中英姓氏起源的文化比较
Abstract: Culture is the sum of the material wealth and spiritual wealth in the development of human and every nation has its own unique culture. Surnames, created by people’s cultural creation, which are also a special part of culture, have rich cultural connotation and can reflect a nation’s cultural characteristic in history, language, philosophy, ethics, morality, religions, customs, social customs, psychology and value system. A surname is a family name and many dictionaries define "surname" as a synonym of "family name". In the UK and the US, it is commonly synonymous with "last name", since it is usually placed at the end of a person's given name. But in Chinese culture, the surname is a very important part in one’s life, as saying “A man never changes his name wherever he goes, nor his surname whenever he sits”. In both Chinese and English, there are a great number of diverse and interesting surnames. The article mainly expounds the origin of surnames, comparison of vocabulary of the two kinds of surnames, their similarities and differences between Chinese and English culture and their relationship with given name. Here I need to make the definition of the title. In this article, the “Chinese” means the Han nationality which uses Chinese as their mother tongue in the mainland, other minorities excluded. The “English” means the nations like the UK and the USA where English is used as a mother tongue, the other countries like Australia, New Zealand excluded. This article mainly uses comparative method to distinguish the two kinds of surnames. On the basis of this comparative study, we can reveal the internal cultural characteristics of Chinese and English deeply and thoroughly which is helpful for improving the understanding of and intensify the respect for other cultures. And it also promotes cross-cultural communication and deeply research into language rules.
Key words: surname; culture; similarities and differences; cross-cultural communication
. Introduction
Surname is not only a kind of symbols to distinguish one from another or one family from another, but also it is a high-density information symbol indicating the messages of a nation’s language, history, geography, religion and social development. The communicators between different cultural backgrounds contacted each other initially by the change of surnames. The famous cross-cultural communication experts, Scollon and Scollon said that the surname is the beginning of the cross-cultural communication which is also the window of understanding social culture and evaluation. (cited in Gao and Ren 2003)
In Wangjun’s research (2004:44), she gave an example of the importance of surnames. One American businessman, writer and social observer called Robert. L. Shook(1977) conducted an experiment in which he asked 20 male friends whether they wanted to date with a secretary called Harriett Finkelstein. 18 friends out of 20 said that they did not have time. After one month, he asked them again, but the girl’s name was Jill Conner. 16 of them wanted to date with the girl. Although they did not meet the girl, the first girl lost her chance only by her surname. Because the surname includes aesthetic value and religion value, it gives people the first emotional reaction by primacy effect. For the westerners, this can stir different response. But to the Chinese people, we will regard them as symbols because of diverse culture background.
Because of various history and culture factors, different surname systems are formed by people at all times and in all over the world. The origins of surnames and the cultural meanings are discussed and analyzed in this paper to promote the cross-cultural communication.
II. The origin of Chinese and English surnames
A.The origins of Chinese surnames
1.The background information and reasons of the emergence of Chinese surnames.
Chinese culture is extensive and profound so the Chinese surnames have unique formation and cultural connotation. Chinese people attach great importance to surnames and see them as a symbol of family heritage and family line. We always hear people who have a same surname say that we have the same ancestors, in which we can see the importance of surnames for Chinese people.
The surname in China which began in matriarchal society represents the blood relationship of a race to distinguish the blood kinship when people got married. Fu Xi, the first of the Three Sovereigns of ancient China, wanted to avoid incest and have a better-birth so he set up the institution that people who had a same surname could not get married. This is a significant symbol of the progress of Chinese nation civilization. With the development of the society, the male dominated main position in the life and labor work. So the clan was man-centric and members of a clan had their surnames according to the male’s surname. (Zhou Deyuan, 1-3)
Referring to Chinese traditional culture, the surnames are of great importance in people’s life and people even pay more attention to surnames than names. Because of the deep influence of Confucianism, people stress three principles and five virtues and the concept of family being supreme, so the surname is prior to name.(Zhou Deyuan, 2-5) In daily communication, if one asks another how to address, actually the one asks the other’s surname. This is totally different from English culture.
2.The origins of Chinese surnames
On the whole, there are 14 origins of Chinese surnames :(Zhou 3-10)
1.In matriarchal society, people have their surnames following their mother. Because the Shennong Clan’s mother called Nudeng, so there are many surnames in Chinese with Chinese character component with the Nu, like Ji, Jiang, etc.
2.Form their surnames by fief. Ancient emperors and the feudal princes always award fiefs to their ministers and nobles so these offsprings would take the name of fief as their surname. For example, a son of King Zhao of Zhou got a fief called Weng and his offspring took Weng as their surname. In all the surnames in China, the surname coming from fiefs is the largest part, reaching more than 200. Nowadays, these surnames break away from their genetic relationship of bloodline.
