Stanza 1: One midnight, while the poet was tired with reading and pondering, he heard the gentle knocks at his chamber door.
Stanza 2: In a cold night when the poet was alone, he was awakened by the tapping and realized
Stanza 3: The poet felt frightened so he had to calm himself down by persuading that the tapping means a late visitor, and it could not be anything worse than that.
Stanza 4: The poet was suddenly excited as to apologize for not hearing the gentle rapping, but when the door is widely opened, he found nothing but darkness outside.
Stanza 5: The door was opened but it was all darkness and tranquility outside. The only sound echoing to the poet’s ear was his murmuring of "Lenore". He began to wonder who might have done the tapping. But the more he wondered, the more frightened he became.
Stanza 6: The poet returned to his chamber but the tapping appeared again and louder. He made up his mind to calm down and find out the truth.
Stanza 7: The poet opened the window and finally found that the tapping comes from a Raven perching on a bust of Pallas.
Stanza 8: The poet was beguiled into smiling by the black bird and he asked its name and was replied with: "Nevermore", which becomes the repetitive refrain of several stanzas.
Stanza 9: The poet was astonished by the fact of a bird's talking, because neither had anybody ever experienced this nor was any bird named "Nevermore" before, despite the widely held belief that crows and ravens can mimic human speech if their tongues are “split” with a sharp tool.
Stanza 10: The bird's repetition of "Nevermore" accidentally corresponds with the poet's self-talk, as if the bird is ensuring him "I will never leave".
Stanza 11: After his astonishment, the poet realized that the bird was repeating the only word it accidentally picked up from its depressed master and it, as a matter of fact, shared nothing about the poet's murmuring about Hope.
Stanza 12: The poet came nearer to the bird and began to fancy why the bird repeated that word.
Stanza 13: Thinking about that word reminds the poet of his lost Lenore.
Stanza 14: The poet felt too much troubled by the memory of Lenore so he wanted some magic drug to release him from thinking about her.
Stanza 15: In stanza 14, the poet was inclined to release himself from the memory of Lenore. In the present stanza, he wants to find some magic drug to cure him.
Stanza 16: The poet expressed his desire for meeting Lenore, but was boldly denied by a "Nevermore", and this brings the poem to the climax.
Stanza 17: The poet was so irritated by the bird's reply in the former stanza that he wanted to drive the bird away from him. However, the bird again responded with a "Nevermore".
Stanza 18: The Raven was rather innocent to the poet's reverie about "Lenore". However, the poet was obsessively in a mood of frustration.
Comment on the poem
The Raven was published in the New York Evening Mirror in 1845. Being regarded as the first poem with hazy conceptions in the West, it is the poem of which Poe himself felt quite proud and had been frequently taken by Poe as an example to illustrate his poetic art. Consisting of 18 stanzas, each with 6 lines, with the first five lines being trochaic octameter and the last line as trochaic tetrameter, this poem corresponds in every aspect with Poe's aesthetic standard for poetry: It took the lament over the death of a beautiful woman as its theme; with the 108 lines, it is readable at one sitting; it is pervaded with a sense of melancholy.
Although this poem was written in traditional feet and regular meters, Poe diverged from tradition with dramatic variation of the tone: mournful at the beginning (vainly I had sought to borrow from my books surcease of sorrow— sorrow for the lost Lenore. Lines 8-9); then trepid at some spots (the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain trilled me—filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before. Line 13-14); sometimes it showed a touch of humour (the usage of "Nevermore" as a pun), sometimes a mood of melancholy (the bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling; Other friends have flown away before. On the morrow he will leave me, as my Hopes have flown before) But finally, a very pessimistic illusion (My soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor / Shall be lifted—nevermore! Lines 106-108)
Once upon a dreary midnight, while the poet was pondering weak and weary, with the napping and tapping at his chamber door, the poet was led to a fantasy world of a dialogue between him and a raven. The whole scene might be a real one or just a dream, but the mysterious Raven must be a symbolic character. It may be symbolic in various ways:
a. The Raven symbolizes disaster and misfortune. Raven, the large bird-like crow with black feathers, in Western countries, as well as it is in China, is conventionally regarded as an ominous fowl, a symbol of misfortune. Thus with the repetition of the "napping and tapping" the poet was filled "with fantastic terrors never felt before." (Line 14)
b. The bird may symbolize the soul of the radiant maiden, the "lost Lenore." At the moment when the poet was in the darkness peering, wondering, expecting and whispering Lenore but was just responded with a "nothing more," the Raven, "with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door." A conversation was held and the poet was so comforted with it. For twice, the poet felt the bird "beguiling my sad fancy into smiling." (Lines 43, 67)
c. The bird may be taken as a symbol of the sub-consciousness of the poet. In the conversation the poet distinctly expressed his strong passion to Lenore. However, the only response from the Raven was "Nevermore." It seems what the poet had expressed is simply the view out of the "id", while the Raven 's words are rather restrictive and seem out of "ego." The poet was too affectionate to Lenore to be restrictive, while the Raven was what warned him to be rational and that what had been lost would return "nevermore."
