课堂笔记
1、Your friend comes to school very upset.
你的朋友来上学时心情很不好。
upset既可以作动词又可以作形容词，在此处是形容词，作补语，用来补充形容主语your friend来学校时的心情。
①The farmer came back home tired and hungry.
那个农民回家时又累又饿。
tired and hungry 修饰主语 the farmer
②Don't marry young. 不要早婚。
young 补充修饰省去的主语 you
③Who has left the door open? 谁把门敞开的？
open 是形容词，补充修饰宾语 the door
④I can't drink it hot. 这东西热的我不能喝。
hot 作补语，修饰宾语 it
2、You will tell your friend that you are concerned about him/her but you have to go to class.
你会告诉你的朋友你很关心他（或她），但是你得去上课。
be concerned about 为……担心；关心；关注。
①The family are all concerned about her safety.
（be concerned about = be worried about）
全家人对她的安全十分担心。
②Why is she so concerned about the game?
（be concerned about = be interested in）
她为什么对这场比赛这么关注（重视）？
3、She said,“I don't want to set down a series of facts in a diary like most people
do， but I want this diary itself to be my friend，and I shall call my friend
Kitty”
她说，“我不愿意像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账，我要把这本日记当作我的朋友，我要把这个朋友称作基蒂。”
set down 放下 = put down
set down 记下 = write down = take down = put down
①He entered the house, set down his heavy bag, and asked for some water to drink.
他进了屋子，放下沉重的口袋，向人要点水喝。
②He spoke too fast and I couldn't set down what he said.
他讲得很快，我记不下来他所讲的内容。
4、I wonder if it's because I haven't been able to be outdoors for so long that
I've grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.
我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无
比狂热。
此处的it's because ... that ... 是强调句型，意为“因为……所以……”
①It was because he was late again that his teacher scolded him.
因为他再次迟到，所以老师责备了他。
②It's all because he studies hard that he does well in every subject.
完全是因为他学习努力，所以他各门功课成绩优秀。
在it is 之后表原因的从句中，because不能由since和as替换。
Why isn't Jane speaking to me these days?
简这几天为什么不理我？
It was because you spoke ill of her behind her back.
那是因为你背后说了她的坏话。
reason n. 理由，原因
构成句型 The reason why ...is that ...
构成短语the reason for sth/to do和for the(some)reason
There’s no reason for that.那事没有什么理由
in order to = so as to
eg: He went to town in order to sell the painting.
= He went to town in order that he could sell the painting.
注意: in order to 与 so as to
相同点:其后均加动词原形，引导目的状语，否定要在to前加not. 即 in order not to /so as not to
不同点:in order to 引导的不定式短语可以放在句首，也可以置于句中，so as to 则只能位于句中。
5、But the moon gave far too much light, I didn't dare open a window.
但是因为月亮太亮了，我不敢打开窗子。
far经常与too或形容词的比较级连用，意为“过于；……得多”。
①I'm afraid this bus is far too crowded than that one.（=much too crowded）
恐怕这辆班车比那辆拥挤得多。
②The necklace was far more expensive than I expected.（=much more expensive）
项链比我预料的昂贵得多。
注意：
much too之后接形容词或副词，much too difficult 困难得多
too much之后接不可数名词，too much water 太多的水
6、Another time months ago, I happened to be upstairs one evening when the window
was open.
有一次，就在几个月前的一天晚上，我碰巧在楼上，窗户是开着的。
happen to do 恰巧；碰巧；偶然（做某事）
①When I came back home my mother happened to be asleep.
我回家的时候，妈妈碰巧在睡觉。
②The police happened to notice him when the thief was just about to run away.
小偷正要逃跑，这时刚好瞧见了。
7、The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their
power. It was the first time in a year and a half that I'd seen the night face
to face.
漆黑的夜晚，狂风暴雨，雷电交加，我全然被这种力量镇住了，这是我一年半以来第一
次目睹夜晚。
It's the first/second/last time ... that ... 某人第一/二/最后一次做某事，在
这个句型中that之后的时态常用完成时态。
①It's the second time that I have visited your company.
我是第二次来拜访你们公司。
②It was the third time that she had come into this mountain village to see the
children.
这是她第三次来到这个山村看望这些孩子。
8、Jews were caught by Nazis and put away.
犹太人被纳粹兵抓住并关押起来。
put away 把……起来；把……放好
①If you don't use the dictionary, put it away.
如果不用字典，就把它放好。
②He broke the law and was put away.
他犯法了，因此被关起来了。
语法：间接引语
1、技巧点拨：
间接引语同宾从，“四变”“一加”记心中。
直接引语变为间接引语时，要记住“四变”“一加”：
一变人称、二变语序、三变时态、四变指示代词或时间状语；
一般疑问句变为间接引语时，要加连词if或whether.
2、练习：
运用以上技巧做练习：
①“I don't know the address of my new home,”Said Anne.
Anne said that she didn't know the address of her new home.
②“Are you very hot with so many clothes on?”Mum said to her.
Mum asked her if/whether she was very hot with so many clothes on.
③“I did some homework yesterday,”Tom said.
Tom said that he had done some homework the day before.
④“We are going to see a film this evening,”Mary said to her roommates last
Sunday.
Mary said that they were going to see a film that evening.
⑤“What did you do last Sunday?”Father asked me.
Father asked me what I had done the Sunday before.
