The Development of English Literature
From the academic angle, English literature can be divided into seven periods:
1.Early and Medieval English literature; （中古文学）
2.The English Renaissance（文艺复兴）;
3.The 17th C. – The Period of Revolution（资产阶级） and Restoration（王权复辟）;
4.The 18th Century –The Age of Enlightenment （启蒙运动）
5. Romanticism（浪漫主义） in England in the 1st half of the 19th century;
6. The Victorian Age; （维多利亚时期）
7. The 20th Century Literature –Modernism and Post-Modernism（现代和后现代主义）
1. Early and Medieval
English literature (5th C.-1485)
1) Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)
The main literary contribution of this period is the Epic, and its masterpiece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf, which is a long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the Teutonic (条顿)hero Beowulf in the 6th century. It is the oldest poem on the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature.
2) The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1485)
The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman conquest. After the conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature, such as the knightly code, the romantic interest in women , tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary etc.. The prevailing form of literature in the Feudal England was Romance (传奇，骑士文学).
The most famous Romance was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.
3.The 17th Century—The Period of Revolution and Restoration
The bourgeoisie revolution against monarchy-the Puritan Age. The greatest representatives are the “Three Johns”: John Milton, John Donne , the representative of the Metaphysical School and John Bunyan, a great prose writer.
4.The 18th Century –The Age of Enlightenment （启蒙运动）
an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.In literature, Classicism, or Neoclassicism, dominated this century.
The middle of this century in England sees the inception of a new literary current– sentimentalism .
At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, Pre-Romanticism emerged.
5. Romanticism（浪漫主义） in England in the 1st half of the 19th century;
Romanticism in England came into being in the latter half of the 18th century with William Blake and Robert Burns representing the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism. With the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798, Romanticism began to bloom in the history of English literature. The trend ended at the death of Scott in 1832.
This is an age of poet
Unit 1
1.Early and Medieval English literature(中古文学)
1) Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁-撒克逊)Period (449-1066)
The main literary contribution of this period is the Epic(史诗), and its masterpiece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf（贝奥武甫）, which is a long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the Teutonic (条顿)hero Beowulf in the 6th century. It is the oldest poem on the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature.
名词解释 Epic: A long narrative（叙事诗） poem on the adventures and great deeds of heroes.
Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark（丹麦） story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements
2) The Anglo-Norman（盎格鲁-诺曼） Period (1066-1350)
The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman conquest（诺曼底人对英格兰的军事征服）. After the conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry （骑士精神）was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature, such as the knightly code（骑士法典）, the romantic interest in women , tenderness（亲切） and reverence（崇敬） paid to Virgin Mary（圣母玛丽亚） etc.. The prevailing（流行的） form of literature in the Feudal England was Romance (传奇，骑士文学).
The most famous Romance was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. 高文爵士和绿衣骑士
2. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟
1) Geoffrey Chaucer (1343—1400), a Londoner of bourgeois（资本家） origin, an outstanding English poet before Shakespeare and “the father of English poetry”. His The Canterbury Tales ranks as one of the greatest poetic works in English. He also contributed importantly in the second half of the 14th century to the management of public affairs as courtier（朝臣）, diplomat（外交官）, and civil servant（公务员）. But it is his writing of poetry that makes him remembered.
2) 代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)
大致介绍：The Canterbury Tales, an unfinished series of stories purporting (claim or pretend ) to be told by a group of pilgrims journeying from London to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket and back. Among the band of pilgrims are a knight, a monk, a prioress, a plowman, a miller, a merchant, a clerk, and the wife from Bath. The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories in a frame story(框架故事), between 1387 and 1400. It is the story of a group of 32(30? 31? 29?) people who travel as pilgrims（朝圣者） to Canterbury (England). The pilgrims, who come from all layers（阶层） of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury.
名词解释：a frame story(框架故事):A narrative that provides the framework within which a number of different stories, which may or may not be connected, can be told.
文学作品中一个故事套着一个故事的结构，故事中的故事。如《天方夜谈》《坎特伯雷故事集》等。最初原型一般归溯到《十日谈》（Boccaccio’s Decameron）（ 薄伽丘（意大利诗人）P43）
“The General Prologue” told us Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back. More than 120 stories were supposed to be told. But Chaucer had actually completed only 22 stories, with two more existing in fragments. Two of the 24 tales were told by Chaucer. Scholars are uncertain about the order of the tales, and The Canterbury Tales has been passed down in several handwritten manuscripts.
