| 学生专业班级 | |
| 学 时 数 | |
| 教学目的 | |
| 教学内容 | 英美诗歌的基本押韵格式,包括双行押韵格式、隔行押韵格式、吻韵押韵格式、链韵格式,以及以上格式的组合格式 |
| 教学重点 | 双行押韵格式、隔行押韵格式、吻韵押韵格式、链韵格式 |
| 教学难点 | 吻韵押韵格式、链韵格式 |
| 教学进程 | 第一学时讲授双行押韵格式、隔行押韵格式 第二学时讲授吻韵押韵格式、链韵格式以及组合格式 |
| 教学方法 | |
| 教 具 | |
| 课后总结 | |
| 作 业 | Give examples of different types of rhyme schemes |
第四讲 英美诗歌的基本押韵格式
押韵格式(rhyme scheme)指的是一首诗中各押韵诗行的组合形式。一般说来,每首诗都由数量不同的诗行组成,每一行的结尾都按照其读音的相同或类似而押韵,并表现出规律性。
押韵格式分为定型诗歌格式和普通诗歌格式。前一种格式主要有十四行诗体、斯宾塞诗体、回旋诗体等押韵格式;普通诗歌格式主要有双行押韵格式(aa)、隔行交互押韵格式(abab)和吻韵格式(abba)。
第一节 基本押韵格式
一、双行押韵格式(aa)
它是英语诗歌最基本押韵格式,主要用于双行诗节(couplet)。双行诗节指两行押韵或不押韵的诗行。双行诗节可以单独成为诗节,也可以存在于其他诗节中。七行体(又称皇韵体,rhyme royal)诗和八行体(octa rima)诗用双行诗节结束,莎士比亚的十四行诗也是用双行诗节结束全诗。
双行诗节分开放双行诗节(open couplet)和完整双行诗节(closed couplet)两种。完整双行诗节如果是用抑扬格五韵步写成,就被称为英雄双行诗节(heroic couplet)。
开放双行诗节指的是跨行的双行诗体,即两行诗有共同的语法和逻辑结构,但第二行的意思需要继续下去,直到在后面的诗行中结束。如济慈叙述希腊神话中的美少年长诗《恩弟米安》开始几行:
A thing of beauty is a joy for ever:
Its loveliness increases; it will never
Pass into nothingness; but still will keep
A bower quiet for us, and a sleep
Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing.
Therefore, on every morrow, are we wreathing
A flowery band to bind us to the earth,
Spite of despondence, of the inhuman dearth
Of noble natures…
(John Keats: Endymion)
这些诗行的特点是:
首先,每两行押韵,即 ever / never,keep / sleep,breathing / wreathing,earth / dearth押韵。
其次,第一行是完整句,第二行要表达的意思跨入下面数行才结束。
双行诗节是英语中最短的诗节,在印刷安排上,有时按两行一个诗节的形式分开排列,有时连续排在一起。每个诗节的押韵不重复,即下一个诗节同上一个诗节不能押相同的韵,必须转韵,因此,整首诗的押韵格式就成了aabbccdd,一直往下推。
完整双行诗节不仅要求两行诗押韵相同,而且要把意思表达完整。英雄双行诗节是完整双行诗节中的一种,它是英语诗歌之父乔叟最喜爱的诗体,如他的《坎特伯雷故事》总引中对骑士的介绍:
And everemore he hadde a sovereign pris.
And thought that he were worthy, he was wis,
And of his port as week as is a maide.
He nevere yit no vilainye ne saide
In al his lif unto no manere wight:
He was a verray, parfit, gentil knight.
But for to tellen you of his array,
His hors were goode, but he was nat gay.
Of fustian he wered a gipoun
Al bismotered with his haubergeoun,
For he was late come from his viage,
And wente for to doon his pilgrimage.