d. The Raven is the symbol of modern reality. The poet was of the firm belief that in modern society human beings are apathetic creatures. He was deeply resentful at the people's indifference towards his mourning to Lenore; therefore, he turned to the Raven for comfort. But quite to his disappointment, he was merely responded with a cold "nevermore."
As the most melodic poet in American literary history, Poe spent about four years for the creation of this piece of exquisite verse-narrative. In this poem, besides the regular meters and feet, the poet also employed many intricate musical expressions such as alliteration, internal rhyme, slant rhyme, end rhyme, perfect rhyme, imperfect rhyme, refrain and so on, so as to add variation, beauty and melody.
音韵分析
Refrain
“nothing more”
line 6, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42
“Lenore”
line11,12, 28, 29, 83, 84, 94, 95
“nevermore”
line 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, 78, 84, 90, 96
End rhyme
Rhymes at the ends of lines.
“‘Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door
—Only this and nothing more.” (line 5-6)
This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, “Lenore!”
Merely this and nothing more. (line 29-30)
Internal rhyme
Rhyme that occurs within lines.
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping (line 3)
Eagerly I wished the morrow;—vainly I had sought to borrow (line 9)
But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token (line 27)
Alliteration
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary (line 1)
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping (line 3)
Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before (line 26)
2) The Wild Honey Suckle
Stanza 1: The first stanza of the poem treats the advantages as well as the disadvantages of the flower's modest retirement—it is designed with beauty and well protected in solitude; whereas its beauty might be admired by few.
Stanza 2: The second stanza suggests that the honey suckle bears a special relationship with nature which has advised it to keep away from the "vulgar eye"; Nature has designed it in white--a color of simplicity and purity, and, it has sent the soft waters flowing gently by. However, in spite of all the nature's kindness, the flower cannot escape its doom. The best time of its life is fading, for death is waiting.
Stanza 3: The third stanza reveals the indifference of nature—the "unpitying frosts” are as much a part of nature as the "soft waters". Thus, the notion that nature has provided a "guardian shade" for the protection of the honey suckle is a sentimental fancy. It is relative, but death is absolute.
Stanza 4: In the fourth stanza, the poet sees his fate mirrored in that of the flower. Human beings, as any other creatures or flowers, are a part of nature. They originated from nature and will surely return to nature some day, thus their reduction to nature in the day ahead will constitute no real loss.
Comment on the poem
This is one of the most quoted works of Freneau. It was written in 1786 in regular 4 tetrameter stanzas, with 6 lines for each stanza and a rhyme scheme of "ababcc".
Before Freneau there had been some American poets who, however, wrote mostly on the religious theme and either in style or structurally they imitated English poets. Freneau, the first American-born poet, was one of the earliest who cast their eyes over the natural surroundings of the New Continent and American subject matter. As is displayed in this poem: Honey suckle, instead of rose or daffodil became the object of depiction; it is “wild” just to convey the fresh perception of the natural scenes on the new continent. The flowers, similar to the early Puritan settlers, used to believe they were the selects of God to be arranged on the abundant land, but now have to wake up from that fantasy and be more respectful to natural law. Time is constant but the time of a life is short; any favor is relative but change is absolute; with or without the awareness, nature develops: flowers were born, bloomed and declined to repose, and human beings would exist in exactly the same way. A philosophical meditation is indicated by the description of the fate of a trivial wild plant.
