Notes
1.Law is regarded as a set of fixed principles…ignorance of which excuses no one, not even the less knowledgeable or less affluent members of society.
法律被认为是一整套固有的规则…不了解这套规则的人并不能因此而免除责任，即使他是这个社会中对此知之甚少，或并不那么富足的成员。
2.Law begins only when a coercive apparatus comes into existence to maintain control through enforcement of social norms.
只有在一种强制性的机构通过实施社会规范来维持控制时，法律才开始形成。
3.The control group need not be agents of a political entity.
控制集团不一定要是政治实体的代表。
4.Law as social engineering. Under this concept law is regarded as a means of social control which seeks to balance various competing conflicting interests and values within a society.
法律是社会的调节器。根据这个概念，法律作为社会控制的一种手段，力图将一个社会中各种纷争不同的权益和价值加以平衡。
5.to maintain the status quo in certain aspects of society.
维持社会某些方面的现状
6.to facilitate orderly change
有利于进行有序的变革
7.to facilitate planning and the realization of reasonable expectations
有利于计划和实现合理的预期目标
8.Courts will not turn to case decision for law if a statute is directly in point..
如果某一成文法条直接适用，不会到判例中去寻找法律依据。
9.A person or a body whom legislation power is delegated cannot, as can Parliament, make law about anything.
被授予立法权力的人或机构不能像议会那样对任何事情都有立法权。
10.Most delegated legislation is published as statutory instrument.
大多数的授权立法是以制定法式的文件颁布。
Reading1 note p16
Ⅳ. Phrase Translation
1.各种相互冲突的利益 various competing conflicting interests
2.实体法和程序法 substantive law and procedural law
3.公法和私法 public law and private law
4.法律的功能 function of law
5.法的渊源 sources of law
6.社会规范的总和 the sum of social norms
7.国家强制力 compulsory state power
8.刑事司法体系 criminal justice system
9.防止不规范 prevent non-conformity
10.维持现状 maintain status quo
Ⅴ. Sentence Translation
1.在普通法系的国家中，法律不仅包括和成文法，在一些司法管辖中，判例法也可能成为有约束力的法律的一部分
In the Common Law counties, law not only includes constitution and statutes, in some jurisdictions, case law may also become part of the body of law having binding effect.
2.文明社会中法律最根本的目的是维护秩序。
The fundamental purpose of law in a civilized society is to maintain order.
3.法律离不开一个强制性机构，这个机构通过强制人们遵守社会规范而保持控制。
Law is dependent on a coercive apparatus which maintains control through enforcement of social norms.
4.有时法律被划分为实体法和程序法、实体法被直接用于解决纠纷，而程序法规定法庭处理案件的程序。程序法也可能影响案件的结果。
Sometimes law is classified into substantive law and procedural law. Substantive law is used to directly resolve the disputes, and procedural law provides for the procedure by which the court handles a case. Procedural law may also affect the outcome of a lawsuit.
5.法系国家已把它们的法律编纂成法典，因此，在这些国家，法的主要渊源是成文法而不是判例。
The Civil Law counties have codified their laws, therefore, the main source of law in those countries is to be found in the statutes rather than in the case.
Unit 2 Constitution
Note
1The Sixteenth Amendment gives congress the power to collect a national income tax without apportioning it among the states.
第十六条修正案授予国会有权征收国税且无须在各州分摊
2until the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment Congress could not directly tax the people of the United States unless it was proportioned to the population of each state.
在第十六条修正案通过以前，国会不能直接向美国人民征税，除非按照各州的人口比例分摊。
3“Constitution ,and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all treaties made or shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the Supreme Law of the Land”
，及基于它所指定的法律和一切在授权下已经指定的或即将制定的条约，是美国国家的最高法律
4The Constitution was interpreted, in 1819,as giving the Supreme Court the power to invalidate any state actions that interfere with the Constitution and the laws and treaties passed pursuant to it
1819年，阐明：任何一个州的立法如与及基于的法律和条约相背离，最高有权判之无效。
5“the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by ti to the states ,are reserved to the states respectively ,or to the people.
任何未经授权给联邦，亦不禁止联邦拥有的权利，均保留给各州及美国民众。
6Specific provisions of the Constitution protect the rights of the individual from interference by the state governments.
