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高中物理基本公式
2025-10-03 14:22:10 责编:小OO
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高中物理基本公式表

静力学:

  1.重力                                                                G=mg

  2.弹簧力 胡克定律及其变形式                                 F=kx,

  3.物体受共点力平衡条件                         合力为零(,)

  4.滑动摩擦力                                                        

     静摩擦力                                                  

  5.浮力                                                           

  6.密度                                           ,,

  7.力矩                                                            

  8.两个力的合力                                 

                                                         

运动学:

  1.匀速直线运动                                       ,,

  2.匀变速直线运动

    (1)基本公式:

基本公式初速为零自由落体上抛运动
Vt=V0+at

Vt=at

V=gtVt=V0-gt

S=V0t+at2

S=at2     

h==gt2   

h=V0t-gt2

Vt2-V02=2aS

Vt2=2aS

V2=2gh

Vt2-V02=-2gh

   (2)初速为零,时间等分: 

        nT时的即时速度                                     v1:v2:v3=1:2:3 

        nT时的总位移                                      S1:S2:S3 =1:4:9

        第nT内的位移                                 S第1:S第2:S第3=1:3:5

        加速度求法                                   , 即  S2-S1=aT2

   (3)初速为零,位移等分:

         运动nS时的时刻                                 t1:t2:t3=1::

        运动nS时的即时速度                            V1:V2:V3=1::

        通过第n个S的时间                     

   (4)平均速度                                  

   (5)中间位置的即时速度                                  

  2.自由落体:                                    ,, 

     下落时间,落地速度                                   ,                                                                                                                                                                                                

  3.上抛运动                       ,,

     上升时间,飞行时间                                    t上=t下= ,   

          上升最大高度:                                                

  4.平抛运动

        水平方向:                                          ,    X=V0t

        竖直方向:                                ,   h=gt2  ,  

        合运动:                                  ,

运动定律

  1.牛顿运动定律                                ,动力-阻力=ma

  2.系统法                                            动力-阻力=总质量×加速度

圆周运动  万有引力

  1.V?    T?   f?                                       ,

                                                  ,   

  2.向心加速度公式:                             

  3.向心力公式                          

  4.万有引力定律                                 F=G  G=6.67×10-11

  5.涉及引力的计算模式:                                          引力==向心力

  6.人造卫星的线速度和周期                                 ,

  7.第一宇宙速度                                          ,

机械能

1.功                                                                

2.恒力功                                                         W=FSCos

  3.平均功率                                                      

  4.瞬时功率                              ,力与速度同向时 Pt=FtVt

  5.动能                                                   Ek==mV2,  Ek=

重力势能                                              Ep=mgh,

弹簧的弹性势能                                                 

     机械能                                             动能+弹性势能+重力势能

  6.动能定理:                                           W外= mv22—mv12

  7.机械能守恒定律:                             条件: 只有重力和系统内弹力做功

                                                      mgh1+mv12==mgh2+mv2 

  8.功能原理:              外力和“其它”内力做功的代数和等于系统机械能的增量

  9.功能关系:  摩擦力乘以相对滑动的路程等于系统失去的机械能,等于摩擦产生的热

 

振动和波

  1.简谐振动的回复力                                                  F=-kx

  2.单摆振动周期                                                 

  3.弹簧振子周期                                                  

  4.波长                                                         

  5.波速                                                         

热和功

  1.油膜法测量分子直径                                                

  2.分子的质量                                                       

  3.摩尔体积                                                          

4.分子所占的体积                                                    

  5.分子的直径,固液分子距离                            

  6.热力学第一定律                                               

  7.没有物态变化时的吸、放热量                                       

静电学

  1.库仑定律:                                                    

  2.电场强度:  定义式                                                       

      点电荷电场场强                                                  

       匀强电场场强                                                     

  3.电势,电势能                                        ,

  4.电场力的功                                                       W=qUab

  5.粒子通过加速电场                                              

  6.粒子通过偏转电场的偏转量                    

     粒子通过偏转电场的偏转角                                

  7.电容器的电容                                                       

    电容器的带电量                                                      Q=cU

    平行板电容器的电容                                               

恒定电流

  1.欧姆定律                                           U=IR  

  2.电阻定律                                                         

  3.电功率                                        P=UI  纯电阻  

  4.电功                                     W=Pt=UIt  纯电阻 

  5.焦耳定律                                                      

  6.串联电路总电阻                                                R=R1+R2+R3

                     电压分配                                    ,

             功率分配                                    , 

  7.并联电路总电阻                                 

     并联电路电流分配                                      ,I1=

     并联电路功率分配                                     ,

  8.全电路欧姆定律                                      ,

  9.路端电压                                             U=E-Ir    

  10.电源的效率                                               

  11.电源总功率                                                          P总=IE

     电源输出功率                                           

     电源内电路消耗功率                                                  P内=I2r

     电源输出功率最大的条件                                               R=r

  12.串联电池组:                                            ,

      并联电池组:                                               ,

磁场:

  1.安培力                                                     垂直时  F=BIL   

  2.罗仑兹力                                                 垂直时   f=qvB

  3.粒子在磁场中圆运动基本关系式                                  

粒子在磁场中圆运动半径和周期                            ,

  4.磁通量                              =BS有效(垂直于磁场方向的投影是有效面积)

  5.磁力矩                            M=nBIS有奖 (平行于磁场方向的投影是有效面积)

电磁感应

  1.直导线切割磁力线产生的电动势                                   

  2.法拉第电磁感应定律                                      =

  3.直杆平动垂直切割磁场时的安培力                                  

  4.转杆电动势公式:                                               

  5.感生电量(通过导线横截面的电量):                                  

  6.自感电动势:                                                     

交流电

  1.中性面                                                      m=BS , e=0

  2.电动势最大值                                          ,

  3.正弦交流电流的瞬时值                                           i=ImSin

  4.正弦交流电有效值                                     最大值等于有效值的倍

  5.变压器                                                 ,

  6.感抗                                               

   7.容抗                                               下载本文

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