《卫报》关于难以负担的住房的观点:在经济中制造不公
The average wage of the top 1% in Britain rose to £13,770 a month in December. Jeevun Sandher, an economist at King’s College London, points out the very richest saw their incomes rise the fastest during the pandemic. This group were also likely to have been able to save the most while Covid raged. Where do the very wealthiest spend their cash? One place is housing, for which there is a low level of stock being released on to the market. The result is rising house prices. Over the past 12 months, asking prices have gone up by 9.5%.
12月,英国最富有的1%人群的平均工资上升至每月13770英镑。伦敦国王学院的经济学家桑德尔指出,在疫情期间,最富有的人的收入增长最快。在新冠病毒肆虐期间,这一群体也可能是能够存最多钱的人。最富有的人把钱花在哪里?其中一个地方就是住房,因为住房市场上的存量很低。结果就是房价上涨。在过去12个月里,住房要价上涨了9.5%。
This has a knock-on effect for renters. UK rents rose by 8.3% in the last three months of 2021. For would-be first-time buyers, the situation is as bad if not worse, with the current average price of £277,000 nearly £25,000 higher than just a year ago. Those looking to have a roof to live under will find little solace in official figures. These record an 11% drop in the number of total homes added in 2021 compared with the year before. The number of new affordable houses that began being built dropped 16% year-on-year. Shortages of labour and materials, as well as planning delays, will make it harder for the 11th Tory housing minister since 2010 to meet government targets for new homes.
这对租客产生了连锁反应。英国租金在2021年最后三个月上涨了8.3%。对于潜在的首次购房者来说,就算情况不比之前糟糕,这也不是一件好事,目前的平均房价为27.7万英镑,比一年前高出近2.5万英镑。那些希望有一个栖身之所的人很难从官方数据中得到慰藉。与前一年相比,2021年的新增住房总数下降了11%。新开工建设的经济适用房数量同比下降16%。劳动力和材料短缺,以及规划拖延,将使自2010年以来的第11任保守党住房大臣更难实现的新住房目标。
Britain’s housing stock is being turned into an asset class as a consequence of the excessive financialisation of the UK economy. For those who own their homes, these buildings serve a dual purpose: they provide shelter, and function as investments. For around 2.5 million landlords, who between them accounted for 18% of all property purchases in 2019, they are only investments.
由于英国经济过度金融化,英国的住房存量正在变成一种资产类别。对于那些拥有自己房屋的人来说,这些建筑有双重用途:它们提供居所,并起到投资的作用。对于约250万名房东——他们所购买的房产占2019年所有房产购买的18%——来说,这些房产只是投资。
If the underlying problem is a lack of homes, then one solution may be to build more. But if the problem is landlords, and the fact that property owners are incentivised by rising prices, as well as their desire for more space (a desire that may have been augmented by the switch to home working), to buy as much of it as they can, then building more homes won’t help. It could even make matters worse, by creating more opportunities to extract exorbitant rents from those who have an income but lack the capital for a deposit, or the confidence to take on a huge debt.
如果根本问题是缺乏住房,那么一个解决方案可能是建造更多的住房。但如果问题出在房东身上,以及房东受到房价上涨的刺激和他们对更多空间的渴望(这一渴望可能因转向在家办公而得到增强)而想要尽可能多地购买房产的这一事实,那么建造更多的住房也无济于事。建造更多住房可能会让情况变得更糟,因为这会创造更多的机会,从那些有收入但缺乏存款资金或没有信心承担巨额债务的人那里榨取过高的租金。
Over recent decades, ballooning property prices have served home owners well, especially in the south of England. The form of inequality this has created currently appears to be generational. Older people are more likely to own their homes than younger ones. City firms are ploughing billions of pension savings in “build-to-rent” developments that could see a transfer of wealth as younger people end up paying the pensions of older people.
近几十年来,不断膨胀的房价给房主带来了好处,尤其是在英格兰南部。这种不平等的形式目前看来是代际的。老年人比年轻人更有可能拥有自己的房子。城市企业正将数十亿美元的养老金储蓄投入到“建房出租”的开发项目中,随着年轻人最终支付老年人的养老金,这可能会导致财富的转移。
The Labour party could be bolder in dealing with the property haves and have-nots. Its housing policy is for first-time buyers to get priority in new housing developments and to ban foreign owners buying up new properties. But hoarding by commercial landlords that hurts young renters and many homeowners needs tackling. One suggestion by housing barrister David Renton is for “right to buy” to be extended to the private sector – say to where landlords own a minimum of five properties. There may be outrage from those who regard rent as economic growth. This surely must change. While Korea makes consumer electronics and Germany makes cars, Britain churns out buy-to-let landlords. There’s little to envy in such “success”.
工党在处理有房者和无房者的问题上可以更大胆一些。它的住房是让首次购房者在新住宅开发项目中享有优先权,并禁止外国业主购买新房产。但商业房东的囤积行为伤害了年轻的租客和许多房主,这需要解决。住房律师伦顿(David Renton)提出的一项建议是,将“购房权”扩大到私营部门——比如,拥有至少五处房产的房东。那些将租金视为经济增长的人可能会感到愤怒。这种情况是肯定要改变的。韩国制造消费电子产品,德国制造汽车,而英国却有大量“买房出租”的房东。这种“成功”没有什么值得羡慕的。下载本文