⑥“Will you come here next Monday?”my friend asked me.
My friend asked me if/whether I would go there the next Monday.
变化规律见课本P88
重点词汇
1、add, add ... to, add to, add up, add up to
①add 增加 添加 补充说 add ... to 把……添加到……去；add to 增添
“Don't add the sugar to my tea，”she added.
“不要把这些糖加到我的茶里面”，她补充道。
Our coming added your trouble.
我们的到来增添了你的麻烦。（=increase）
②add up 加起来；add up to 加起来总共（up是副词，to是介词，接宾语）
The number of the students of our school adds up to 3000.
我们学校的学生数加起来共3000人。
These numbers must be added up as soon as possible.
这些数字应尽快加起来。
2、upset vt.&vi.adj. calm vt.&vi.adj. concern vt.n. cheat vt.&vi.n.
share vt.n. trust vt.n. point vt.n. list vt.列表；n.名单；表格
共同点：这些词既可以作动词，又可以作名词或形容词。
①Look, the cheat is cheating at the gate of the park.
看，那个骗子又在公园门口行骗。
②The news quite upset him and he is upset now.（upset-upset-upset）
这个信息使他心烦意乱，他现在很苦恼。
③She isn't calm though we tried to calm her again and again.
她仍然平静不下来，尽管我们再三试图使她镇静。
④What he said doesn't concern me, but what she said has a concern with me.
他说的与我毫无关系，但她讲的倒是牵涉到我。
⑤He isn't a man to be trusted. At least we three don't trust him.
他不是一个可以信赖的人，至少我们三个人都不相信他。
⑥I'll take（bear）my share of the expenses. That is, I'll share with you in
the expenses.
我将负担我那部分费用，也就是说，我和你分担这些费用。
3、have got to（A.E）=have to 不得不；必须
have got（A.E）=have 有
①The train is leaving. We have to/have got to hurry.（因客观条件，自己不得不
干某事）
火车就要出发了。我们必须快点。
②The train is leaving. You must hurry.（他人要求，外界要求某人干某事）
火车就要出发了。你们必须快点。
③I'm quite hungry now. Have you anything to eat?
=I'm quite hungry now. Have you got anything to eat?
=I'm quite hungry now. Do you have anything to eat?
我饿坏了，有什么吃的吗？
4、go through
①to examine carefully 仔细阅读或研究、审查
I went through the students' papers last night.
昨晚我仔细阅读了学生的作业。
②to experience 经历；被通过；遭受或忍受
You really don't know what we went through while working on this project.
你的确不知道我们搞这个项目吃了多少苦。
③The bill didn't go through.
这议案未被通过。
5、in order to do 为了 in order not to do 为了不
so as to do 为了 so as not to do 为了不
这两个短语都在句子中作状语，意思相同，但so as to do/so as not to do只能位于
句中，in order to do/in order not to do句中或句首均可。
①She studies very hard so as to/in order to catch up with others.
=In order to catch up with others she studies very hard.
她努力学习，为的是赶上他人。
转换：She studies very hard so that/in order that she can catch up with others.
②In order not to miss the lecture, we got up very early.
为了不错过那场报告，我们起的很早。
6、with the purpose of=for the purpose of
为的是，为了……目的
on purpose 故意，特意的 = purposely
①Did you come to London for/with the purpose of seeing your family or for business
purposes?
你到伦敦来看望你的家人还是办事？
②I didn't hurt you on purpose. Could forgive me?
=I didn't hurt you on purposely. Could forgive me?
我不是有意伤害你的。你能原谅我吗？
③I came here on purpose/purposely to see you.
我专程到这儿来看你。
7、face to face 面对面（状语）
face-to-face 面对面的（定语）
face to face=bead to bead
face-to-face=bead-to-bead
I really want to have a word with her face to face.
=I really want to have a face-to-face word with her.
我确实想和她面对面谈一谈。
8、fall in love with sb 爱上某人（动态）
be in love with 爱上某人（状态）
前者不能和表示时间的for，since，till，until，how long等词语连用。
①The girl fell in love with a foreigner last week.
这女孩上星期爱上了一个外国人。（动态）
②The girl has been in love with a foreigner for a week.
这女孩和一个外国人相爱已经一个星期了。
同类短语（试比较）：
| 动态 | 状态 |
| catch up with sb | keep up with sb |
| get in touch with sb | keep in touch with sb |
| get into trouble | be in trouble |
| get married to sb | be married to sb |
用括号里的词语翻译句子：
1.她的成功增添了我们的喜悦。（add to）
Her success（has）added to our happiness.
2.李东爱上了短篇小说。（fall in love）
Li Dong has fallen in love with stories.
3.我得把昨天的报纸仔细读读。（have got to，go through）
I have got to go through yesterday's newspapers.
4.你应该和她面对面谈谈。（face to face）
You should have a talk with her face to face.
5.为了出国，他拼命赚钱。（with the purpose of）
He tries his best to earn money with the purpose of going abroad.
Unit 2 English around the world
课堂笔记
1、more than 多于；不仅
not more than 不多于
no more than 仅仅
less than 少于
not less than 不少于
①Did you know there is more than one kind of English in the world?
你知道世界上的英语不只一种吗？
②I'm afraid she is less than eighteen this year.
恐怕她今年不到18岁。
③There are not more than fifty-four students in each class.
