(一)主语:
主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme), 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。主语通常由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词或从句担任。
1. 名词作主语。
A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵树倒下横在路上。)
2. 代词用作主语。
You’re not far wrong. (你差不多对了)。
3. 数词用作主语。
Four plus seven are eleven. 7减4余3。
4. 名词化的形容词用作主语。
The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。
7. 不定式用作主语。
To find your way can be a problem. 你能否找到路可能是一个问题。
It would be nice to see him again. 如能见到他,那将是一件愉快的事。
8. 动名词用作主语。
Smoking is bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。
Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. 看电影是乐事, 制作影片则是苦事。
9. 名词化的过去分词用作主语。
The disabled are to receive more money. 残疾人将得到更多的救济金。
11. 从句用作主语。
Whenever you are ready will be fine. 你无论什么时候准备好都行。
12. 句子用作主语。
”How do you do?” is a greeting. “你好”是一句问候语。
(二) 谓语
谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成。
1. 由简单的动词构成。
(1) He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。
(2) The plane took off at ten o’clock. 飞机是十点起飞的。
2. 由动词短语构成的谓语。
(1) What’s been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什么来着?
(2) You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。
3. 英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词,表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如:
(1) I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水(had a swim 代替了swam)
(2) Take a look at that! 你看看那个!(take a look 代替了 look)
(3) He gave a sigh. 他叹了口气。(gave a sigh 代替了sighed)
(4) I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震动。(a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分,彻底的))
(三) 表语
表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中,连系动词只是形式上的谓语,而真正起谓语作用的则是表语。
可以作表语的词有:名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。
1. The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。(名词)
2. So that’s that. 就是这样。(代词)
3. We are seven. 我们一共7人。(数词)
4. Are you busy? 你有空吗?(形容词)
5. Is anybody in? 里面有人吗? (副词)
6. All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。(不定式)
My answer to his threat was to hit him on the nose. 我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。(不定式)
7. Complimenting is lying. 恭维就是说谎。(动名词)
8. I’m very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所做的很满意。(过分)
9. She is in good health. 她很健康。(介词短语)
10. Is that why you were angry? 这就是你发怒的原因吗?(从句)
【注】能做系动词的实义动词: come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词)
feel,sound ,smell , look , taste (感观动词) seem, appear (似乎,好像)
(四) 宾语
宾语(object)在句中主要充当动作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如:
Our team beat all the others. 我们的球队打败了所有其他球队。
可以用作宾语的有:名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。
1.Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯吗?(名词)
2.They won’t hurt us. 他们不会伤害我们。(代词)
3.If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。(数词)。
4.I shall do my possible. 我将尽力而为。(名词化形容词)
5.He left there last week. 他上个星期离开了那里。(副词)
6.Does she really mean to leave home? 她真的要离开家吗?(不定式)
7.He never did the unexpected(想不到的,意外的). 他从不做使人感到意外的事。(名词化的分词)
8.Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗?(从句)
【注】宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者,间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物(多指人),具有这种双宾语的及物动词,
常用的有:answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等,间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用,通常放在直接宾语之前。
如:I offered him the job. 我给了他那份工作。
(五) 补语
补语(complement)是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。
补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语(subject complement),
补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语(object complement).
(1)形容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前,后有逗号。
Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困,就去睡了。
有时可以置于主语之后,前后都有逗号,与非限定性定语相似。如:
The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings. 那人不可置疑地残酷,不听取他们的恳求。
(2)表语也是一种主语补足语。
(3)可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、副词、分词、介词短语等
1.They named the child Jimmy. 他们将孩子命名为吉米。(名词用作宾语补语)
2. I found the book very interesting.我发现那本书很有趣。(形容词短语用作宾补)
3.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. 同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。(不定式用作宾语补语)
5.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。(动名词作宾补)
6.Don’t take his kindness for granted.不要把他的友善看作是当然的事。
(六) 定语
定语是用来说明名词(代词)的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有:形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。
1.形容词用作定语是大量的。
(1)She is a natural musician. 她是一位天生的音乐家。
(2)He must be the best violinist alive.他一定是最好的在世的小提琴手了。(后置定语)
2. 名词用作定语。
(1)A baby girl 女婴 (2)well water 井水
3.代词作定语。
(1)Your hair needs cutting. 你该理发了。(物主代词用作定语)
(2)Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 人人负责就是无人负责。 (不定代词所有格作定语)
4.数词作定语
(1)There’s only one way to do it. 做此事只有一法。
(2)Do it now, you may not get a second chance. 现在就干吧,你可能再没有机会了。
基数词用作后置定语: page 24,Room 201,the year 1949等。
5. 副词充当定语时常后置,如:
the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日
6.不定式用作定语
(1)Her promise to write was forgotten.她忘记了答应写信的事。
(2)That’s the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。
7.动名词用作定语.