大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.
朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体
小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.
这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运).
他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
3）Heroic Couplet
Pentameter（五步格诗）: penta—Greek word meaning “five”, a poetic line consisting of 5 verse feet .
Iambic(抑扬格): an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable in each foot .
Couplet: two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme.
Blank Verse (无韵体，素体诗): unrhymed iambic pentameter . Blank verse is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.
名词解释 Heroic Couplet(英雄偶句/双韵体) : ~ is an iambic pentameter couplet. The form was introduced into English by Chaucer, and widely used subsequently, reaching a height of popularity in the works of Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏（英国诗人）.
4）Chaucer’s Contributions
a)He introduced from French the “heroic couplet ” to English poetry .
b)He is the first important poet to write in the current English language.
c)Chaucer did much in making the dialect（方言） of London the foundation for modern English language.
Heroic Couplet vs Blank Verse
1.Heroic Couplet
The first 2 lines
As soon | as Ap | ril pier | ces to | the root
The drought| of March | and bathes | each bud | and shoot
The alternation between stressed and unstressed syllables is regular, the whole line can be divided into five such divisions , each is a Foot .
Foot : a division of a line in poetry, in which there is usually a strong beat (节拍)and one or two weaker ones .eg .
2.Blank Verse
If you can look into the seeds of time ,
And say which grain will grow and which will not ,
Speak then me who neither beg nor fear
Your favors nor your hate.
—Macbeth by Shakespeare
Unit 2
1.The English Renaissance;
The period in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries . During this period , the classical arts and learning were discovered again and widely studied , so the term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Roman and Greek) arts and learning after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism , it also marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution(资产阶级) .
In the Renaissance period , scholars and educators called themselves humanists and began to emphasize the capacities of the human mind and they held their chief interest in man’s values and his environment and doings . So humanism became the keynote of the English Renaissance.
2. Renaissance Literature in England主要作者介绍
1)Poetry: Thomas Wyatt;( He introduced the sonnet into English literature.)
Philip Sidney;(An outstanding lyrical（抒情诗） and epic poet )
Edmund Spencer(English poet whose long allegorical poem(寓言性浪漫史诗) The Faerie Queene 《仙后》 is one of the greatest in the English language. It was written in what came to be called the Spenserian stanza.( 斯宾塞诗体)
Spenserian stanza.( 斯宾塞诗体)：A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme （韵律）scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The last line is written in iambic hexameter（六步格诗） .
2)Drama: Christopher Marlowe（The greatest pioneer of English drama who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.）
3)Novels: John Lyly（Great popularity was won by his novel Eupheus (《尤弗伊斯》) which gave rise to an affected style of court speech called “euphuism”尤弗伊斯体/绮丽体)
4)Essays/Prose: Francis Bacon（第一个散文家(essayist)）
University Wits大学才子派：A group of young Elizabethan playwrights who had studied at the universities of Oxford or Cambridge
例如： Christopher Marlowe，John Lyly
3. William Shakespeare(15-1616)
Shakespeare is not of an age, but for all time.
—Ben Johnson
He contributed 154 sonnets, 37 (38?) plays, and 2 long narrative poems to the literary legacy of the world.
1）One of the most remarkable playwrights and poets the world has ever known.
2）In his life , Shakespeare’s activities as a dramatist ，poet ，actor , and proprietor（经营者） ,lasted until the year 1612 when he retired from the stage and returned to Stratford.He died on April 23rd，1616.
3）The Three Periods of Literary Career
1st: 1590-1600 comedies
2nd: 1601-1608 tragedies
Four Great Tragedies：
Hamlet (1601) Othello(1604) King Lear(1605) Macbeth(1605)
Hamblet:讲的是丹麦故事，反映的是英国的事情
主要人物：Claudius克劳迪斯，死去国王的弟弟，Queen Gertrude乔特鲁得：王子的母亲，Polonius波洛琉斯：爱说闲话的，Ophelia奥菲利亚：的女儿，Laertes雷欧提斯：的儿子
3rd: 1609-1612 histories
补充： Read: PP56-58 Hamlet（Act 3， Scene1）
Soliloquy: a speech made by an actor（独白 ）on the stage to reveal his inner world by thinking aloud.
4. Sonnet（十四行诗）
1）名词解释Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem , usually written in rhymed（押韵的） iambic pentameter.