每个班上的学生不多于54人。
④Her sister is no more than eleven old this year.
她妹妹今年（仅仅）只有11岁。
2、play a ... role/part in 扮演……角色；担任……职务
play a ... part in take a ... part in
①Women of China play an important role/part in every field.
中国妇女在各个领域都发挥了重要作用。
②This actor played a leading part/role in this film.
这个演员在那部电影中担任主角。
③We all take/play an active part in sports.
我们都积极参加体育锻炼。
3、then ever before 比以往任何时候更……
than before, than ever 比以前
than usual 比平时……
这些短语常与比较级连用，例如：
①Tom got up earlier this morning than ever before.
汤姆今天比以往任何时候都起来得早。
②Most of us study English much harder than before/ever/usual.
我们大多数人学英语比以前用功多了。
4、because of 介词，“因为”的意思，其后接名词、代词或短语等，不能接句子。because
连词，也是“因为”的意思，其后要接句子。
①The boy didn't come to school yesterday because he was ill.
②The boy didn't come to school yesterday because of his illness.
5、a number of“大量的，很多的”意思，修饰可数名词，其后谓语要用复数；the number
of ...的数量（数目），谓语要用单数。
①A number of foreigners are going to our school.
很多外国人要到我们学校来。
②The number of the students of our school is 2500.
我们学校的学生总数是2500人。
6、come up 上来，过来；生长出；出现，发生
①Will you come up to Beijing next month?
你下个月能到北京来吗？
②They got up early to watch the sun come up.
他们早起，为的是看日出。
③Spring has come and the grass is beginning to come up.
春天到了，草开始长出地面。
7、such as, like, for example这三个词语都有“例如”的意思，for example在句首时，
后面用逗号隔开，在句中时前后都用逗号隔开；such as和like用于句中，之后不能用
逗号隔开。
①English is also spoken in many other countries, such as South Africa, Singapore
and Malaysia.
其它一些国家也讲英语，比如南非、新加坡和马来西亚。（此处的such as可换为like）
②He likes sports very much, for example, swimming and skating.
他非常喜欢体育运动，比如游泳和滑冰。
8、give a command（名词） = give orders 下命令；
command sb to do sth（动词） = order sb to do sth 命令某人做某事
①The soldiers started out as soon as the officer gave a command.
军官一下命令战士们就出发了。
②The officer commanded/ordered the soldiers to set out at once.
军官命令战士们马上出发。
语法：祈使句
1、比较：
| Not polite | Polite | Very polite |
| Open the window！ Turn off the TV！ | Please open the window！ Please turn off the TV！ | Would you please open the window? Would you please turn off the TV? |
①tell sb to do sth 告诉某人做某事
tell sb not to do sth 告诉某人不要做某事
tell sb never to do sth 告诉某人千万别做某事
②ask sb to do sth 请某人做某事
ask sb not to do sth 请某人不要做某事
ask sb never to do sth 请某人千万别做某事
③order/command sb to do sth 命令某人做某事
3、练习：
①“Look at the blackboard, boys！”said the teacher.
T：What did the teacher say?
S：The teacher told the boys to look at the blackboard.
②“Don't throw the waste paper everywhere, children！”said the man.
T：What did the man say?
S：The man told the children not to throw the waste paper everywhere.
③“Stand in line, please！”She said to the guests.
T：What did she say to the guests?
S：She asked the guests to stand in line.
④“Never be late for class again, Li Dong.”Said Mr. Black
T：What did Mr. Black say to Li Dong?
S：Mr. Black told Li Dong never to be late for class again.
⑤“Put out the fire as soon as possible, young boys！”commanded the officer.
T：What did the officer commanded?
S：The officer commanded the young boys to put out the fire as soon as possible.
重点词汇
1、include 包含、包括
including（现在分词）
included（过去分词）
There are seven people in my family, which includes my uncle.
我们家共7个人，其中包括我叔叔。（include指整体中包含部分）
=There are seven people in my family, including my uncle.
=There are seven people in my family, my uncle included.
=There are seven people in my family, and my uncle is included.
2、because, because of 因为
because是连词，后面接句子，because of是短语介词，后面接名词或代词。
①Our manager didn't attend our party because he was busy.
因为忙，经理没有参加我们的集会。
=Our manager didn't attend our party because of busyness.
②Jack didn't come to school yesterday because he was ill.
因为生病，杰克昨天没上学。
=Jack didn't come to school yesterday because of his illness.
以下短语介词相当于because of的用法，以后会逐渐接触到：thanks to，owing to，
due to，as a result of，on account of
3、actually 事实上 =in fact=in reality=as a matter of fact=in effect
He pretended to be rich. Actually, he has little money.
他假装很富有，其实他没有什么钱。
=He pretended to be rich. In fact, he has little money.
=He pretended to be rich. In reality, he has little money.
=He pretended to be rich. As a matter of fact, he has little money.
4、present adj. 现在的；出席的，到场的
at present 现在=presently=now
易混点：present因意思不同，在句中的位置也不一样。
①Most people are satisfied with the present government.
大多数人对本届感到满意。
②All the people present agreed to our plan.
所有出席的人都赞成我们的计划。
③At present, many people enjoy sports in their spare time.
现在，很多人喜欢在业余时间锻炼身体。
注意：present出席的，参加的，放在被修饰的名词后边。除此之外，present n. 礼物
present vt. 赠送（注意读音不同）
He presented me a present at my birthday party.
