be mailed in an envelope and stored on a shelf.

Croyle’s laboratory began developing the technology in 2007. Inspired by amber’s ability to preserve the DNA of insects, the researchers set out to create their own version of the substance by mixing “a lot of sugar and a little bit of salt, much like hard candy,” Croyle explains. Thevaccine-containing film is administered by mouth—sweet news for many who dislike needles.

The film is tailored to suit each specific vaccine candidate and provide a protective coating. “We’ve learned over time that the key to really stabilizing whatever the film holds is to have it intermixed with all the components,” Croyle says, adding that the process is quick and uses affordable, standard equipment. “We really wanted to come up with something that would be transferable to developing countries.”

Immunization(免疫) programs depend heavily on keeping vaccines cold(2℃-8℃) as they are transported, sometimes over thousands of kilometers to far-away locations. Delivery can be difficult and costly, and transport disruptions can cause the vaccines to be ineffective.

But this new product can store live viruses, bacteria and antibodies for several months at 20℃. In a paper published in Science Advances, the scientists show that the live viruses in one vaccine were preserved in the film even after 36 months. They also find that a flu vaccine suspended in their film compares favourably with a traditional flu shot(流感预防针). “The study demonstrates early proof of concept for an exciting platform for vaccine product development,” says Lisa Rohan, a pharmacologist, who was not involved in the study. She also notes that each vaccine type would need a custom formulation(配方) for future stages of development.

Finding partners to mass-produce for clinical trials is the researchers’ most pressing problem, Croyle says. They are also exploring packaging methods to keep their films stable up to 40℃.

Size is a major advantage—a letter-sized sheet of the film can carry more than 500 doses(剂) of vaccine, about 1⁄900 the weight of the same amount of traditional doses. By making it easier and cheaper to ship and preserve vaccines efficiently, Croyle says, the technology could vastly improve immunization rates the world over, particularly in middle- to low- income countries.

27. What can we learn about the film?

A. It contains animal’s DNA.

B. It will replace vaccines.

C. It comes in different flavours.

D. It can hold bio-products.

28. According to Paragraph 3, we can learn about the film’s ______.

A. key component

B. development scheduleC. possible advantages

D. transportation requirements

29.The author mentions Lisa Rohan’s words to ______.

A. advise personalizing vaccines

B. suggest the product is promising

C. prove the study is supported widely

D. stress the functions of a new platform

30. What will be the next urgent task for Croyle’s team?

A. Advertising the film worldwide.

B. Improving the film’s capacity.

C. Reducing the shipping cost.

D. Seeking ideal manufacturers.

2021西城高三一模

C

Humans’ overconsumption of resources is a leading contributor to global climate change, says University of Arizona researcher Sabrina Helm. Therefore, it’s increasingly important to understand the choices consumers make and how those decisions affect the health of a planet with limited resources. In a new study, published in the journal Young Consumers, Helm and her colleagues explore how materialistic values influence pro-environmental behaviors in millennials, who are now the nation’s most influential group of consumers.

The researchers focused on two main categories of pro-environmental behaviors: reduced consumption, which includes actions like repairing instead of replacing older items; and “green buying,” or purchasing products designed to limit environmental impacts. The researchers also looked at how engaging in pro-environmental behaviors affects consumer well-being.

More materialistic participants, the researchers found, were unlikely to engage in reduced consumption. However, materialism did not seem to have an effect on their likelihood of practicing “green buying.” That’s probably because “green buying,” unlike reduced consumption, still offers a way for materialists to fulfill their desire to get new items, Helm said.

Study participants who reported having fewer materialistic values were much more likely to engage in reduced consumption. Consuming less was, in turn, linked to higher personal well-being and lower psychological suffering. Green buying—which may have some positive environmental effects, although to a smaller degree than reduced consumption—was not found to improveconsumer well-being, Helm said.

The take-home message for consumers: “The key is to reduce consumption and not just buy green stuff. Having less and buying less can actually make us more satisfied and happier,” Helm said. “If you have a lot of stuff, you have a lot on your mind,” she said. “For example, it requires maintenance and there’s a lot of burdens of ownership, and if you relieve yourself of that burden of ownership, most people report feeling a lot better and freer.”

Helm and her colleagues additionally looked at how materialism affects millennial consumers’ proactive financial behaviors, such as budgeting and saving. Examining financial behaviors alongside pro-environmental behaviors provides a picture of how young adults proactively deal with resource limitations in two contexts: environmental and financial, Helm said.

As expected, Helm and her colleagues found that those who reported having more materialistic values engaged in fewer proactive financial behaviors than their less materialistic counterparts (对应的人). The researchers also found that, consistent with previous studies, proactive financial behaviors were associated with better personal well-being, life satisfaction and financial satisfaction, as well as lower psychological suffering.

Understanding how materialistic values impact consumer behaviors, and how those behaviors in turn affect personal and environmental well-being, is important, Helm said. However, she acknowledges that for many consumers, shifting behaviors to be more financially proactive and consume less will be challenging.

27. What do we know about pro-environmental behaviors?

A. They are a cause of climate change.

B. They lead to a more satisfying life.

C. They vary in different age groups.

D. They are affected by materialism.

28. It can be learned from Helm’s study that .

A. ownership of green products brings a sense of happiness

B. materialists prefer practicing green buying to buying less

C. green buying helps control people’s desire to buy new items

D. buying less and green buying have similar effects on people29. According to the study, which of the following can improve one’s well-being?

A. Replacing older items.

B. Developing new resources.

C. Buying greener products.

D. Being careful with expenses.

30. What is Helm probably going to explain in the next paragraph?

A. When people develop proactive financial behaviors.

B. Which financial behaviors lead to mental well-being.

C. Why it is hard to change people’s financial behaviors.

D. How materialistic values influence financial behaviors.

2021海淀高三一模27. A 28. B 29. D 30. C

2021朝阳高三一模27．B28．D29．C30．B 2021丰台高三一模28-30 B D A

2021石景山高三一模28．D29．B30．A

2021东城高三一模27．D28．C29．B30．D

2021西城高三一模27．D28．B29．D30．C下载本文