2) It originated from Italy .Thomas Wyatt introduced it to English in the 16th century .
3) Sonnet has two types :
a.the Italian sonnet (or Petrarchan sonnet , Petrarch is an Italian poet in the 14th century.) 意式（彼特拉克式）十四行诗(The Petrarchan sonnet)的格式，即包括一个八行节（octave）和一个六行节（sestet），韵脚按abba abba cdecde。
b.the English or Shakespearean sonnet：莎士比亚十四行诗 ( The Shakespearean sonnet) 的节律是五音步抑扬格。全诗包括三个四行组和一个两行组，韵脚按abab cdcd efef gg排列，称为“莎士比亚式 ”， “伊丽莎白式” “或英国式 ”。
5. Francis Bacon：十七世纪初，英国的杰出散文家
Bacon is the first English essayist.
A.人物简介
Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, statesman（政治家 ）, scientist, lawyer, jurist（法学家） and author，is a representative of the English Renaissance ,who belongs to both the worlds of philosophy and literature .As a literature figure,he played a central role in the development of English essay ;while as the father if Empiricism（经验主义） ,he laid the foundation for modern science in England. Bacon is the first English essayist. In scientific inquiry, Bacon proposed a theory of scientific knowledge based on observation and experiment that came to be known as the inductive method.
inductive method: to proceed from particulars to general principles
B. main works
The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》 (1605), New Instrument 《新工具》 (1620), New Atlantis《新大西岛》 (1627) and Essays 《论说文集》 ( 1597).
Homework:According to Bacon, how studies may “serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.”? What are the functions of the rhetorical devices used in these sentences? Translate them into equivalent Chinese.
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
读书足以（serve）怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
史鉴使人明智，诗歌使人巧慧，数学使人精细，自然科学使人深刻，论理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辨。
读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，论理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辨。
Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.
其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。
人们独居或退隐的时候，最能体会到读书的乐趣；谈话的时候，最能表现出读书的文雅；判断和处理事务的时候，最能发挥由读书而获得的能力。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.
书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦
6.Of Studies（P63）
Part 1 The purpose of reading.
Part 2 The method/measures. (How to read?)
Part 3 The effect/function.
homework:
1. The organization
2. Discussion：The purpose of reading?
3. Appreciation & translation
Unit 3
1. Historical Background of t he17th Century: The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous(的) periods in English history. It was a period when absolute monarchy（君主制度） impeded the further development of capitalism（资本主义） in England and the bourgeoisie（资产阶级） could no longer bear the sway（统治） of landed nobility. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.
2. The Literary Characteristics：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.
清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
3. 代表人物：John Donne 约翰.多恩，John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿，John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬
4.John Donne 约翰.多恩 (1572-1631) is the most outstanding of the English Metaphysical（玄学派） Poets today and very influential upon modern writers; at his time, Donne was a preacher（牧师） famous for his magnificent sermons（布道辞）.
1)Metaphysical Poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal（口头的） wit（巧智）, ingenious（有独创性的） structure, irregular meter（韵律）, colloquial language（通俗语）, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar（不同的） ideas.
2)名词解释Conceit (奇喻): A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things
3) A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning(P75)
The speaker uses the conceit to compare their inseparable（不可分割的） relationship to the compasses whose two legs are separated on the two-dimensional（二维的） surface, yet are combined together in the third dimension（三维的）.
The imagery of compasses demonstrates（展示） that perfect love is a union of the body and the soul, or to love the beloved both physically and spiritually.
4) Major Works
a).Early works: Songs and Sonnets( written before 1600, 55 love poems)
e.g.The Flea 《跳蚤》 Song《歌》 Woman’s Constancy 《女人的忠贞》
A Valediction : of Weeping《别离辞：谈哭泣》 A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
b). Religious poems and sermons
5.John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿One of the greatest poets of the English language.
（ poem 诗歌 blank verse ）
1) Milton's literary career can be generally divided into three periods:
1. The early period of poetic works;
2. The middle period of prose pamphlets（小册子）;
3. The last period of great prose..
2)《Paradise Lost》失乐园 (对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节
来自Old Testament《旧约全书》，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象)
The character of Satan ：“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人，we think of Satan either as an abstract conception as someone in whom evil is mixed with good but who is doomed to （注定要）destruction（毁灭） by the flaw（缺点） of slef-love.