5、command sb to do sth/order sb to do sth
命令某人做某事
command和order均具有“命令”的含义，用法大致相同，二者均指正式下命令，而且
这种命令具有绝对权威性，不得违抗，必须服从。不同之处是，command侧重用于军事
方面，而order除可用于军事方面外，还可指一般的命令，并含有规劝的意思。试比较：
①The general commanded/ordered his men to attack the city.
将军命令其战士攻打城市。
②The doctor has ordered her a month's rest in bed.
医生要他躺一个月。
③If you make any more noise, I shall order/command you out of the hall.
要是你们还吵吵嚷嚷的，我就叫你们滚出大厅。
6、request，ask，beg，require
这几个动词都有“请求，要求”的意思，但有区别。
①当“请求”讲时，ask最通俗，最口语化。
I asked her to shut the window.
我请她把窗户关上。
②request也是“请求”的意思，但主要用于庄重的讲话和文字中，常用于通告中，多
用于被动语态。
Passengers are kindly requested not to smoke in the car.
乘客请勿在车厢（或汽车内）抽烟。
③beg是“乞求”的意思，态度很谦恭。要求他人给予较大的帮助。
He knew he had hurt her and begged her to forgive him.
他自知伤了她的心而央求她原谅。
④require是上对下，长辈对子女或依法进行的某种要求。
Before the match the police required us to show our tickets.
比赛之前，要求我们出示看票。
These books are required reading.
这些书是必读的。
7、in the direction of还是to the direction of？
英语中表示方向的介词多用to，但是，朝……方向，不能说to the direction of，要
用in the direction of。
①The horse ran away in the direction of the forest.
马朝森林方向跑去了。
②After school the children went home in every direction.
放学之后，同学们朝不同方向回家了。
除此之外，常见的表示方向的介词还有：
③They will leave for Beijing this afternoon.
他们下午到北京去。
④The dog is coming at the stranger.
狗朝那个陌生人扑去。
⑤They swam towards the island.
他们向小岛游去。
⑥The enemy was surrounded from different directions.
敌人被四面八方包围了。
Unit 3 Travel journal
课堂笔记
1、Since high school, my sister Wang Wei and I——Wang Kun, had dreamed about taking
a great bike trip.
从高中起，我姐姐王薇和我——王坤就一直想作一次自行车旅行。
dream of/about doing sth 梦想做某事
①It's a small town. You can never dream of doing shopping after 5 o'clock in
the evening.
那是个小镇，每天下午五点钟以后你别想逛商店。
②The girl always dreams of becoming a teacher like her mother.
这个女孩总是梦想像妈妈一样当个教师。
2、It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the Mekong River from where
it begins to where it ends.
首先想到要沿湄公河从源头到终点骑车旅游的是我的姐姐。
It was ... who/that ...是个强调句型，用来强调句子中除谓语之外的各种成分，以引
起听者或读者的注意，强调句型的完整结构是：
It is/was+被强调部分+who/that+句中原有其它部分。指人是常用who，也可以用that，
指物或值时间、地点等时用that。
①It was Jack who often helped us learn English last year.
是杰克去年经常帮助我们学英语。
②It was last year that Jack often helped us learn English.（此处that不能换
为when）
是去年，杰克经常帮助我们学英语。
3、Then she persuaded me to buy one.
然后她还说服了我也买了一辆（山地车）。
persuade ... to do=persuade ... into doing 说服某人做某事
persuade ... not to do=persuade ... out of doing 说服某人不要做某事
①I advised him to give up smoking, but I couldn't persuade him（to do so）.
我劝他把烟戒掉，说服不了他。
②Many advertisements try to persuade people into buying their products.
很多广告设法说服人们购买他们的产品。
4、Although she didn't know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that
we find the source of the river and begin our journey there.
虽然她对某些地方的最佳路线并不清楚，她却坚持我们要找到河的源头并从那里开始我
们的行程。
insist后面的从句中常用虚拟语气，从句的谓语由should+动词原形构成，其中should
可以省略。
①My parents insisted that I（should）learn medicine instead of law.
我的父母坚持要我学医，不要学法律。
②Zhang Hua insisted that we（should）start at once.
张华坚持要我们马上出发。
中学英语中类似的常用动词有10个，都是《课程标准》要求掌握的词汇，可用一、二、
三、四的方法来记。这些动词简称为：一个“坚持”，两个“命令”，三个“建议”，四个
“要求”，它们是：
1 insist
2 order/command
3 suggest/advise/recommend
4 require/request/demand/desire
5、She gave me a determined look——the kind that said she wouldn't change her mind.
给了我一个就坚定的眼神——这种眼神表明她是不会改变主意的。
determined是形容词，由动词determine变化而来，意为“坚定的，坚决的”，be
determined to do sth的意思是“决定干某事”。
①Her mother is a determined woman who always gets what she wants.
他母亲是一个坚定的女人，她总能达到自己的目的。
②They are determined to send up another man-made satellite.
他们决定发射另一颗人造卫星。
相关链接：
“作出决定”的多种表达法
1 decide to do sth=2 make a decision to do sth
3 determine to do sth=determine on/upon sth=be determined to do sth
4 make up one's mind to do sth
6、Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.
