—An Analysis of the Fiction Written by Ernest Hemingway
Just like “A Clean, Well-lighted Place”, “Cat in the Rain” is a short story of typical Hemingway’s style: the consistent use of short, direct and concise sentences and meaningful dialogues. Because of Hemingway’s elaborate choice of language, what is shown to readers is just the tip of an iceberg. A detailed analysis is therefore needed to help understand the submerged theme of the story.
“Cat in the Rain” is a story about a woman who lives like the cat crouching under a dripping table in the rain; it is a story about a female’s self-consciousness though still in the bud, about men’s dominance over women, about women’s awaking on their way of striving for freedom. All of these themes are revealed in the following analysis:
(1) Hemingway’s works are famous for the deliberate selection of words; “Cat in the Rain” is no exception.
For instance, there are words concerning color and light intensity in the text: “glistened” in the first paragraph; “bright” in Paragraph 1 and 10; “dim” in paragraph 8; “dark” in Paragraph 32 and 34; “light” in Paragraph 36. Brightness symbolizes freedom. In Paragraph 32, 34 and 36, the wife has looked out of the window three times. As in the first two situations she feels fettered by her husband, all she sees is darkness. However, when she sets her mind as depicted in Paragraph 35, she finds light outside. Through the sharp contrast of colors, the theme about women’s recognition of their position in patriarchy is then brought to light.
Cat is a significant character in the story. When depicting the cat in the first paragraph, the author chooses pronouns “herself” and “she” instead of “itself” and “it” with intention. By so doing, the destiny of the cat in the rain and the destiny of females are closely connected.
In contrast, in Paragraph 39, Hemingway chooses the pronoun “it” to refer to the big tortoiseshell cat, which symbolizes that women under the control of men have lost their own identity and freedom and become men’s possessions.
Even seemingly trifling word “gravel” is used intentionally to modify the word “path”. In Paragraph 10 and 20, the wife and the maid have walked on the gravel path twice. It symbolizes that the road of females’ recognition of their identity and striving for freedom is doomed to be uneven. There are a lot of obstacles waiting for them to fight against.
In Paragraph 10, “The maid looked up at her”, the phrase “looked up” reveals that inequality exists even in the society of females.
There are quite a lot of cases showing the author’s excellent choice of word in the story. Without them, the story will be plain and shallow.
(2) Syntactically, there are various types of sentences in this story.
Grammatically, there is simple sentence like “The rain dripped from the palm trees” in Paragraph 1; compound sentence like “I want to have a kitty and I want some new clothes” in Paragraph 33; complex sentence as the first sentence of the text “There were only two Americans stopping at the hotel”; compound-complex sentence like “The wife went downstairs and the hotel owner stood up and bowed to her as she passed the office” in Paragraph 5 and “She held a big tortoiseshell cat pressed tight against her and its tail swung down against her body” in Paragraph 39.
According to the functional classification, apart from a lot of declarative sentences and interrogative sentences like “Did you get the cat?” in Paragraph 21, there are also imperative sentences like “Don’t get wet.” in Paragraph 4 and “Shut up and get something to read.” in Paragraph 34.
With the help of different types of sentences, the ideas of the author are conveyed in a clear, appealing and vivid way.
As Hemingway is an author who takes the “Iceberg Principle” and is renowned for his concise writing style, there are few long sentences in his works especially his short stories. In “Cat in the Rain”, short sentences almost cover the whole passage. In this way, there are few modifiers that can be used directly like diving glasses that can help readers make out the underwater part of the iceberg. However, the use of short sentences also makes the meaning easy to understand. Therefore, it is quite fun and impressive when one jumps into the sea and enjoys most of the views or even the full views of the iceberg.
(3) The story is rich in figures of speech. Both phonetic and syntactic figures of speech are adopted.
Phonetically, alliteration, consonance and pun are used, which makes the story more rhythmic, appealing and witty.
Alliteration often produces some aesthetic appeal and helps to remember. There are six cases of alliteration in the story: “I'm going down and get that kitty “in Paragraph 2; “propped up with the pillows” in Paragraph 3; “Wonder where it went to” and “resting his eyes from reading” in Paragraph 23; “clipped close” in Paragraph 27; “since she started to speak” in Paragraph 30.
Typical examples of consonance are as follows: “You must not get wet” (a mixture use of assonance and consonance) in Paragraph 9; “Did you get the cat” in Paragraph 21; “the back of her neck” in Paragraph 27.