3.Take the country’s name as one’s surname directly. For example, in Shang dynasty, there was a small country called Ruan where the surnames of the offspring were Ruan. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring-states Period, there were many kingdoms like Qi, Lu, Jin, Song, Zheng, Wu, Yue, etc. All the names of these kingdoms became common surnames in later ages.
4.Use the birth places and the living places of families as surnames. In ancient times, Shun was born in Yao so his posterity used Yao as surname. Some familiar surnames like Pei, Lu, and Li have relations with living places.
5.The official position and profession could be used as surnames. The official positions like Sima and Situ are also the surnames of a family. The family whose surname is Chu always had an ancestor taking cook.
6.Surnames that are given by the monarch. It is said that the name of the emperor in Xixia Dynasty was Li, which is given by the emperor of Tang Dynasty.
7.Take the style of the ancestor as the surname. The son of Lu emperor’s style was Ziyou, so his offspring took You as a surname.
8.Decide a surname by myths and legends. An official in Shun dynasty said that he was the offspring of the dragon, so he took Long(dragon) as his surname.
9.Take the names of metal as surnames. In China, there are surnames like Jin, Yin, Tong, Tie, etc. which are coming from metal names.
10. Take the names of plants or animals as surnames. There are many surnames like Mei(plum blossom) , Hua(flower), Xiong(bear), etc.
11.Change a surname because of taboo or other reasons. The Ming emperor in Han Dynasty tabooed Zhuang, so the people who used Zhuang as a surname changed to Yan.
12. Take the artistry or occupation as a surname. The surnames such as Wu, Tao, etc. are the example of occupation.
13. According to the sequence of the brothers in a family, people decided their surnames. We all know the statement of “Bo, Zhong, Shu, and Ji”, which is the sequence of a family, can be used as a surname.
14. The minority invading in China or its fusion brought in many surnames which Chinese people did not have before.
To sum up, these 14 conditions comprise almost all the origins of Chinese surnames and we can find that the sources of surnames in Chinese culture are extensive.
B. The origins of English surnames
1.The background information and reasons of the emergence of English surnames
If we want to trace the origin of English surnames, we must talk about the development track of English history. After the ancient Romans, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded in England and made themselves as domination. They set up tribal society but the level of productive forces was low so the people did not have surnames. (Song Rongchao 2008) In 1066, the Normans’ conquer stimulated the process of English feudalism and brought in the advanced language and culture, in which it terminated the times of no surnames. Because of the sharp increase of the population, the duplication of names was serious, so people needed to identify by having a surname. They used addition such as occupation, living places, etc. after their names to identify. In 1538, the law stipulated that the newborn infants must register their names after the baptism, and this movement promoted the stationary use universal access of surnames. Because only the nobility had surnames at first, so it was spelled as “sir name” and then evolved into “surname”. (Wang Ying 2001)
2.The kinds of origins of English surnames
According to the origins of English surnames, there are 13 kinds of different origins:(Wang 2001)
1.The surnames come from fathers’ names. This method is adding –son or –s after the father’s name, for example, Jackson and Williams.
2.The surnames come from the ancestor’s physiological characteristics such as appearance and figure or lifestyle. For example, if a person called peter who is a strong man, people may call him “Peter the strong” and then his name may become Peter Strong.
3.Take the occupation or artistry as the surnames. The word “carter” is the cart driver and it is also used as a surname. There are other surnames like Smith, Cook, etc.
4.Take the place they live in as surnames. The surnames like Brook, Hill, Lake, etc. are coming from the natural areas they live.
5.Surnames come from animals, like Bull, Fox, etc.
6.The surnames that come from colors, like White, Black, etc. If one has red hair, he may be called Tom Red.
7.The people’s names in the Bible or the names of believers in Christianity can be used as surnames, such as John, James, etc.
8.Take the nation as surnames, such as Angles, German, etc.
9.Take the natural phenomenon as surnames such as Rain, Frost, etc.
10.Take the plants as surnames such as Flower, Rose, etc.
11.Take the body parts as surnames like Arms, Temple, etc.
12.Take the weapons or currency as surnames such as Pound, Sword, etc.
13.Take the official rank as surnames such as Judge, King, etc.
There are 35000 surnames in the UK and US, and 200 of them are frequently-used. The top ten include Smith, Jones, Williams, Brown, Davis, Johnson, Anderson, Taylor, Thom and Evans which occupy almost half of the English people.
.The comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in English and Chinese surnames
A.The similarities of Chinese and English surnames
1.The similarity of the reasons of emergence
With the development of productive forces, the population is increasing and this needs the emergency of surnames. Both in the UK and US or in China, the surnames did not emerge until feudalism began. After the sharp increase of people, the society needed to use surnames to identify people. This is the inevitable trend of historical development.