她一旦下了决心，什么也不能使她改变。
once作副词时，有“一次”、“曾经”等意思，此处是作连词，连接条件状语从句，意为
“一旦”。
①Once you've made up your mind, you must go on.
一旦你下定决心，就必须坚持下去。
②Once you show fear, he will attack you.
你一旦显出害怕，他就会攻击你。
7、To climb the mountain road was hard work but to go down the hills was great fun.
上山很艰难，而下山却很好玩。
此句中的动词不定式短语to climb the mountain road和to go down the hills都是
作主语，一定要注意。
造飞机比造火车难得多。
误：Make a plane is much more difficult than make a train.
正：To make a plane is much more difficult than to make a train.
语法：进行时态表将来
表示按原定计划进行某事时，可以使用进行时态表示将来（现在进行时表将来，过去进行时表过去将来），这种情况常用于表示运动的动词come，go，stay，arrive，leave等，或者是表示交通方式、行程安排的动词如fly，walk，ride，drive（a bus，a taxi）等。
①We are leaving at noon.
我们中午出发。（已经决定）
②I was going to play basketball, but it began to rain.
我本来是打算去打篮球的，但下起雨来了。
练习
1、In the following dialogue, a newspaper reporter is interviewing Wang Wei about
her plans for the trip along the Mekong River. However, they are not sure about
some of the verb tenses. Please help them complete their conversation.
R：Miss Wang, I hear that you are going to travel along the Mekong River. That's
really exciting. Have you got everything ready?
W：Almost.
R：When are you going/leaving?
W：Next Monday.
R：How far are you going/leaving each day?
W：It's hard to say. If the weather is fine, I think we'll be able to ride
75 km a day.
R：Where are you staying at night?
W：Usually in our tent, but sometimes in a small hotel in town.
R：Do you think you are coming back here soon?
W：0h, we are not coming back to this place. We are going home. That'll be a
month later.
R：Thank you for your time, Miss Wang. Good luck on your journey!
W：Thank you.
重点词汇
1、diary/journal 日记
diary只有“日记”的意思，是指daily of events，thoughts，etc.（对已发生的事件
或产生的思想等记载），keep a diary 记日记；journal的意思较多，“记日记”也可以
说keep a journal，但journal多指daily record of news，events，business accounts
（新闻，事件或商业日记帐等）。
①He writes a diary in English every day.
他每天用英语记日记。
②We know it from his travel journal.
我们是从他的旅行日记中知道这件事的。
2、fare/cost/expense 费用
fare：车费，船费等交通费用
cost：成本；代价；某方面的费用
expense：（金钱、时间、精力等的）花费，指具体费用时常用复数
用括号里的词填空：
①The battle was won at a great cost of life, only after many soldiers had been
killed.（fare/cost）
②I have no enough money to pay the fare from Japan to China.（fare/money）
③I want the best clothes you can make, you need spare no expense.（fare/expense）
3、finally/in the end/at last 终于
这三个词语都有“终于，最终”的意思，意思相差不大，一般可以换用。但：finally
和in the end强调最后的结局；at last强调经过若干努力之后干成某事，不用于否定
句。
①They talked about it for hours. Finally they decided not to go.
他们讨论了好久，最后决定不去了。（强调讨论的结果）
②In the end, we won the war.
终于我们打赢了这一仗。（强调战争结果）
③At last, he has understood.
终于他弄明白了。（强调克服了很多困难）
4、give in 投降；屈服；让步 give up 放弃（做某事）
①No matter what difficulty he met, he never gave in.
他从不向困难低头。
②He usually has to give in to his brother.
他通常必须听从他大哥的话。
③The doctor advised him to give up smoking.
医生建议他戒烟。
5、be familiar to 对……文明
be familiar with 对……熟悉
①This singer is familiar to the old people.
=The old people are familiar with this singer.
这个歌星对年纪较大的人来说很文明。（年纪较大的人了解这个歌星）
②She is familiar with English.
她通晓英语。
考考你（1—3单元词汇，单项选择）：
1 Three C five makes eight.
A adds to B added up to C added to D adds up to
2 He gave up smoking C save money.
A so that B in order to C so as to D in order
3 C go abroad, he studies English very hard.
A So as to B In order that C In order to D So that
4 How long have you C in love with your stepmother?
A fall B felt C been D fallen
5 When did your father B the Party?
A join in B join C take part in D joined
6 There are fifty-five people in the room, our teacher C.
A includes B including C included D is included
7 We have to put off the sports meeting C the heavy rain.
A because B as C because of D since
8 Look, many people are running A the direction of the village.
A in B to C for D on
9 I'm afraid nobody can C him to give up drinking.
A advise B suggest C persuade D ask
10 She is C to study medicine in the future.
A decided B determine C determined D made up his mind
Unit 4 Earthquakes
课堂笔记
1、One-third of the country felt it.
全国三分之一的地方有震感。
one-third三分之一，分数词的表示方法是：
1.分数用基数词（one，two，three，...），分母用序数词（first，second，third，...），
当分子大于1时，分母的词尾要加s。
2.前面带有整数的分数用数字表示，但在句首时则用文字。
①Three-fourths of the water is polluted and one-fourth of the villagers have
moved away.
四分之三的水已经被污染，四分之一的村民已搬走。
②Your bag is 2 1/2 times the weight of mine.
你的书包是我的书包的两倍重。
③Two and a quarter inches of rain fell over the weekend.