3)、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬 a great prose writer
《 Pilgrim’s Progress》天路历程 prose 散文 ：Pilgrim’s Progress was written as a book of religious instructions in the form of allegory and dream.
Unit 4 The literature of the 18th century（The Age of Enlightenment）
1.The literature of the 18th century
After the tempestuous(的) events of the17th century, England entered a period of a comparatively（比较地） peaceful development. With the advent of the 18th century, England as well as other European countries sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment , which, on the whole, was an expression of the struggle of the then progressive （改革论者）class of bourgeoisie[,buəʒwɑ:'zi:] n.中产阶级（资产阶级） against feudalism(封建制度), the purpose of which was to enlighten（启蒙） the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideals.
2. Neoclassicism（新古典主义）
With the introduction of the Enlightenment Movement into England , a revival of interest in the old classical works was in full swing. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism. According to the Neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer荷马, Virgil维吉尔, Horace贺拉斯, Ovid奥维德, etc .) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained（受抑制的） emotion and accuracy.
名词解释Neoclassicism A revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of reason, order, balance and harmony in literature. John Dryden（屈莱顿） and Alexander Pope （亚历山大蒲柏）were major exponents（倡导者） of the Neoclassical school. In the 1st part of the century, Jonathan Swift（乔纳森 斯威夫特） was the supreme（最重要的） master of the current.
3. The supreme masters in the epoch of Enlightenment in England were:
1）Alexander Pope：the greatest poet in the 18th century.
代表作：An essay on Criticism《论批评》 (1711, first striking success
as a poet and critic)
The greatest poet in the 18th c.
An essay on Criticism (1711, first striking success as a poet and critic)
Pope’s Heroic Couplet :
∨ / ∨ / ∨ / ∨ / ∨ /
A Lit|tle lear|ning is | a dange | rous thing ,
Drink deep or taste not the Pierian spring
( if you want to learn sth , dig deep into the heart of it )
—— An Essay on Criticism (Part II)
Pierian : the spring in Pieria（皮埃里亚，希腊北部马其顿滨海区） on
Mt . Olympus , sacred to the Muses, Pierian
spring is therefore the source of inspiration .
2）Richard Steel理查德 斯梯尔：masters of prose, or essayists
代表作：Two influential periodical publications(杂志)：
The Tatler (Steel,1709—1711)《闲话报》
The Speculator (1711—1714, by Steel and Addison)《旁观者》
3）Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊：A poet, essayist, literary critic, biographer（传记作者） and lexicographer（词典编纂者）.
4）Daniel Defoe：The great pioneer（先驱） of the English novel, whose Robinson Crusoe has been variously read as an allegory for the development of civilization, as a manifesto（宣言） of economic individualism and also as an expression of European colonia（殖民地）desires.(P133)
He is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel. 开创了现代派小说的先河。
The features of his works: he is anti-romantic, anti-feudal realistic writer.He often use long sentences without strong paused to give his style an immediate quliaty, but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity.明朗
4. The literary currents of the 18th century
1）Classicism, or Neoclassicism dominated（控制） this century;
2）The middle of this century in England sees the inception（起初） of a new literary current– sentimentalism（感情主义） ;
3）At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, Pre-Romanticism emerged.
4）The beginnings of the modern novel
名词解释 Classicism： A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.
名词解释Sentimentalism：The middle of the 18th century in England sees the inception of a new literary current—sentimentalism, which came into being as a bitter discontent（不满） in social reality on the part of certain enlighteners who found the power of reason to be insufficient in dealing with social injustices, and therefore, appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and justice.
The term is used in two senses in the study of literature. The first is overindulgence（放纵） in emotion, especially the conscious effort to induce（引起） emotion in order to analyze or enjoy it and the failure to restrain or evaluate emotion through the exercise of the judgment. The second is the optimistic overemphasis on the goodness of humanity. Sentimentalism is concerned with the development of primitivism(尚古主义). In the first sense given above, sentimentalism is found in the melancholy（忧郁） verse of the Graveyard School.
5. Jonathan Swift
1）He was the most remarkable satirist讽刺家 in the 18th century who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic（贵族的） society of his age with mercy.宽容，he supports the conservative Tory（保守派党员）。In 1704 he published two powerful satires（讽刺诗） on corruption（） in religion and learning: A Tale of a Tub (1704) and The Battle of the Books (written in 1679, published in 1704), which established his name as a satirist.