A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药 eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法
8.分词充当定语
a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a retired worker 一个退休工人
9.介词短语用作定语。
(1)This is a map of China. 这是一幅中国地图。
(2)The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words. 他那凶暴的目光说明得再清楚不过了。
10.从句用作定语,即定语从句
The car that’s parked outside is mine. 停在外面的车是我的。
Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one. 我在外面看见你的汽车了,它给另一辆车撞了。
(七) 同位语
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语(appositive).这两个句子成分多由名词(代词)担任,同谓语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。
1.名词用作同位语的情况很多。
(1)We have two children, a boy and a girl. 我们有两个孩子,一男一女。
(2)We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.
我们中国人民决心将中国建成一个强大的繁荣的国家。
2.代词用作同位语。
(1)Let’s you and me go to work, Oliver. 咱们俩去工作吧。
3.数词用作同位语。
(1)Are you two ready? 你们俩准备好了吗?
(2)They two went, we three stayed behind.他们俩去了,我们三个留了下来。
4.不定式与动名词用作同位语。
(1)Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.
他们最近提出了集中全力于初等教育的提议遭到了某些人的反对。
(2)The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭,被拒绝了。
5.Of 短语用作同位语
The city of Rome 罗马城 the art of writing 写作艺术
6.从句用同位语,即同位语从句
(1)The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不确。
(2)We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可信赖的问题。
(八) 状语
状语(adverbial)是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。如:
1.The girl is improving remarkably. 这个女孩大有进步。
2.可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。
(1).副词最常用作状语,位置比较灵活,可置句末、句首和句中。
He speaks the language badly but reads it well. 这种语言,他讲得不好,但阅读能力很强。
Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors. 当我们期望旅馆的旅客把房门锁上。
3.状语按用途来分,可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等
(1)时间状语,多位于句末和句首,有时亦可置于句中
Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?
(2 ) 地点状语,多置于句末,有时也位于句首和句中。
There are plenty of fish in the sea.
(3)原因状语,包括表 理由的状语,多置于句末,有时亦可置于句首。
Because he was ill, Tom lost his job.
(4) 结果状语,多由不定式、分词和从句表示,常位于句末。
She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.
She spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what she said.
(5) 目的状语,多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示,常位于句末,强调时可以置于句首。
In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.
(6) 条件状语,多由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。
We’ll be lucky to get there before dark.
If he were to come, what should we say to him?
(7) 让步状语,由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。
For all his money, he didn’t seem happy. 他尽管有钱,但似乎并不幸福。
He helped me although he didn’t know me.
二、句子分类
通常,我们可以从两个不同的角度对句子进行分类:一是按句子的用途;二是按句子的结构。
(一)句子的用途分类
所谓用途分类是指,根据句子的意思,句子的语言功能和作用是什么,然后将其归类。按这种方法,所有的英语句子可以分成四个种类:陈述句(Declarative Sentence),疑问句(Interrogative Sentence),祈使句(Imperative Sentence)和感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)。
1.陈述句(Declarative Sentence)
陈述句是用来说明事实、看法,描述动作、状态,阐明道理、原因,等等。这是日常生活中见得最多的一种句子。它在表达意思上有两种形式,即肯定句形式和否定句形式。例如:
Chinese is one of the major languages in the world.中文是世界主要语言之一。
It is not an easy job to learn English well .学好英语不是件易事。
She is doing her term paper .她在写学期论文。
This is a beautiful garden .这是一座漂亮的花园。
Wealth does not mean happiness .富有并不意味着幸福。
Being over-slept, he was late for class today. 由于睡过了头,他今天上课迟到了。
2. 疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)
疑问句是用来提出问题的,按其所提出的不同问题可分为以下四种:
1)一般疑问句(General Question)
一般疑问句是就某件事或某种情况的"是与否"提问。因此,它的回答不是"Yes"就是"No";回答时所用的句子可以是完整句,也可以是省略句。另一方面,凡是疑问句一般说来都应该是倒装语序。例如:
--Are you a student ? --Yes, I am a student .