周末的降雨量达2 1/4英寸。
2、The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.
死伤人数达到40多万。
the number of是“数字，数量”的意思，其后的谓语要用单数第三人称；a number of
意为“很多，大量”，谓语要用复数。
①The number of students of our school is over 3000.
我们学校的学生数已达3000多人。
②A number of students have gone to America this summer.
今年暑假很多学生到美国去了。
3、Sand now filled the wells instead of water.
井里满是沙子而不是水。
instead of是短语介词，意为“代替”，其后常接名词、代词、动名词及介词短语等，
而instead是副词，是“然而”“而不是”的意思，常位于句首或句末。使用时，有时二
者可以转换。
①今天晚上我看电影，而不看电视。
1）I'll see a film this evening instead of watching TV.
2）I'll not watch TV this evening. I'll see a film instead.
②他们通常步行上班，而不是乘公交汽车。
1）They usually go to work on foot instead of by bus.
2）They usually go to work on foot, but this time they will by bus instead.
4、People began to wonder how long the disaster would last.
人们开始纳闷这场灾难还会持续多久。
last既可以用作形容词、副词，也可以用作不及物动词，不能用于被动语态。此处用作
动词，是“持续，延续”的意思，它的含义比较广泛。
①The sports meet lasted three days.
运动会开了三天。
②The friendship between us will last long.
我们之间的友谊将天长地久。
③The weather lasted a whole week, which made everybody tired and sleepy.
暑热持续了一周，弄得人们疲惫困倦不堪。
5、All hope was not lost.
不是所有的希望都破灭了。
all not ...=not all 意为“并不是所有的都……”，在英语中属于部分否定，not之后
跟all，every，both等词时，是部分否定。
①Not all the girls left early.
=Only some of the girls left early.
并不是所有的女孩都走得很早。
②Don't throw rubbish everywhere.
不要到处乱扔垃圾。
③Not every teacher is busy today.
=some are busy, some aren't busy.
④Not both of my parents agree with me.
并不是我的父母都同意我的意见。
两者都不用neither，两者以上的全部否定用none of ...
①None of the teachers here smoke.
这儿的老师都不抽烟。
②Neither of his parents is at home today.
他父母今天都不在家。
6、They organized teams to dig out those trapped and to bury the dead.
救援人员组成小分队，将受困的人们挖出来，将死者掩埋。
the dead死难者，定冠词the之后加形容词，表示一类人。
①The old and the sick sat on a morecomfortable bus.
老人和病人坐在一辆舒服些的汽车上。
②For the blind, life is difficult. We should care for them whenever we can.
对盲人来说，生活是很艰难的，任何时候我们都要关心他们。
语法：定语从句
1.定语从句的两种结构：
A.主句（先行词）+引导词+从句
①This is the pen that I bought yesterday.
这是我昨天买的那只钢笔。
以上划直线部分为主句，其中pen为先行词，that为引导词，引导的斜体字部分为定
语从句，整个定语从句修饰先行词pen。
B.主句部分（先行词）+引导词+从句+主句部分
②The pen that I bought yesterday is made in Japan.
我昨天买的那只钢笔是日本产的。
A句型的特点是主句和从句前后两部分，而B句型的特点是主句被从句隔开。
2.关系代词that，which，who引导的定语从句
见课本P90-P91
练习：
Now add an attributive clause to complete each sentence using that, which, who,
or whose.
①The terrible shaking of the building woke up all the people who were asleep.
②The next day people put up shelters in the open air with all kinds of things
that/which they could find.
③Several days later most of the buildings that/which had been damaged were
repaired
④We went to see our teacher whose husband was killed in the earthquake.
⑤A number of children whose parents had died in the quake were sent to live
with families in other cities.
重点词汇
1、rise vi. 上升；上涨；起身
raise vt. 提升；提高；举起；提出；抚养；饲养
这两个动词极易混淆，但它们的根本特点或显著区别是rise是不及物动词，后边不能接
宾语，而raise是及物动词，后边要接宾语。
①The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
太阳在东方升，西方落。
②The old man rises very early every day.
这个老人每天起得早。
③The curtain rises at 7 p.m.
下午7时开幕。
④If you want to ask a question, please raise your hand.
有问题请举手。
⑤Our government has taken strong measures to raise our standard of living.
我们的已采取强有力的措施来提高我们的生活水平。
⑥Anybody can raise a question in the discussion.
讨论中任何人都可以提出问题。
⑦I was raised（brought up）in the country.
我是在乡下（被）抚养长大的。
⑧They are busy raising money for the Hope Project.
他们忙于为希望工程募捐。
2、burst vi. （、炮弹、锅炉等）爆炸
vt. 使爆炸，使爆破；胀破
n. 爆炸，破裂
①A bomb burst a few yards away from where we stood.（vi.）
一颗在离我们所站不远的地方几码处爆炸了。
②The bottle burst.（vi.）
瓶子破裂了。
③Be careful. Don't burst the balloon.（vt.）
小心，别把气球弄炸（破）了。
④If you get much fatter you'll burst your clothes.（vt.）
如果你再胖下去，你的衣服就要绷破了。
⑤The police burst the door open.（vt.）
警方破门而入。
⑥burst into tears = burst out crying 突然大哭
burst into laughter = burst out laughing 突然大笑
⑦The burst of a bomb frightened all the children around.（n.）
的爆炸声使周围的小孩心惊肉跳。
⑧a burst of laughter 一阵笑声
a burst of anger（tears） 大发雷霆（大哭一番）
3、in the end，at an end，by the end，to the end，at the end。这些与end有关的短
语意思不一样，需要记忆。
in the end 终于
at an end 结束，终结
by the end 在……底之前
to the end 到底
at the end 在……底
①She found her necklace in the end.