的特别条款保护个人不受联邦和州干涉的权力。
Phrase
1 民众主权 popular sovereignty
2 三权分立 separation of powers
3 制衡原则 checks and balances
4 参议院 Senate
5 众议院 House of Representatives
6 权利法案 the Bill of Right
7 正当程序法 due process of law
8 立法、行政、司法部门 legislative branch , executive branch and judicial branch
9 联邦 federal government
10 共同权力 concurrent power
Sentence
1. 这意味着任何一个州，任何一个机构，任何人，任何，甚至总统和国会都无权制定或执行违背的法律或法令。
This means that no state, no branch of government ,no person ,no elected official —not even the president or Congress — can make a law or enforce condition that goes against the Constitution
2. 美国起草于1787年夏天宾夕法尼亚州的费城所举行的一次会议上。在此次会议上，最初的13个州中的12个州派出了代表团，每个代表团有一票投票权。
The Constitution of the United States was drawn up at a convention held in the summer of 1787 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,at which 12 of the original 13 states were represented ,each by a delegation having a single vote.
3. 条例1第9条规定禁止国会的某些行为。例如，在第十六条修正案通过以前，国会不能直接向美国人民征税，除非按照各州的人口比例分摊。
Section 9 of ArticleⅠprohibits Congress from taking certain actions .For example, until the passage of the 16th Amendment Congress could not directly tax the people of the United States unless it was proportioned to the population of each state,
4. 第十条修正案规定热河未经授权给联邦，亦不禁止州拥有的权利，均保留给各州及美国民众。
The tenth Amendment specifically states that “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States ,are reserved to the States respectively ,or to the people.
5. 第十四条修正案规定，非经正当法律程序，任何州不得剥夺任何公民的权利和豁免权。
The fourteenth Amendment prohibits the states from abridging “the rights and immunities “ of any citizen without due process of law
Note
1…and thus their names are forever attached to the landmark Supreme Court case
由此他们的名字成为了最高判例中的里程碑
2….issue a writ of mandamus against persons holding office
签发一项反对在职的命令书。
Unit 3 Legal System
Notes
1. Courts of limited jurisdiction 有限管辖权
Courts of general jurisdiction 一般管辖权
2. Subject matter jurisdiction 对事管辖权，指受理某种案件的权力
3. Diversity jurisdiction 多元管辖
4. Each Circuit Court consists of several judges who ordinarily sit in panels of three for each case. 每个巡回由若干法官组成，每个案件通常由三个法官组成的合议庭审理。
5. The Ten Commandments of the Bible.圣经十诫
6. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi and the Code of the Twelve Tables of early Rome.
巴比伦的汉摩拉比法典及古罗马的十二铜表法
7. Retributive justice of "an eye for an eye"
“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”的因果报应来自圣经
8. Monotheism---belief that there is only one God. 一神论
9. The greatest contribution of the Roman Empire to history was its development of a coherent legal system and efficient government administration , which brought stability and order to the world.
罗马帝国对历史的最大贡献是，它发展了一个有条理的法律制度和一个高效率的行政体系，这些曾给世界带来过稳定和秩序。
Phrase Translation
1.一套统一的法律 one uniform set of laws
2.有关当事人的实体权利 the substantive rights of the parties concerned
3.有限管辖权 courts of limited jurisdiction
4.美国司法制度的双轨制和多轨制 duality and multiplicity of the American judicial system
5.中级上诉 the intermediate appellate courts
6.法律选择问题 choice of law question
7.初审和下级 the trial courts and inferior courts
8.由联邦最高裁量 at the discretion of the Supreme Court
9.由三个法官组成的巡回合议庭 the panel of the circuit court made up of three judges
10.统一的体系 a uniform set of court system
Sentence Translation
1. 双轨制是美国法律制度的一个特点，这也是由美国联邦制所造成的。
Duality is the characteristics of the American legal system and it might be resulted from American federalism.
2. 在跨州交易和有关事件中，经常产生法律选择的问题。
Choice o law questions frequently arise in multi-state transactions or occurrences.
3. 选择也增加了美国诉讼的复杂性，因为美国的系统同样存在双轨制。
Choice of forum also adds to the complexity of litigation in America, because there is also duality in America's court system.
4. 美国有各种的联邦和州体系，各自可细分为出身和上诉。
There is a separate federal and state court system in the United States which may subdivide into trial court and court of appeal.