(Chaucer: The General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales)
这段诗是抑扬格五韵步,每两行押韵,下个韵不同于上个韵,其押韵格式为aabbccddeeff。
济慈的叙事诗《拉米亚》是混合使用开放诗行和英雄诗行写成的,开始几行如下:
Upon a time, before the faery broods
Drove Nymph and Satyr from the prosperous woods,
Before King Oberon’s bright diadem,
Scepter, and mantle, clasp’d with dewy gem,
Frighted away the dryads and the Fauns
From rushes green, and brakes, and cowslip’d lawns,
The ever-smitten Hermes empty left
His golden throne, bent warm on amorous theft:
(John Keats: Lamia)
这些诗行里,第一行不是完整句,第一行和第二行组成一个时间状语从句,第三、四、五六句组成第二个状语从句,第七、八行组成这些诗行的主句。它们每两行押韵,即broods / woods,diadem / gem,Fauns / lawns,left / theft。每组韵不同,属开放双行诗节押韵格式。但该诗第二十七行开始如下:
From vale to vale, from wood to wood, he flew,
Breathing upon the flowers his passion new,
And wound with many a river to its head,
To find where this sweet nymph prepar’d her secret bed:
In vain; the sweet nymph might nowhere be found,
And so he rested, on the lonely ground.
显然,这些以抑扬格五韵步为主的诗行里,每行都表达完整的意思,都是每两行押韵,因此它们属英雄双行押韵格式。
押aabb韵律格式的四行诗节,其实是双行诗节的变体,如朗费罗的《箭和歌》第一、三诗节:
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
….
Long, long afterwards, in an oak
I found the arrow, still unbroken;
And the song, from beginning to end,
I found again in the heart of a friend.
(Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song)
每两行押韵,下一诗节的韵与前面的韵不同。虽然第一、二行都分别表达完整之意,但因它们是四韵步,只能被称为完整诗行,不能被称为英雄双行。其余双行是开放诗行。
诗人们有时使双行诗节发生变化,在双行上加一行并与之押韵,这样的诗节叫三行同韵诗节(triplet)。最好的例子莫过于丁尼生的《鹰》:
He clasps the crag with crooked hands;
Close to the sun in lonely lands,
Ring’d with the azure world, he stands.
The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;
He watches from his mountain walls,
And like a thunderbolt he falls.
(Alfred Tennyson: The Eagle)
如果是三个以上的诗行押一个韵,这叫单韵(monorhyme)。单韵的格式有两种,一种是一个诗节只押一个韵,有多少诗节就有多少韵,另一种是一首诗只押一个韵。例如弗罗斯特的《蔷薇科》就是一首诗只押一种韵的典型例子:
The rose is a rose,
And was always a rose.
But the theory now goes
That the apple’s a rose,
And the pear is, and so’s
The plum, I suppose.
What will next prove a rose.
You, of course, are a rose—
But were always a rose.
(Robert Frost: The Rose Family)
二、隔行押韵格式
隔行韵(alternate rhyme)又称交叉韵(cross rhyme),其格式abab是英语诗歌中仅次于双行押韵格式aa的第二种基本押韵格式,一般用于写作四行诗节,其基本特征就是第一行诗与第三行诗押韵,第二行诗同第四行诗押韵。如华兹华斯的《致杜鹃》第一诗节:
O blithe new-comer! I have heard,
I hear thee and rejoice:
O Cuckoo! Shall I call thee Bird,
Or but a wandering Voice?
(William Wordsworth: To the Cuckoo)
这种押韵格式来自双行诗节的押韵格式,是双行诗节的变体,它本身也同样存在变体,形成另外一种格式,如xbyb格式(其中x和y表示不押韵)。这种格式在民谣中比较常见,如济慈《冷酷的妖女》第六、七诗节:
I set her on my pacing steed,
And nothing else saw all day long,
For sidelong would she bend, and sing
A fairy’s song.
She found me roots of relish sweet,
And honey wild, and manna dew,
And sure in language strange she said—
I love thee true.
(John Keats: La Belle Dame Sans Merci)
三、吻韵格式
吻韵(envelope rhyme or kissing rhyme)又称抱韵,其押韵格式为abba,其主要特征是第一诗行与第四诗行押韵,第二诗行和第三诗行押韵。这种格式通常被用在抑扬格四韵步或五韵步诗行的四行诗节中,丁尼生的《悼念集》被认为是用此种格式写成的最著名的诗篇,其中第十一段的最后两个诗节如下:
Calm and deep peace in this wide air,
These leaves that redden to the fall,
And in my heart, if calm at all,
If any calm, a calm despair;
Calm on the seas, and silver sleep,
And waves that sway themselves in rest,
And dead calm in that noble breast
Which heaves but with the heaving deep.