她终于找到了她的项链。
②The war was at an end.
战争结束了。
③By the end of last mouth we had done all the work.
上个月底之前我们就干完了所有的工作。
④They made up their minds to fight to the end.
他们决定战斗到底。
⑤At the end of this mouth we'll hold a sports meet.
本月底我们将举行运动会。
4、injure vt.&vi. 伤害；损害
hurt vt. 使受伤；使伤害； vi. 疼痛
这两个动词都有“伤害”的意思，injure是指意外事故中的受伤，hurt是指一般性的普
通外伤。作不及物动词是“疼痛”的意思，指伤害某人的感情时，二者可以互换。
①Five people were badly injured in the traffic accident.
有5人在车祸事故中严重受伤。
②Be careful not to hurt your finger.
当心别把手指弄伤了。
③In the football match he hurt his leg and now it hurts badly.
在足球比赛中他的腿受伤了，现在（腿）痛得很。
④What you said at the meeting hurt/injured her pride（feelings）.
你在会上说的话伤了她的自尊心（感情）。
5、怎样归纳英语中表示“多”的词语？
①只能接可数名词的：
many，a good/great many，a（large）number of
②只能接不可数名词的：
much，a great deal of，a large amount of
③接可数不可数名词均可的：
a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a large supply of，a large quantity of
6、怎样使用百分比？
①Seventy percent of the books are sold out.（is/are）
②Seventy percent of the water here is polluted.（is/are）
百分比之后的谓语使用单数第三人称还是复数形式，不是看百分比，而是看百分比后面
的名词，如果是不可数名词，就用单数形式，是可数名词，就用复数形式。
7、prepare，be prepared，get prepared，make preparations，be ready，get ready
以上这些词语都有“准备”的意思，但使用上有区别。
可以从动态和状态两个方面来把握：
表动态：
prepare，get prepared，make preparations，get ready
表状态：
be prepared，be ready
选用以上词语填空：
①The final examination is coming. Let's prepare/get prepared/make
preparations/get ready for it.
②Please get your pen prepared/ready and paper for the exam.
③The teacher is pleased because we are prepared/are ready for the match.
练习：
应用括号里的词语翻译句子：
①并不是所有的学生都是团员。（not all）
Not all the students League members.
②请为明天的考试作好一切准备。（get ... ready）
Please get everything ready for tomorrow's exam.
③我们终于见到了那位电影明星。（in the end）
We saw the film star in the end.
④这就是前天在运动场上受伤的那位运动员。（hurt，定语从句）
This is the player who was hurt on the playground the day before yesterday.
⑤谁也不知道这场雨要下多久。（last）
Nobody knows how long the rain will last.
Unit 5 Nelson Mandela—a modern hero
课堂笔记
1、The time when I first met Nelson Mandela, was a very difficult period of my life.
第一次见到纳尔逊·曼德拉的时候是在我一生中非常艰难的时期。
这个句子中包含一个定语从句，该定语从句属于B句型，when I first met Nelson Mandela
是一个定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语，代替先行词time。
①This was a time when you could not read or write.
②The day when Nelson Mandela told me what to do and helped me was one of the
happiest days of my life.
2、It was 1952 and he had opened a black law firm to advise poor black people on
their problems.
那时是1952年，他开设了一家黑人律师事务所，为那些遇到麻烦的穷苦黑人提供咨询服
务。
注意advise的习惯搭配：
advise ... on就某事出主意，advise sb to do sth / advise doing建议某人做某事
①The teacher advised us to do more reading in our spare time.
老师建议我们在业余时间多读点书。
②They advise planting more trees in spring.
他们建议在春季多植树。
③It's a doctor's job to advise patients on health problem.
医生的职责就是向病人提供有关健康的建议。
④Could you advise me on this problem?
对于这个问题你能给我一些忠告吗？
3、The school where I had studied only two years was three kilometers away.
我仅仅读了两年的那所学校有三公里远。
be ... away有……远，可以指距离，也可以指时间。
①My birthday is three days away.
=My birthday is three days off.
=My birthday is in three days'time.
再过三天就是我的生日。
②The new house（that）he has just bought is about three miles away.
=The new house（that）he has just bought is about three miles off.
他新买的房子大约在三公里以外。
注意：be ... away和be far away的区别，与具体数字连用时，要用be ... away，不
能用be far away。
①My hometown is far away from here.
我的家乡离这儿很远。
②My hometown is 50 kilometers away from here.
我的家乡离这儿有50公里远。
4、We were put in a position in which we had either to accept we were less important,
or fight the government.
我们被置于这样一个境地：要么我们被迫接受低人一等的现实，要么跟作斗争。
“less+形容词（副词）原级+than”是形容词（副词）比较级的一种，表示前者不如后
者。
①This building is less tall than that one.
这栋建筑物没有那一栋高。
比较：This building is taller than that one.
This building is much taller than that one.
②This truck is running less smoothly than it used to be.
这辆卡车比如以前跑得那样稳了。
5、Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.
