颐和园主景区由万寿山、昆明湖组成,全园占地2.9平方公里,水面约占四分之三。园内现存各式宫殿、园林古建7万平方米,并以珍贵的文物藏品闻名于世,是第一批全国重点文物保护单位。
颐和园前身为清漪园,始建于清朝乾隆十五年(1750),咸丰十年(1860)被英法联军烧毁。光绪十二年(1886),清廷挪用海军经费等款项开始重建,并于两年后取用今名,作为慈禧太后的颐养之所。一九零零年又遭八国联军破坏,一九零二年修复。中华人民共和国成立后,几经修缮,颐和园陆续复建了四大部洲、苏州街、景明楼、澹宁堂、文昌院、耕织图等重要景区。
颐和园集传统造园艺术之大成,借景周围的山水环境,既有皇家园林恢弘富丽的气势,又充满了自然之趣,高度体现了中国园林“虽由人作,宛自天开”的造园准则。一九九八年十二月,颐和园被联合国教科文组织列入《世界遗产名录》,并予以如下评价:1)北京的颐和园是对中国风景园林造园艺术的一种杰出的展现,将人造景观与大自然和谐地融为一体;2)颐和园是中国的造园思想和实践的集中体现,而这种思想和实践对整个东方园林艺术文化形式的发展起了关键性的作用;3)以颐和园为代表的中国皇家园林是世界几大文明之一的有力象征。
The Summer Palace in Brief
The Summer Palace, dominated mainly by Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake, covers an area of 2.9 square kilometers, three quarters of which is under water. Its 70,000 square meters of building space features a variety of palaces, gardens and other ancient-style architectural structures. Well known for its large and priceless collection of cultural relics, it was among the first group of historical and cultural heritage sites in China to be placed under special state protection.
The Summer Palace, originally named Qingyi Yuan or the Garden of Clear Ripples, was first constructed in 1750. It was razed to the ground by the Anglo-French Allied Forces in 1860. The Government of the Qing Dynasty started to rebuild it in 1886 with funds that it had misappropriated from the Imperial Navy and other sources. Renamed two years later as Yihe Yuan or the Garden of Health and Harmony, it was supposed to serve as a summer resort for the Empress Dowager Cixi. Known also as the Summer Palace, it was ravaged by the Allied Forces of the Eight Powers that invaded China in 1900. The damage was repaired in 1902. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Summer Palace has undergone several major renovations. Its major attractions such as the Four Great Regions, Suzhou Street, the Pavilion of Bright Scenery, the Hall of Serenity, the Wenchang Galleries and the Plowing and Weaving Scenery Area have been successively restored.
The Summer Palace is a monument to classical Chinese architecture, in terms of both garden design and construction. Borrowing scenes from surrounding landscapes, it radiates not only the grandeur of an imperial garden but also the beauty of nature in a seamless combination that best illustrates the guiding principle of traditional Chinese garden design: “The works of men should match the works of Heaven”. In December 1998, UNESCO included the Summer Palace on its World Heritage List with the following comments: 1) The Summer Palace in Beijing is an outstanding expression of the creative art of Chinese landscape garden design, incorporating the works of humankind and nature in a harmonious whole; 2) The Summer Palace epitomizes the philosophy and practice of Chinese garden design, which played a key role in the development of this cultural form throughout the east; 3) The imperial Chinese garden, illustrated by the Summer Palace, is a potent symbol of one of the major world civilizations.
苏州街
原称买卖街,乾隆时仿江南水乡而建,是专供清代帝后逛市游览的的一条水街,一八六零被英法联军焚毁,一九九零年在遗址上复建。街全长三百余米,以水当街,以岸作市,沿岸设有茶馆、酒楼、药房、钱庄、帽店、手饰铺、点心铺等六十多个铺面,集中展现了十八世纪中国江南的商业文化氛围。
Suzhou Jie (Suzhou Street)
Originally called Merchants Street, it was built in the style of South China towns during Emperor Qianlong’s reign (1736-1795). It was a street where emperors and empresses could pretend to go shopping as ordinary people and it was burned to the ground by the Anglo-French Allied Forces in 1860 and restored in 1990. The 300-meter street is built over water with shops and stands on the bank. More than 60 businesses, including a teahouse, a restaurant, a pharmacy, a bank, a hat store, a jewelry store and a grocery store, operate on the bank, presenting a concentrated illustration of the commercialism in South China towns in the 18th century.
德和园
兴建于清光绪十七年(11),历时五年建成,是专供慈禧太后看戏的地方。园内的三层戏台是中国规模最大、保存最完好的木结构古戏台,其建筑设计精巧、气势宏伟,极富科学和艺术价值;清代著名京剧表演艺术家杨小楼,谭鑫培等都曾在此为慈禧太后献艺,被誉为“京剧的摇篮”;慈禧太后也曾赏赐一些王公大臣在此看戏。游客在园中可以直观地感受慈禧当年看戏的场景,并可目睹到大量珍贵的帝后生活用品及外国馈赠清室的礼物。
Garden of Virtue and Harmony (Dehe Yuan)
This garden was built as a theater for the Empress Dowager. Its construction began in the 17th year of Emperor Guangxu’s reign (11) and lasted for five years. The three-storey theater stage is the biggest and best-preserved wooden stage of delicate design and magnificent structure, and is therefore of much scientific and artistic value. Famous Beijing Opera actors of the Qing Dynasty such as Yang Xiaolou and Tan Xinpei would come here to perform for the Empress Dowager and the stage was regarded as the“Cradle of Beijing Opera”. The Empress Dowager also granted special permission for some of the princes, dukes and cabinet ministers to watch Beijing opera here.
Visitors can imagine the scene when the Empress Dowager watched opera in this garden. A large number of precious articles used by emperors and empresses, as well as some of the gifts presented to the Qing court by foreign states, are on display here
长廊
始建于乾隆十五年(1750),后被英法联军烧毁,光绪十二年(1886)重建。长廊东起邀月门,西至石丈亭,共二百七十三间,全长七百二十八米,枋梁上还绘有人物、山水、花鸟等各种彩画八千多幅,是中国古典园林中最长的游廊。长廊中间建有留佳、寄澜、秋水、清遥四座八角重檐的亭子,依山临水,以排云殿为中心,向东西两边对称地展开,将分布在万寿山前的建筑连成一气。
Long Corridor (Chang Lang)
The Long Corridor was originally built in the 15th year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign (1750) and then rebuilt in the 12th year of Emperor Guangxu’s reign (1886) because the Anglo-French Allied Forces burned it down in 1860. It starts from Inviting the Moon Gate in the east and ends at Shizhang Pavilion in the west, covering a distance of 728 meters with its 273 sections. Of all the corridors in Chinese classical gardens, the Long Corridor is the longest. On the beams are more than 8,000 colorful paintings depicting stories from Chinese classical novels, folk tales, landscapes as well as flora and fauna. Four pavilions,“Mesmerizing Scenery”,“Harmonizing with the Lake”,“Autumn Water”and“Clear and Carefree”, with octahedral structures and double eaves, were built intermittently along the corridor. Taking the Hall that Dispels the Clouds as the center, the Long Corridor stretches symmetrically to the east and the west along the foot of the hill and the water bank, linking all the structures scattered along the Longevity Hill side into a whole.下载本文