At the beginning of surnames, both in China and the UK, they were the symbols of nobles, but they gradually went into plain citizens after a long time.
2.The similarity of the origins from culture perspective
Although there are a lot of differences in culture, the origins of surnames have many similarities.
1.Use the living place as surnames. The surnames in all the nations in the world are closely linked to the places’ names. In Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty, they carried out patriarchal clan system which mainly performance in the fiefs. So there are many surnames coming from states of fiefs. In the UK, the surnames come from the names of places which are usually the birth places or living places including state, town, village, river, lake, forest, prairie, island, etc.
2.Take occupations and skills as surnames. In ancient China, the main route to pass on the skills is transferring the skill from fathers to sons. So many surnames come into being because of the occupation. This happens to coincide with the UK. The most common surnames like Smith, Carpenter, Carte, etc.
3.Take the names or styles of the elder generation as surnames. A cousin of Confucius had a style called Qinlao, so the later generations took Lao as surnames. In English culture, the surname “Johnson” is coming from “John”, getting a surname by adding –son.
4.Take colors as surnames. In the book Hundred Family Surnames, it includes the surnames like Hong, Huang, Bai, etc. At the time, choosing colors as surnames in English are more common than Chinese. The surnames such as Red, Grey, Brown, White, etc. are coming from colors to show the preference of the ancestors or the color of skin.
5.Take the metals’ name as surnames. We can find the surnames like Jin and Tie very common in China. There are many surnames such as Gold, Silver, etc. used as surnames in English.
6.Take the official positions or titles as surnames. The offspring of officials in Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasty took the official position as their surnames, like Sima, Situ, etc. In English culture, the surnames such as King, Queen, etc. come from titles.
7.Take the names of plants or fruits as surnames.
8.Use the names of animals as surnames. There exists many surnames such as Ma (horse), Niu (ox) coming from animals. So does English surnames.
9.Get the surnames from religion. There are surnames such as Pangu, which comes from a mythological figure called “Pangu”. In English culture, the surnames like James, Peter, etc. are the typical examples of religion.
3.The reason of the similarities
First, the reason of the surnames is because all the surnames are the social culture development of human beings, so the Chinese and English surnames are similar to some extent. The emergency of surnames is an inevitable trend of society and the human civilizations are familiar with each other. Although in different parts on the earth, the people’s development and social progress are the same.
Second, with the emerging of agricultural society, the productivity leaped forward. And we all know that the civilization is gradually developed with the productivity, so the surnames, which are typical examples, developed in different countries.
B.The differences between Chinese and English surnames
1.The difference between the reasons of emergency
The English surnames’ emergency is mostly depended on the foreign aggression and it did not appear until 11th century. But the Chinese surnames are quite different from English surnames. We have a time-honored history with 5000 years and we have surnames as early as Xia Dynasty. The Chinese surnames’ emergency mainly depended on own development rather than the invasion (Guan Yongli 59).
2.The difference between origins from culture perspective
First, the Chinese surnames which come from fiefs and states take a large part in all the surnames and have little relationship with people’s given name. But in the UK, surnames have a lot to do with the original names.
Second, the Chinese will not alter their surnames only if they needed to taboo or had other peculiar reasons. On the contrary, the English people are glad to change their surnames and there are specialized agencies to change surnames in European countries.
3.The reason of difference
These differences show the diverse culture backgrounds and individual value orientation. The English people wanted some symbols to identify individuals so that they created the surnames, which reveals the individualism in western culture and represents their desire to pursue personal rights. However, due to collectivism and patriarchal clan system, the Chinese surnames serve as a tool of making a distinction between different families and will not alter optionally.
.The conclusion
The surnames of a nation are restricted by many aspects such as culture, history and society and to some extent we can say the surname is a culture, a history and a nationality. From the comparative study, we can find some of the origins of surnames are same in two cultures. We also can realize that the reason of emergency of surnames is similar. However, on the other hand, these two kinds of surnames are different in vocabulary and value these show.
The similarities which lie in the surnames in Chinese and English culture illustrate that the human cultures have the universality and homogeny so that all the nationalities can understand each other perfectly. But at the same time, owing to the particularity, nationality and heterogeneity, all the nationalities should have mutual respect and seek sameness but keep difference. The core of cross-cultural communication is to establish and understand how people from different cultures communicate with each other and that is the major function of this paper. In the cross-cultural communication, if we can comprehend the surname culture and discover the implied information in names, it can improve the cultural sensitivity in cross-cultural communication, achieve better two way communication and enhance mutual understanding. In this paper, the main topic is the surname and the implication it has, so it is closely related to the deep culture and can help us search into the cultures deeply. After the comparative study, we can understand the English culture and history fully and have a deep love for our own culture.
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