只有在这时，我们才决定用暴力反对暴力。
这是一个倒装句。一般句子是主语在前，动词在后，但在倒装句中，句子的结构是动词
在前，主语在后。（该语法项目安排在高二正式学习）
only修饰的副词、介词短语和状语从句放在句首加强语气时，经常用倒装句。
①Only yesterday did his father tell the truth, which was a big surprise to him.
昨天他父亲才把告诉他，这对他真是一个令人吃惊的消息。
②Only by bike can you get there on time.
只有骑自行车你才能按时到达那儿。
③Only when you come and join us can we win the game.
只有你参加，我们才能赢得这场比赛。
6、Since I was better educated, I got a job working in an office.
因为我受过比较好的教育，我得到了一份坐办公室的工作。
better educated是well educated的比较级，英语中副词+过去分词的用法经常出现。
①The middle-aged woman is always well dressed.
那位中年妇女一直打扮得很好。
②The workers there are badly paid.
那儿的工人待遇很差。
③The desks and chairs in the classroom are orderly placed.
教室的桌椅摆放得很整齐。
语法：定语从句
由关系副词when，where，why引导的定语从句
见课本P91
练习：
1.Elias has had some problems with his messages for his friends. Can you help
him from sentences with the following words and phrases.
A.The mines
B.The reason
C.The time
D.The government
building
| E.The date | a.where b.when c.why | 1.we voted 2.I worked 3.I joined the ANC Youth League 4.I got a job 5.I arrived | ①was the 5th of August. ②was because of my hard work. ③were 9 kms from my house. ④was late at night. ⑤was very grand. |
E和b和5和①
2.Now Elias has lost some of his messages. Can you and your partner help him
by finishing them for him?
①The day when I first heard Nelson Mandela became the president of South Africa
was a very exciting time.
②South Africa is now a country where people of all races and colors can live
together happily.
③This is the government building in which the trial of Nelson Mandela was held
in 1963.
④The person to whom you should be grateful for a peaceful South Africa is Nelson
Mandela
重点词汇
1、will/willing
willing是形容词，“愿意的”意思，常用于短语be willing to do sth，意为“愿意干
某事”。will在将来时态中是助动词，做情态动词时也有“愿意的”意思，但其后都接
动词原形，也可以接从句。will作名词是“意志，意志力”的意思。
①A willing worker is willing to do anything.
一个自愿劳动者愿意干任何事。
②Are you willing that he should be allowed to join?
你愿意允许他参加吗？
③You can follow us and join the game if you will.
假设你愿意的话，可以和我们一道去玩游戏。
④Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者，事竟成。
2、lose heart 失去信心
lose one's heart 爱上某人；倾心于某人
①Don't lose heart. You'll succeed sooner or later.
别丧失信心，你迟早会成功的。
②When did you lose your heart to her?
=When did you fall in love with her?
你是什么时候爱上她的？
3、advise sb to do sth=advise doing sth=give sb advice on sth 建议（某人）做某事
①Our teachers often advise us to do more reading in our spare time.
我们的老师经常建议我们在业余时间多读点书。
②They advise planting more trees in spring.
他们建议在春季多植树。
③She gave me a piece of advice on how to learn English well.
她给我提了一条如何学好英语的建议。
4、continue to do sth=continue doing sth
继续干某事
①The rain continued two days.
雨接连下了两天。
②They continued to work/working though it was raining hard.
尽管雨下得很大，但他们继续劳动。
“继续”还有哪些表达法？
go on to do sth 继续干另外一件事
go on doing sth 继续干同一件事
go on with sth 继续干同一件事
go ahead（with）sth 继续要干的事
5、out of work=out of a job 失业
Her mother is out of work/a job, but she is busy at home.
他母亲失业了，但在家很忙。
相关搭配：
| out of date 过时 | out of fashion 过时 | out of repair 年久失修 |
| out of use 不能再用 | out of control 失控 | out of order 混乱 |
| out of danger 脱离危险 | out of sight 看不见 | out of kindness 出于好心 |
| out of pity 出于同情 |
①He received an invitation, but he didn't accept it.
他收到了一封请帖，但他没有接受（不愿去）。
②He received a lot of money from his parents, but he didn't accept it because
he wanted to live on his own.
他收到了他父母的一大笔钱，但他没有接受，因为他想自食其力。
③accept one's advice 接受某人的建议 accept one's gift 接受某人的礼物
7、be equal to sb 与某人平等 be equal in 在某方面平等
①Women of China are equal to men.
在中国男女平等。
②They aren't equal in everything though they are well paid.
尽管他们待遇不错，但不是在各个方面与他人平等。
③Few pleasures can equal that of a cool drink on a hot day.
没有什么快活的事比得上在炎热天喝一杯冷饮。
equal在此为及物动词，“与……平等”的意思。
8、fear sb or sth=be afraid of sb or sth
害怕某人或某事
fear to do sth=be afraid to do sth
害怕干某事，不敢做某事
①Child as he is, he fears nothing.
=Child as he is, he is afraid of nothing.
尽管是个小孩，但他什么也不怕。
②The girl fears to speak in public.
=The girl is afraid to speak in public.
=The girl dare not speak in public.
=The girl doesn't dare to speak in public.
=The girl doesn't speak in fear of the public.
这个女孩不敢在大庭广众之下讲话。下载本文