(Alfred Tennyson: In Memoriam, Section 11)
丁尼生的密友哈勒姆在欧洲旅行期间,客死维也纳,丁尼生极为悲伤,十多年中,从这种悲伤出发,把对人生、宗教、社会等的思考写成一首首诗,记录了这一心灵历程。该诗集发表后,成为英诗中最伟大的悼念诗之一这种诗体也被称为悼念体。
又如哈代的《灰暗的色调》前两个诗行:
We stood by a pond that winter day,
And the sun was white, as though chidden of God,
And a few leaves lay on the starving sod;
—They had fallen from an ash, and were gray.
Your eyes on me were as eyes that rove
Over tedious riddles of years ago;
And some words played between us to and fro
On which lost the more by our love.
(Thomas Hardy: Neutral Tones)
这是诗人悼念亡妻的诗歌之一,抒写了他们情感曾经的隔阂。
吻韵与四行诗节联系在一起,如果诗行增加并押吻韵,吻韵就有了变体形式,如哈代的《啊,是你在我坟上刨土》就是一例,其前两个诗节如下:
‘Ah, are you digging on my grave
My loved one?—planting rue?’
—‘No: yesterday he went to wed
One of the brightest wealth has bred.
“It cannot hurt her now,” he said,
“That I should not be true.”’
‘Then who is digging on my grave?
My nearest dearest kin?’
—‘Ah, no: they sit and think, “what use!
What good will planting flowers produce?
No tendance of her mound can loose
Her spirit from Death’s gin.”’
(Thomas Hardy: Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?)
这是一首具有讽刺味道的对话诗,是坟墓里的死者与坟上刨土者的对话,死者不知道是谁在刨土,就发问是不是自己的恋人,亲人,或敌人(第三节),刨土者回答说都不是,他们都已经不爱你,不想你,不恨你了。刨土者最后回答说自己是死者养过的那只小狗,死者感动于世上还有小狗一颗忠诚的心,而小狗的回答却是,它来刨土为的是埋一根骨头,竟然忘了这里是主人的安息地。每个诗节有六个诗行,第一行在后面每个诗节首行作少许变动后重复,属迭句。如果将其抛在一边,我们就不难发现,每诗节里剩下的五行诗,属abbba吻韵格式。
吻韵也可以用来写三行诗节,格式为aba。这样的诗行叫吻韵三行诗节(enclosed tercet),如毕晓普的《一门艺术》第一、诗节:
The art of losing isn't hard to master;
so many things seem filled with the intent
to be lost that their loss is no disaster,
Lose something every day. Accept the fluster
of lost door keys, the hour badly spent.
The art of losing isn't hard to master.
(Elizabeth Bishop: One Art)
四、链韵格式
链韵(chain rhyme)又名连锁韵(interlocking rhyme),是英语诗歌中较为复杂的押韵格式,主要用于四行诗节或三行诗节。其特征是一个诗节中的某一行诗用于连接下一个诗节中某一行诗的韵。雪莱的《西风颂》是使用链韵的优秀范例,其第四段如下:
If I were a dead leaf thou mightiest bear;
If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee;
A wave to pant beneath thy power, and share
The impulse of thy strength, only less free
Than thou, O Uncontrollable! If even
I were as in my boyhood, and could be
The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,
As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed
Scarce seem’d a vision; I would ne’er have striven
As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.
O! life me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!
I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!
A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed
One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.
(Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind)
前四个诗节的押韵格式为aba bcb cdc ded,每个诗节单独来看都是吻韵,而且每个诗节的中间诗行成为链接诗行,它与下一诗节的首尾两诗行押尾韵,这样,所有诗行就链接起来了。
又如拉金的《床上的谈话》:
Talking in bed ought to be easiest,
Lying together there goes back so far,
An emblem of two people being honest.