Gulliver’s Travels
Gulliver's Travels , written in 1726 is the immortal work of Jonathan Swift. Though it's been labeled a children's book, it's also a great satire of the times that is pretty much beyond most children. It shows Jonathan's desire to encourage people to read deeper and not take things for granted: readers who paid attention could match all of Gulliver's tall tales with current events and long-term social problems.
1. The voyage in Lilliput
In the first part, the narrator☻, Lemuel Gulliver, a surgeon on a merchant ship, relates his ship wreck to the island of Lilliput, the inhabitants of which are six inches high, with everything on the island being in the proportion of one inch to one foot as compared with things we know of. Owing to this diminutive scale, the aggressiveness of the inhabitants are satirized in the description of the wearers of high heels and low heels, of the controversy on the question whether eggs should be broken at the big or small end, and the war with their neighbors across the channel.
2.The voyage in Brobdingnag
In the second part, Gulliver is accidentally left ashore on Brobdingnag ,where the inhabitants are as steeples and everything else is in proportion.
3.The voyage in the flying island of Laputa n. 拉普他岛（一小说中的飞行浮岛）.
The third part is occupied with a visit to the flying island of laputa Here the satire is directed against philosophers, men of science, historians, and projectors.
4. The voyage in Houyhnhnms n. 慧骃国（格列佛游记中的国家之一）；具有人类理性的马匹
This part describes the country of the Houyhnhnms, or horses endowed with reason. Here brutality of the yahoos, beasts in the shape of men is satirized. The lack of reason will make humans inferior as the Yahoos, controlled by animals with intelligence.
2) Main Works
The Battle of the Books 《书的战争》 (the first notable work)
The Ｔale of a Tub 《一个木桶的故事》(is a satire on religion.)
Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》 The Drapier’s Letters《布商的书信》
A Modest Proposal《一个温和的建议》：(is made to English government to relieve消除 the poverty权力 of irish people。强烈谴责了英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫。)
A The four voyages in the story
a)The voyage in Lilliput(小人国)
b)The voyage in Brobdingnag（大人国）
c)The voyage in the flying island of Laputa（拉普他岛）
d)The voyage in Houyhnhnms（慧骃国）
B The style of the novel :
In this novel, Swift typified the bourgeois world, satirically(讽刺地) portrayed（描绘） the whole of the English State System.
The power of Swift’s satire is that there is no visible sign of anger, nor the rising of voice; the tone is cold, restrained , ironic（反讽的）,varied only by some flashes of fooling ( tease, joke).
6. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗。歌尔德斯密斯
1）He was born in Ireland. As an essayist（散文家），he is among the best in the century. As a poet, he makes the riming couplets（英雄双行体） as natural and simple as his prose.Goldsmith was buried in Temple Church. The inscription reads: “HERE LIES/OLIVER GOLDSMITH”. There is a monument to him in Westminster Abbey with an epitaph 碑文，墓志铭written by Samuel Johnson.塞缪尔·约翰逊（18世纪英国作家，批评家）
2）主要作品：
novel：the vicar of wakefield维克菲德尔的牧师，P125
comedy:She stoops to Conquer委曲求全，
( She stoops to Conquer and Sheridan’s The School for Scandal(the summit of comedy of manners风俗喜剧)
and Rivals are the three plays of the 18th c. that are still active on the modern stage.)
essay:the critizen of the world世界公民，
poems:The traveler旅行者 and the Deserted Village.荒村
A proof that even the humblest fortune may grant happiness, which depends, not on circumstance, but constitution.
— The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith
The Vicar of Wakefield Introduction
这部小说具体反映了18世纪英国农村面貌，农民失去土地的情况以及他们的悲惨遭遇。小说情节并不精彩，人物刻画无深度。结尾仓促，不够自然。但却有一股特殊的魅力——清丽雅致的写作风格，多人物基本特征的把握。牧师形象塑造极为成功——心慈面善，为人忠厚，以讲道劝善为神圣职责。谦卑的性格中略带虚荣，对人性本质为善及人类能在社会中和谐相处坚信不移。事实上他的善行只给他频频不断的灾难与麻烦，直至家破人亡。身陷囹圄。作者对他既同情有讽刺。
作者对乡村风景和家庭生活的描写风格尤其高明。恬谈古雅、恰倒好处，如一幅古典风格的油画给人以无限的温馨遐想，使这部健康理想的家庭小说具有无穷的生命力。
7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德。布林斯里。谢里丹
1）The greatest dramatist of the 18th century:
2）主要作品：讽刺喜剧：the rivals对手
the school for scandal造谣学校（the summit of comedy of manners）
8. Robert Burns罗伯特。彭斯
1）The greatest of Scottish poets in the 18th century
2）主要作品：A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰
Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长
9. Thomas Gray托马斯 格雷 The Leader of "the Graveyard School"
1）The Graveyard School(墓园派): A group of 18th-century poets, and among them are Thomas Gray, Robert Blair, Thomas Parnell, and Edward Young, who wrote on funeral subjects.
