II.Give the description of the following sound segments in English.
1. [Ɵ] voiceless dental fricative
2. [ʃ]: voiceless postalveolar fricative
3. [ŋ]: velar nasal
4. [d]: voiced alveolar stop
5. [p]: voiceless bilabial stop
6. [k]: voiceless velar stop
7. [l]: alveolar lateral
8. [i]: high front lax unrounded vowel
9. [u:]: high back tense rounded vowel
10. [ɔ]: low back lax rounded vowel
III. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.
1.voiceless labiodental fricative: [f]
2.voiced postalveolar fricative: [Ʒ]
3.palatal approximant: [j]
4.voiceless glottal fricative: [h]
5.voiceless alveolar stop: [t]
6.high-mid front unrounded vowel: [i]
7.high central rounded vowel: [] 符号里没找到，就是在语音[U]上划一横
8.low front rounded vowel: [Œ]
9.low-mid back rounded vowel: [ɔ]
10. high back rounded tense vowel: [u:]
V. Discuss the following questions.
4) To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?
Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology is the study of sound systems that occur in a language and the patterns where they fall in. Minimal pairs, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist.
Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.
Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it focuses on chaos. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. A phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign “accent”, to make up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in one’s language. It focuses on order.
Chapter 3
II. Complete the words with suitable negative prefixes.
a.irremovable m. dissyllabic
b.informal n. abnormal
c.impracticable o. unworkable
d.insensible p. unwritten
e.intangible q. unusual
f.illogical r. unthinkable
g.irregular s. inhuman
h.disproportionate t. irrelevant
i.ineffective u. uneditable
j.inelastic v. immobile
k.inductive w. illegal
l.irrational x. indiscreet
III. Morpheme is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammatical concept or a semantic one? What is its relation to phoneme? Can a morpheme and a phoneme form an organic whole?
Since morpheme is defined as the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, that is, it is involved both in grammatical and semantic aspects.
A single phoneme may represent a single morpheme, but they are not identical. For example, the phoneme /s/ in ‘looks’, ‘tapes’, ‘Frank’s’, ‘race’ is the same one, yet they represent different morphemes or even is not a morpheme individually. The phoneme /s/ in ‘looks’: the third-person singular present tense morpheme; the phoneme/s/ in ‘tapes’: the plural morpheme; the phoneme /s/ in ‘Frank’s’: the possessive case morpheme; the phoneme /s/ in ‘race’: is not a morpheme, for it has neither lexical meaning or grammatical meaning.
Morphemes may also be represented by phonological structure other than a single phoneme. In other words, a morpheme may overlap with a phoneme, such as I, but usually not, as in pig, in which the morpheme is the whole word, i.e. an independent, free morpheme, but the phonemes are /p/, /i/ and /g/.
Chapter 4
III. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence.
1.((I) ((rode) (back))) ((when) ((it) ((was) (dark)))).
2.((The) (boy)) ((was) (crying)).
3.(Shut) ((the) (door)).
4.((Open) ((the) (door))) (quickly).
5.((The) (((happy) (teacher)) ((in) ((that) (class))))) ((was) ((becoming) (away))).
6.(He) (((bought) ((an) ((old) (car)))) ((with) ((his) ((first) ((pay) (cheque)))))).
IV. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups, do the following.
--- State whether it is headed or non-headed.
--- If headed, state its headword.
--- Name the type of constructions.
(1) Ducks quack.
non-headed; independent clause
(2) The ladder in the shed is long enough.
non-headed; prepositional phrase
(3) I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.
headed; headword---damaged; adjectival phrase
(4) Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries.
headed; headword---singing; gerundial phrase
(5) His handsome face appeared in the magazine.
headed; headword---face; nominal phrase
(6) A lady of great beauty came out.
non-headed; prepositional phrase
(7) He enjoys climbing high mountains.
headed; headword---climbing; gerundial phrase
(8) The man nodded patiently.
non-headed; independent clause
(9) A man roused by the insult drew his sword.
headed; headword---roused; adjectival phrase下载本文