Yet more and more time passes silently.
Outside, the wind’s incomplete unrest
Builds and disperses clouds about the sky,
And dark towns heap up on the horizon.
None of this cares for us. Nothing shows why
At this unique distance from isolation
It becomes still more difficult to find
Words at once true and kind,
Or not untrue and not unkind.
(Philip Larkin: Talking in Bed)
前三个诗节的韵式是aba cac dcd,前一个诗节的首尾行与下一个诗界的中间行押韵,从而将三个诗节链接起来。最后一个诗节押单韵。
第二节 押韵格式的组合使用
上面讨论的四种基本押韵格式都与二行、三行和四行诗节联系在一起。有时,一个诗节会有五个或五个以上的诗行,这时就会出现两种甚至两种以上的押韵格式的组合。
一、五行诗节中押韵格式的组合
例如雪莱的《致云雀》开始两诗节:
Hail to thee, blithe Spirit!
Bird thou never wert—
That from heaven or near it
Pourest thy full heart
In profuse strains of unpremeditated art.
Higher still and higher
From the earth thou springest,
Like a cloud of fire;
The blue deep thou wingest,
And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.
(Percy Bysshe Shelley: To a Skylark)
每个诗节中的押韵格式为ababb。这是隔行押韵的变体形式,也可以说前三行是吻韵格式,后两行是双行韵格式,后两行与第二行又押韵。又如艾伦•坡的《致海伦》:
Helen, thy beauty is to me
Like those Nicéan barks of yore,
That gently, over a perfumed sea,
The weary, way-worn wanderer bore
To his own native shore.
On desperate seas long wont to roam,
Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,
Thy Naiad airs have brought me home
To the glory that was Greece,
And the grandeur that was Rome.
Lo! in yon brilliant window-niche
How statue-like I see thee stand,
The agate lamp within thy hand!
Ah, Psyche, from the regions which
Are Holy-Land!
(Allan Poe: To Helen)
这首诗三个诗节的押韵格式分别是abab,ababa和abbab,它们都应该是隔行韵的变体,但第三个诗节的前四行又有吻韵的味道。另外,Nicéan中的é表示这个音节重读,从而使这个诗行成抑扬格韵步。
二、六行诗节中押韵格式的组合
例如华兹华斯《我独自漫游像一片云》第一诗节和最后诗节:
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
…
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
(William Wordsworth: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)
每个诗节的押韵格式是ababcc,即隔行韵和双行韵格式的组合。
三、七行诗节中的组合
七行诗节中,最普通的是抑扬格五韵步的皇韵(rhyme royal)诗节。它是苏格兰国王詹姆斯一世在他的诗歌Kings Quair中所使用的诗节而创造出来的。乔叟在《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》(Troilus and Criseyde)中最早使用这一诗节,因此皇韵诗节又称特罗勒斯诗节(Troilus stanza)或乔叟诗节(Chaucer stanza)。以下是选自《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》卷一中特罗勒斯的一段情歌的第一诗节,其韵脚是ababbcc。
“If no love is, O God, what fele I so?
And if love is, what thing and whiche is he?
If love be good, from whennes cometh my wo?
If it be wikke, a wonder thinke me,
When every torment and adversitee
That cometh of him, may to me savory thinke;
For ay thurst I, the more that I it drinke.
这种格式是在四行诗节基础上发展起来的,其押韵格式也是在隔行押韵(abab)或双行押韵(bbcc)的基础上加一个三行诗形成的。
四、八行诗节中押韵格式的组合使用
八行诗节的基本结构是由六行隔行韵(ababab)加一个双行韵构成(cc),如叶芝的《驶向拜占庭》最后一个诗节:
Once out of nature I shall never take
My bodily form from any natural thing,
But such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make
Of hammered gold and gold enamelling
To keep a drowsy Emperor awake;
Or set upon a golden bough to sing
To lords and ladies of Byzantium
Of what is past, or passing, or to come.