Pun is reflected by the word “palm. “Palm” is a homonym. Superficially it refers to a kind of tree. However, while reading the whole fiction and taking the theme into consideration, readers can get the meaning “the inside surface of hand”. In Paragraph 34, the word “palm” actually implies that the woman is in the palm of her husband. He tells her to shut up; she looks out of the window once again and sees the raindrops on the palm trees which resembles tears of her as a female who is under control of males. In the first paragraph, the sentence “artists liked the way the palms grew” suggests that men are fond of taking control of women. Both the American woman and the maid are subordinate to men. They live a life like the poor cat in the rain because they do not possess their own rubber cape or umbrella when it rains. Females are dependent to males and thus eager for freedom. With the help of pun, the theme of the story has been strengthened.
Syntactically, Hemingway’s use of repetition, antithesis and parallelism helps to make the language musical, emphatic, attractive and memorable.
Parallelism is adopted in Paragraph 32: “She laid the mirror down on the dresser and went over to the window and looked out.”
Antithesis is used in Paragraph 10: “The table was there, washed bright in the rain, but the cat was gone.”
Anaphora is a kind of repetition involving the repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or verses. Anaphora and parallelism are often used jointly to gain more emphasis to convey strong emotions. The sentence in Paragraph 8 is a case in point: “The wife liked him. She liked his deadly serious way he received any complaints. She liked his dignity. She liked the way he wanted to serve her. She liked the way he felt about being a hotelkeeper. She liked his old, heavy face and big hands. Liking him she opened the door and looked out.” Through the adoption of the two rhetorical devices, the strong emotion of the woman is revealed. It also implies and highlights the sharp differences between George and the hotelkeeper with regard to their behaviors of treating the woman. Anaphora also exists in the Paragraph 20: “She went on up the stairs. She had a momentary feeling of being of supreme importance. She opened the door of the room.” No linking device can be found in the above simple sentences. Coherence and unity are thus reached. Furthermore, it gives readers the impression that the woman finishes all these actions without a stop, which in turn echoes the word “momentary”. Other cases of anaphora are as follows: “I wanted it so much," she said. “I don't know why I want it so much. I wanted the poor kitty” in Paragraph 24; “She went over and went in front of the mirror of the dressing table, looking at herself with the hand glass. She studied her profile, first one side and then the other. Then she studied the back of the head and her neck” in Paragraph 26; “‘I want to pull my hair back tight and smooth and make a big knot at the back that I can feel,’ she said. ‘ I want to have a kitty and I want some new clothes’” in Paragraph 33.
Obviously, repetition is the dominant figure in this fiction. It runs through the whole text, repetition of words and phrases are listed below: “Reading” was repeated 6 times in Paragraph 3, 20, 23, 25, 34 and 36. By the repetition of “reading”, the husband’s attitude towards his wife is revealed, which is thought-provoking; “Looking out” 3 times in Paragraph 1 and 34. This action of the woman implies her strong desire for freedom; “War monument” 3 times in the first paragraph. As the monument glistens in the rain and is looked up at, it symbolizes the supreme power of men which is respected by all human beings, and implies the patriarchy; “umbrella” 3 times in Paragraph 8, 10 and 20, which implies the situation that women are dependent upon men and therefore unable to protect themselves; “hair” 3 times in Paragraph 27, 33 and 35, which symbolizes women’s pursuit of their own identity; “table” 4 times in Paragraph 1, 10, 16 and 26, which symbolizes a temporary shelter for females; “gravel path” 3 times in Paragraph 1, 10 and 20, which infers the obstacles in the way of women’s liberty.
Other cases include “palm” 4 times in Paragraph 1 and 34; “Empty square” twice in Paragraph 1 and 8; “bed” 4 times in Paragraph 3, 20, 23 and 30; “poor kitty” twice in Paragraph 24; “in the long line” twice in the first paragraph; “garden” and “sea” 3 times each in the first paragraph; “profile” twice in Paragraph 26 and 27; “wet” 3 times in Paragraph 4, 9 and 18; and so forth…
Sentences concerning the woman looking out of the window can be found in Paragraph 1, 32, 34 and 36. This is a typical symbol of the woman’s awaking of her self-consciousness and her actions on the way to liberty .Through the adoption of repetition, Hemingway knits his ideas together, emphasizes his ideas and generates emotional force.
In conclusion, the above paragraphs analyze the story “Cat in the Rain” both lexically and syntactically. Figures of speech are also analyzed in detail with examples. Earnest Hemingway is a remarkable writer who inspires women to struggle against patriarchy simply by depicting a woman living exactly like a cat in the rain. However, his perfect use of language should never be forgotten. 下载本文