5. 诉讼对初审的判决可向上级上诉。然而，联邦最高并不对每个上诉事件进 行司法复审。
The litigant may appeal to the higher court for the judgment rendered by the trial court. Nevertheless the United States Supreme Court is not to have appellate review of every case.
Unit 4 Civil Procedure
Notes
1. Public law is concerned with the interaction between an individual and the rest of community. 公法调整个人与社会之间的互动关系。
2. There is no division among the direct courts as to what cases can be tried in which tribunal.各 联邦地方之间没有关于哪一类案件可以在哪一类法庭审理的划分。
3. To identify a convenient forum确定一个适合的
4. Venue provisions set out the district or districts in a given state in which suit may be brought, assuming subject-matter and personal jurisdiction requirements are met.
对事管辖权和对人管辖权符合要求后，审判地的规定会决定诉讼将在某一特定州的某一个区内进行。
5. Power is assumed to exist because each state has sovereign control over all things and persons within its borders.
认定这样的权力是存在的，因为各州对其疆域内所有的事和人拥有（某种主权意义上的）自主的统治权。
6. ... outside the forum state's borders 不在法庭所在的州的范围内
7. Minimum Contacts 最低限度联系
8. ... in hand delivery 直接送达
9. The failure of the defendant to raise the lack of venue either in a pretrial motion to dismiss or in the answer will be deemed acquiescence.
如果被告未能在审前请求或书面答辩中提出对审判地持有异议，则被告对审判地的管辖将被视为默示同意。
10. forum non convenience 【拉】不方便审理的。指如果认为案件由另一审理对双方当事人更为方便且更能达到公正的目的，可不予受理。
Supplementary Reading 1 notes P77
Supplementary Reading 2 notes
1. Claim preclusion means that a party may not relitigate in another lawsuit the same claim against the same opponent after a judgment has been entered in a case adjudication on the merits.有合法管辖权的就案件作出终局判决后，在原当事人间不得就同一事项，同一诉讼标的，同一请求再次提起诉讼。
2. Issue preclusion stops a party from relitigating against the same opponent any factual or mixed law-fact issue actually litigated in the first suit if the determination of that issue was essential to the judgment.
对于同一当事人之间已经判决的争点，禁止当事人以另一不同诉因为根据再次争诉。
Ⅳ. Phrase Translation
1. 诉讼管辖权 subject-matter jurisdiction
2. 初审 trial court
3. 初审管辖权 original jurisdiction
4. 上诉管辖权 appellate jurisdiction
5. 不可转换审判地的诉讼 local action
6. 可转换审判地的诉讼 transitory action
7. 程序上的正当法律程序 procedural due process
8. 诉讼书状的送达 service of process
9. 索赔 the Claims Court
10.不方便审理的 forum non convenience
Ⅴ. Sentence Translation
1. 在诉讼案件的庭审过程中，有举证责任的一方当事人有开场和结束的权利。
In the trial of a law suit, the party who has the burden of proof has the right to open and close.
2. 近几十年来，最高一直认为某些在前九次修正案中予以保护的权利是最基本的，违 反它们将违反第十四修正案中的正当程序条款。
In recent decades the Supreme Court has held that some of the guaranteed rights in the first nine amendments are so fundamental that a violation of them would constitute a violation of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
3. 审理案件的陪审团，无论是由12人还是少于12人组成，都是从一个较大范围的预备陪 审员名单中选定的，这些预备陪审员是被传唤到法庭以履行陪审职责的。
The trial jury, whether of twelve or less, is selected from a much larger panel of prospective jurors who have been summoned to the courthouse for jury service.
4. 在联邦体系中，当联邦地方已具有对事管辖权和对人管辖权时，审判地的规定 会决定诉讼将在某一特定州的某一个区内进行。
In the federal court system, venue provisions set out the district or districts in a given state in which suit may be brought, assuming subject-matter and personal jurisdiction requirements are met.
5. 在告知诉答程序中，对案件事实的描述的重要性已被法律制定者弱化，因为在法典诉答程序中，大量时间和金钱被花费在对事实所作的专门性描述上而不是对案件的实质问题上，因此，法律制定者对一些诉讼请求程序进行了删减。
The reason for the general de-emphases on factual revelation in the federal pleading rules was the desire of the rule-makers to eliminate some of the pleading-motion practice that occurs under the code system in which significant accounts of time and money are spent on technicalities prior to reaching the merits of the case.下载本文