(W.B. Yeats: Sailing to Byzantium)
拜伦的长诗《唐璜》(Don Juan)是由八行诗节构成,押韵格式为abababcc,即由六行隔行韵加一个双行韵构成,例句见后面史诗章节。
五、九行诗节中押韵格式的组合使用
九行诗节以斯宾塞诗节(Spenserian stanza)为代表,他是在长诗《仙后》中创造的一种诗节,以下是卷一第一章的第一诗节:
Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine,
Ycladd in mightie armes and silver shielde,
Wherein old dints of deepe wounds did remaine,
The cruell markes of many a bloudy fielde;
Yet armes till that time did he never wield:
His angry steede did chide his foming bitt,
As much disdayning to the curbe to yield:
Full iolly knight he seemd, and faire did sitt,
As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt.
(Edmund Spenser: Faerie Queen)
这种诗节的押韵格式是ababbcbcc,是在隔行韵和链接韵基础上发展起来的,既有隔行韵味道,又有链接韵味道。斯宾塞的这种九行诗节押韵格式是固定的。
其他诗人也写九行诗节的诗,其押韵格式就不那么固定,如多恩的《追认圣徒》第一诗节:
For God’s sake hold your tongue, and let me love,
Or chide my palsy, or my gout,
My five gray hairs, or ruined fortune, flout,
With wealth your state, your mind with arts improve,
Take you a course, get you a place,
Observe His Honor, or His Grace
Or the king’s real, or his stampèd face
Contemplate; what you will, approve,
So you will let me love.
(John Donne: The Canonization)
这节诗行的押韵格式为abbacccaa,显然,前面四行是吻韵,后面五行是双行韵的变体。
六、十行诗节中押韵格式的组合使用
由于诗行较多,十行诗节没有固定的押韵格式,但大多数是从基本押韵格式上变化而来,例如多恩的《升起的太阳》第一节:
Busy old fool, unruly sun,
Why dost thou thus
Through windows and through curtains call on us?
Must to thy motions lovers’ seasons run?
Saucy pedantic wretch, go chide
Late schoolboys and sour prentices,
Go tell court huntsmen that the king will ride,
Call country ants to harvest offices;
Love, all alike, no season knows nor clime,
Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time.
(John Donne: The Sun Rising)
这个诗节的押韵格式是abbacdcdee,显然,前四行押吻韵,接下来的四行押隔行韵,最后两行押双行韵。又如济慈《夜莺颂》第四诗节:
Away! Away! For I will fly to thee,
Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,
But on the viewless wings of Poesy,
Though the dull brain perplexes and retards:
Already with thee! Tender is the night,
And haply the Queen –Moon is on her throne,
Cluster’d around by all her starry Fays;
But here there is no light,
Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown
Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.
(John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale)
这个诗节的押韵格式是ababcdecde,显然,前四行押隔行韵,后六行也押隔行韵,但隔两行而非基本格式的隔一行。
七、“维拉内拉”(villanelle)十九行诗
这种诗体在文艺复兴时期用于当时流行的牧歌中,它起源于意大利民谣的诗体,格律很严:每首由五个三行诗节构成,限用两个韵,三行诗节的韵脚安排为aba,四行诗节为abaa,第一节中的第一行与第三行还必须在后面的四节中轮流用作第三行,并在最后的四行节中双双出现,作全诗结句。如狄兰•托马斯的《不要温和地走进那个良夜》:
Do not go gentle into that good night,
Old age should burn and rave at close of day;
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Though wise men at their end know dark is right,
Because their words had forked no lightning they
Do not go gentle into that good night.
Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright
Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,
And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way,
Do not go gentle into that good night.
Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight
Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
And you, my father, there on the sad height,
Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray.
Do not go gentle into that good night.
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
(Dylan Thomas: Do not Go Gentle into That Good Night)
诗人的父亲常常给年少的他朗诵莎士比亚的作品,并鼓励他写诗。在父亲最后的日子里,挚爱他的儿子在他的病榻前为他反复朗诵这首杰作。诗人认为父亲是个有见识的人,具有多种非凡的品质,因此他列举了数种典型之人对待死亡的态度,殷殷劝说父亲不要被动地屈从,而应以生命的激情和勇气与死神抗挣。诗人请求父亲以一如既往的热情来关心自己,哪怕是诅咒或祝福。下载本文