2）Thomas Gray (1716-1771), English poet, who was a forerunner of the romantic movement. His masterpiece, Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓园挽歌》was published in 1751. The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School”.
3）名词解释Elegy：A poem of mourning （悲痛）, usually over the death of an individual .
4）Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard：
Theme: By mourning over the dead, the poet is sentimentalizing（感伤） about the vicissitudes（变迁）of human life and inconstancy（易变的） of human fortune.
10.William Blake 威廉·布莱克 (1757 - 1827)
1）Romantic Artist and Author,a British poet, painter, visionary mystic, and engraver, who illustrated and printed his own books. Blake proclaimed the supremacy of the imagination over the rationalism and materialism of the 18th- century.William Blake was a transitional figure in British literature. He was the one of the first writers of the "Romantic Period." Before this period, most writers, such as Alexander Pope, wrote more for form instead of for content. Blake, on the other hand, turned back to Elizabethan and early seventeenth-century poets, and other eighteenth- century poets outside the tradition of Pope.
2）In 1783, his first set of poems, Poetical Sketches（《诗的素描》）, was published.
His first publication of illustrated（有插图的） works (text and pictures) was All Religions are One 《众教归一》and There is No Natural Religion (both in 1788).
3）Major Works：
a) Songs of Innocence 17《天真之歌》
It was written for children.
Everything in the poem seems to be in harmony.
But The Little Black Boy and The Chimney Sweeper in the collection show the racial discrimination and suffering.
The Lamb from Songs of Innocence is typical of one of the copperplates(铜板印刷) Blake produced. Notice the embedding of the words within the branches and vines (which often seem to be dying or oppressive, pressing on the words themselves as in this poem).
b)Songs of Experience 1794 《经验之歌》
The Chimney Sweeper 《扫烟囱的孩子》
c)The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 1790 《天堂与地狱的婚姻》
4）The Tyger
a) It is from The Songs of Experience. It is one of Blake’s best known poems. The apparently simple questions of curiosity and puzzlement. What imagination inspires the creator
b)Figurative language:Oxymoron Repetition Parallelism
5) Blake’s Style
a.Blake’s poems seem easy but difficult to understand for his mysterious images and symbols, unless versed in ( skilled at ) religious knowledge.
b.Blake’s poems are full of emotion and apparent presentation of his progressive democratic idea in symbolism（象征主义）.
c.He was a Pre-Romanticist or forerunner of the romantic poetry of the 19th century.
6)Features of W. Blake’s Poems
Early attempts at poetry:
Spenserian stanza, Shakespearean, Miltonic 米尔顿的；壮严的；米尔顿风格的blank verse, the ballad form, contempt for the rule of reason—opposed to the classicism
Blake’s poems seem easy but difficult to understand for his mysterious images and symbols, unless versed in ( skilled at ) religious knowledge.Blake’s poems are full of emotion and apparent presentation of his progressive democratic idea in symbolism.
补充：
1.Daniel Defoe：The most outstanding figure of English sentimentalism
2. The most outstanding figure of English sentimentalism was Laurence Sterne. His Tristram Shandy（《商弟传》） and Sentimental Journey（《伤感旅行》）reveal a purely emotional approach to life on the part of the narrator.
3.Pope made the Heroic Couplet perfect by the closed couplet.
Of all the 18th century novelists, ______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice , to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
A.Daniel Defoe B. Samuel Johnson C. Oliver Goldsmith D. Henry Fielding
Unit 5
1.The Romantic Period(1798—1832)：Romanticism in England came into being in the latter half of the 18th century, and William Blake and Robert Burns represented the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism. With the publication of William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads in 1798, romanticism began to bloom in the history of English literature. The trend ended at the death of Walter Scott in 1832.