--Do you like dancing ? --Yes, I do .
2)特殊疑问句(Special Question)
特殊疑问句是对某件事或某种情况的某一方面的具体内容提问,因此,对哪一方面的具体内容提问,就需要使用相应的特殊疑问词如:时间(When)、地点(Where)、原因(Why)、方式(How)、人物(Who)、名称(What),等等。另外,回答的内容也应该是具体的。例如:
--Who is in charge of English in your class ? --Zheng Zheng (is ).
--谁是你们班的英语科代表?--(是)郑征。 --Why is Luo Huimin absent from duty today .--She is preparing for going abroad .
罗慧敏今天为什么没有上班?她要出国,正在做准备。
3) 选择疑问句(Alternative Question)
选择疑问句可以对句子中的任何成分设置选择问题,选择部分由连词or连接。它貌似一般疑问句,其实两者有区别,因为回答这种文句时既不能用"Yes"也不能用"No",而是需要回答人说出具体的选择。另外,连词or之前的部分读升调,其后的部分读降调。例如:
--Is your sister or brother going abroad ? --My brother is .
(选择主语)--是你的妹妹还是弟弟要出国?--我弟弟。
--Are you going to school or back home . --(I'm)Going home .
(选择谓语) --你是去学校还是回家。--我回家。
4)反意疑问句(Disjunctive Question)当说话人对某种情况不甚有把握,或需进一步证实时,便可使用反意疑问句。反意疑问句的构成分两部分。第一部分是一个完整的陈述句;第二部分是一个简单疑问句。第一部分若是肯定形式,第二部分则用否定形式;第一部分若是否定形式,第二部分则用肯定形式。还必须要保持前后两部分在时态、情态动词等方面的一致性。例如:
She is a college student , isn't she ?她是学生,对不对?
He cannot speak French , can he ?他不会说法语是不是?
3. 祁使句(Imperative Sentence)
祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要求、建议,等等。祈使句的主语常被省略,因为这个主语很明确地是听话人"you"。当然,有时为了强调或表示某种感情,句子也会带上主语。
祈使句的谓语用动词原形;它的否定形式是句首用Don't + 动词原形,或是Not to + 动词原形。例如:
Be quiet , please ! (大家)请安静。
Stand up ! 起立!
Don't smoke in the office . 请不要在办公室吸烟。
Don't be standing in the rain . 别站在雨里。
Not to be careless when you're driving a car . 开车时不要粗心大意。 4) 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)
感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。这类句子中,有很多是由What或How引起的。What用来强调名词,How则强调形容词、副词或动词。这类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说,所感叹的对象放到句首;句子无需倒装,句子要用正常语序。 当然,如果不用这种句型,而句子(无论是那种句子)本身又表示了上述的种种情绪,那么该句也就成了感叹句。例如:
What a fine day it is today ! 今天天气多好啊!
How fine it is today ! 今天天气多好啊!
What a lovely son you have !你有个多可爱的儿子啊!
How lovely your son is ! 你的儿子多可爱啊!
(二)句子的结构分类
如果按照句子的结构分类,英文句子可分为三个类别:简单句(Simple Sentence),并列句(Compound Sentence)和复合句(Complex Sentence)。这里所说的结构,主要是指句子中主语和谓语之间所构成的关系。
1.简单句(Simple Sentence)
简单句只有一个主谓关系。句子可能有两个或更多的主语,也可能有两个或更多的谓语,但是句子中的主谓关系只有一个。例如:
China and Chinese people are incredibly progressing in many aspects .(两个主语,一个谓语)中国和中国人民在以非常的速度日益进步。
Computers mean a lot to human beings and are paidmore and more attention by people . (两个谓语,一个主语)计算机对人类社会意味着很多东西,并越来越受到人们的重视。
2.并列句(Compound Sentence)
并列句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。这些主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的。从语法上讲,所谓"并列"、"对等"是指任何一个主谓结构都能地表达意思,谁也不从属于谁。尽管如此,这些主谓结构在意思或逻辑上有一定程度的内在联系。否则,它们就可能被分别写成简单句,而没有必要写在一起构成并列句了。在并列句中,要使两个或几个主谓结构(或者说,分句)连接在一起,就要用并列连词。并列连词用来连接平行对等(即互不从属)的分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面几种:
1)表示转折意思 : but , yet , however , nevertheless
例:Everything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself .
一切都是身外之物,只用健康属于自己。
He has learned English for only one year, yet he can communicate with people in English . 他才学一年英文,但已能用英文与人交往了。
John has his shortcomings; however, that doesn't mean he is not qualified for the job . 约翰有缺点,但这不等于说他不胜任这份工作。
2)表示因果关系: or , so , therefore , hence
例:You'd better take an umbrella with you, for it's going to rain. 要下雨了,你最好带把伞。
I've got a meeting to attend, so I have to go now. 我要去开个会,我得走了。
You are in the right , therefore we should support you . 你是对的,所以我们该支持你。
The town was built on the side of a hill, hence it's named Hillside . 这个小镇建在山旁,所以叫"山旁"。
3)表示并列关系
and , or , either…or , neither / nor , not only…but (also), both…and , as well as
例:She came to my house yesterday evening, and Iwent to hers . 昨晚她来我家了,我却去她家了。
Do it this way or you'll be in trouble . 你就这么办,不然你会有麻烦的。
Either you tell him the truth , or I do it . 不是你告诉他事实,就是我来告诉。
He doesn't know your address, neither / nor do I. 他不知道你的地址,我也不知道。
3)复合句(Complex Sentence)
复合句明显地不同于简单句,因为它有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。从表面上看,它与并列句相似。其实不然,后者的几个主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的;而复合句中的主谓结构之间的关系不是并列的、对等的,其中只有一个主谓结构是主要的,其他的主谓结构都从属于那个主要的主谓结构。那个主要的主谓结构称作句子的主句(Main Clause);其他的主谓结构称作句子的从句或子句(Subordinate Clause)。
复合句里的从句种类较多,引起不同的从句要用不同的从属连词。关于从属连词的具体使用将在"从句"的有关章节里再作介绍。另外,这里所说的"从属"关系,是指从句只有和主句在一起才能有意义;从句若从主句那里出来就无法表达意义了。请看下列句子:
Because they talk at home while the television is on , many people think they can talk at movie theaters as well . (状语从句)
许多人在家里是边看电视边谈话,所以他们认为在电影院也可以如此。
Whether he comes or not doesn't make any difference to me .
(主语从句)他来与不来对我都一样。
There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.
(宾语从句)什么是货币以及怎样计量货币经济学家之间存有分歧。
China is not what it used to be.
(表语从句)中国不是它过去的样子了。
Is there any proof that the food of plant differs from that of animals ?
(同位语从句)有没有什么证据说明植物性食品不同于动物性食品?
Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government .
(定语从句)税款是人们支持而交的钱。
练习:
一、指出下列句子中主语的中心词。
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
二、指出句中谓语的中心词。
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
⑨ He is interested in music.
⑩ Whom did you give my book to?
三、挑出下列句子中的宾语。
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.
⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
⑧ You will find it useful after you leave school.
四、挑出下列句子中的表语。
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
五、挑出下列句子中的定语。
① They use Green with the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
六、挑出下列句子中的宾语补足语。
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
七、挑出下列句子中的状语。
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤ She loves the library because she loves books.
⑥ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
八、划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
KEYS:
一、① teacher ② man ③ dictionary ④ To do
二、① like ② get ③ go ④ be ⑤ have ⑥ do ⑦ want ⑧ send ⑨ is ⑩ give
三、① his homework ② English ③ your pronunciation ④ How many new words ⑤ who “Father Christmas” really is ⑥ he was ill ⑦ him ⑧ it
四、① feeling very tired ② worried about Jim ③ yellow ④ interested in the subject ⑤ to learn about it
五、① with the family name ② your given ③ third; Class ④ some ⑤ downstairs ⑥ of the other shoe
六、① to read newspapers and books in the reading-room ② to take the boy out of school
③ difficult to do the work ④ Lily ⑤ get on the bus
七、① on her face ② Every night ③ when he was eleven ④ too fast ⑤ because she loves books
⑥ if you've lost it
八、① us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 ② me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语 ③ us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 ④ Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 ⑤ me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语下载本文