2.名词解释Romanticism： is a literary movement which came into being in England early in the latter half of the 18th century and prevailed（盛行） in the first half of the nineteenth century . This literary trend began with the publication of Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣集) and ended with Walter Scott's deathIt is a reaction against the Classicism or Neoclassicism of the 18th century. Romantic writing emphasizes emotions and feelings instead of reason and logic . It also focuses on the life of common people and encourages an appreciation of nature instead of society. The subject matters of Romanticism can be listed: sensibility , love of nature , interest in the past ,mysticism , individualism , exotic pictures , strong-willed heroes , sometimes the Romantics resort to symbolism（象征手法）.
3. The romantics浪漫主义者
The first generation Romantics:
1) Burns, Blake—pre-Romantics;
2) Wordsworth华兹华斯 , Coleridge柯勒律治 (Lyrical Ballads, 1798);
The second generation Romantics:
1) Byron拜伦, Shelley and Keats济慈 (who wrote swiftly, traveled widely and died prematurely and inspired autobiographical prose-writers such as: Hazlitt, De Quincey and Lamb);
2) Historical novelist: Walter Scott沃尔特·斯科特
4. Lake poets(湖畔诗人)：Coleridge。 Southey骚赛 。Wordsworth
5.William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯
Works:
a.The Prelude序曲(自传性诗歌)Autobiographical poetry With S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”.
b.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我孤独地漫游，像一朵云 composed by he and his sister, the poet and diarist Dorothy Wordsworth
c.a number of famous poems, including "the Lucy poems"
The style:simplicity and purity of language; love of nature
华兹华斯（1770-1850），英国诗人。生于柯克茅斯。17年与柯勒律治联名出版了《抒情歌谣集》，其清新自然的格调和明快流畅的语言，开创了英国浪漫主义诗歌一代新风。是浪漫主义诗派——湖畔派的代表诗人。
Publications:
a.In 1798, Wordsworth and Coleridge (with insights from Dorothy) produced Lyrical Ballads (an important work in the English Romantic movement);
b.In 1800, the second edition, published, had only Wordsworth listed as the author, and included a preface to the poems. This Preface to Lyrical Ballads is considered a central work of Romantic literary theory. In it, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of poetry, one based on the "real language of men" and which avoids the poetic diction of much eighteenth-century poetry. Here, Wordsworth also gives his famous definition of poetry :
“poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotions recollected in tranquility.”
6. George Gordon, Lord Byron乔治。戈登。拜伦
1) 名词解释Byronic hero: the hero with the characteristic of Lord Byron or the hero in his poetry, who is contemptuous（蔑视的） of and rebelling against conventional morality, or defying（不服从） fate, and who is a mixture of good and evil, selflessness and sin, isolated（孤立的）, rebellious, passionate and self-reliant（自力更生的）, etc.
2）Byron’s Style：Byron’s language is moody and vivid, and he covers vast areas, both geographically and emotionally.
3）Major works
a)Hours of Idleness闲散时刻(1807, first volume of poems, an immature little book)
b)Childe Herald’s Pilgrimage查尔德?哈罗德游记(1812) （Spenserian stanza ）
c)Don Juan (1818—1823) 唐璜
d)Others Dramas: Manfred(1817) 曼弗雷德; Cain该隐(1821)
7. Percy Bysshe Shelley珀西·比西·雪莱 “Mad Shelley”
1)Major Works
In Oxford he was expelled from the university for the publication On the Necessity of Atheism(《无神论的必然性》).
his first important poem Queen Mab 《麦布女王》
The Revolt of Islam《的叛变》
Prometheus Unbound 《的普罗米修斯》
The Cenci 《钦契》
The Mask of Anarchy 《的化装》
Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》
To a Skylark 《云雀颂》
Defence of Poetry 《诗辩》
Adonais《阿多尼斯》
Wife:Shelley met William Godwin , the revolutionary philosopher and novelist, and fell in love with his daughter Mary Godwin whose mother was Mary Wollstonecraft, a champion for women’s rights
Mary finished her work on Frankenstein or Modern Prometheus(《弗兰肯斯坦》，或《现代的普罗米修斯》) while pregnant.
Poets' Corner (诗人角)
19世纪著名的小说家狄更斯(Charles Dickens)被安葬在诗人角的。陪伴他长眠的还有19世纪诗人丁尼生(Alfred Tennyson)、布朗宁(Robert Browning)、小说家哈代(Thomas Hardy)及英文词典编纂之父约翰逊(Samuel Johnson)。莎土比亚的坟墓虽然在他的故乡，但这里也有一个壁龛放着他的雕像。但英国文学史上两位了不起的浪漫主义诗人拜伦(George Gordon Byron，1788-1824)和雪莱(Percy Bysshe Shelley，1792-1822)因被认为有异端思想(unorthodox beliefs)而被排斥在“诗人角”之外。
2)名词解释Ode: A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some serious subject.
3）Ode to the West Wind：在此诗中，使人抒发了对大自然的热爱，歌颂了西风摧毁旧事物，孕育新事物的精神。诗歌以“如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗”结尾。
8.John Keats约翰。济慈
1）Major Works
a)In 1817, a little volume which contains On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer 《初读查普曼译荷马史诗》;
b)In 1818, Endymion 《恩底弥昂／翁》
c) In 1820, The volume entitled Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems was published.
《拉米亚，伊莎贝拉，圣 ·爱尼节前夜及其它》
It contained the great odes :
On Melancholy 《忧郁颂》
Ode On a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》
To Psyche《心灵颂》
To a Nightingale《夜莺颂》
Hyperion《许佩里翁》
2) Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》
The Romantic Period (1798—1832)(II)
I. Historical novelist: Walter Scott☻
II. Familiar essayist: Charles Lamb☻
III. Novelist of social manners:
Jane Austen☻
9.Historical novelist: Walter Scott☻
A,Major Works
Waverly 《威弗利》
The Lady of the Lake 《湖畔夫人》
Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》
Rob Roy 《罗布·罗衣》
b.Walter Scott’s Contributions
Walter Scott is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. Scott’s novels give a panorama of the feudal society from its early stages to its downfall.（P218）☻For details, refer to PP213-219.
10.Familiar essayist: Charles Lamb (1775-1834)
His sister:Mary Lamb
Three periods:
1.immature works of prose and poetry
2. Tales from Shakespeare《莎士比亚故事集》First successful literary venture: Charles the tragedies; Mary the comedies.
3. Essays of Elia《伊利亚随笔》
Last Essays of Elia《伊利亚随笔续集》
Album Verses《诗歌选集》
For details, refer to PP219-224.
Lamb’s Style
Lamb’s contributions are essays, which present an excellent picture of himself and humanity, and the style is gentle, old-fashioned, and irresistibly attractive. 兰姆最大的成就是随笔。他的随笔的最大特点是笔调亲切，文风古雅，富有生活气息和人情味。
11.Jane Austen-Novelist of social manners
Jane Austen was born on December 16, 1775 at Steventon, England. She was the sixth child of a family of seven. Her father, the Revd George Austen, was a cultivated man, who taught Jane and encouraged her both in her wide reading and writing. 注意：Reverend: used as the title of a clergyman
Jane’s life is notable for its lack of events; although she had several suitors, she did not marry. In Jane’s life, she finished six novels, which focus on courtship and marriage, though she remained single her entire life. She died in Winchester on July 8, 1817.
1）Major Works
Jane Austen published four novels during her lifetime:
a)Sense and Sensibility (1811)《理智与情感》
b)Pride and Prejudice (1813)《傲慢与偏见》
c)Mansfield Park (1814)《曼斯菲尔徳庄园》
d)Emma (1816)《爱玛》
e)Two novels were published posthumously in 1818:Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》
f)Persuasion 《 劝导》
作品分析:In Pride and Prejudice (1813)《傲慢与偏见》
Type:Type I
The marriage based on love, beauty, virtue and fortune.
Type II
The marriage based on passion, beauty and fortune
Type III
The marriage based on material wealth
Five Marriages
Mr. And Mrs. Bennet passion, beauty and fortune
Mr. Bingley and Jane love, beauty, virtue and fortune
Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth love, beauty, virtue and fortune
Wickham and Lydia passion, beauty and fortune
Mr. Collins and Miss Lucas material wealth
2）Austen’s view of the economic status in people’s marriage:
One would marry for true love with the partner’s personality,
economic condition and social status taken into consideration.
3) Austen’s Style
In all Austen’s novels, the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. Austen’s novels are prominent for her satiric depiction of manners of the English society at her time. Her style is easy and effortless, marked by quiet irony and her simple, delicate analysis of characters and the description of the beauty and charm of commonplace things.
Comedy of Manners (风俗喜剧)见selected literature.下载本文