In this poem, the poet writes with the strong implication that, though in the work no one is presented in person, human beings may at times envy the flower. This is seen not because the "roving foot" would "crush"; nor that the "busy hand" would "provoke a tear”; nor because of the "vulgar eye”, but because of the fact that the human being has the ability to foresee his death. Whereas, the flower, with its happy ignorance, lacks this consciousness and is completely unaware of its doom. Its innocence left it happier than the foreseeing human beings. Unfortunately, the human beings are quite unwilling to refuse this knowledge and that arouses all their sufferings.
Stanza 1: the poem treats the advantages as well as the disadvantages of the flower's modest retirement—it is designed with beauty and well protected in solitude; whereas its beauty might be admired by few.
Stanza 2: it suggests that the honey suckle bears a special relationship with nature which has advised it to keep away from the "vulgar eye"; Nature has designed it in white--a color of simplicity and purity, and, it has sent the soft waters flowing gently by. However, in spite of all the nature's kindness, the flower cannot escape its doom. The best time of its life is fading, for death is waiting.
Stanza 3: it reveals the indifference of nature—the "unpitying frosts” are as much a part of nature as the "soft waters". Thus, the notion that nature has provided a "guardian shade" for the protection of the honey suckle is a sentimental fancy. It is relative, but death is absolute.
Stanza 4: the poet sees his fate mirrored in that of the flower. Human beings, as any other creatures or flowers, are a part of nature. They originated from nature and will surely return to nature some day, thus their reduction to nature in the day ahead will constitute no real loss.
We may be infatuated by the beauty and the fragrance of the honey suckle, but we certainly cannot prevent it from decaying. If we analogize the wild honey suckle with our life, then Freneau is actually saying that our life is just frail. We are living in the middle of beautiful nature, but we only have a short stretch of time. We should fill our short life wisely because our life can only be worthy when we are still alive. When we are dead we are all just the same, just like the honey suckle. In the light of this understanding, nature is, then, used to metaphorize our life. Just as nature has its own rules, so do our lives.
1)How do you interpret the symbolical meaning of the wild honey suckle?
To understand this poem better, we should understand the most important characteristics of honey suckle, i.e. its beautiful colours its rich fragrance, its rampant growth, and its frailty. This kind of flower usually grows in remote areas (forests, swamps, or hills). These key words—beautiful, fragrant, frail, and hidden—are the soul of this poem.
2)How do you understand “If nothing once , you nothing lose.”?
The death is equal for all of us. The poem's philosophical conclusion, “if nothing once, you nothing lose.” It is true in people’s existence. There is fate for the life and death. Even someone’s antemortem life was rich or had a high class, after his death, the only thing he can take away is what he brought when he gave birth to this world. The law of nature will not discriminate any creatures. The death could take every creature away when their days are end.
3 The road not taken
Stanza 1: The poem begins as if when the poet was walking in a wood in late autumn at a fork in the road. He was choosing which road he should follow. Actually, it is concerned with the important decisions which one must make in life: one must give up one desirable thing in order to possess the other.
Stanza 2: After the judgment and hesitation, the traveler makes up his mind to take the road which looks grassy and wanted wear. This is often believed to be the symbol of the poet's choice of a solitary life—taking poetry writing as his life profession.
Stanza 3: The two roads are equally pretty, so as soon as he made the choice of the one, the poet felt pitiful for abandoning the other. He is quite aware that his intention of "next choice" will be nothing than an empty promise.
Stanza 4: The poet was imagining many years later when he is recalling the choice he made today, he would respond with nothing else but a sigh, for it would be too hard for anyone, after many more experiences in life, to make any comment on the choice made early in life.
Comment on the poem
Robert Frost is a master at pulling a thread out of what looks like quite a simple theme. This poem, as many of Frost's poems, begins with the observation of nature, as if the poet is a traveler sightseeing in nature. By the end, all the simple words condense into a serious, philosophical proposition: When anyone in life is confronted with making a choice, in order to possess something worthwhile, he has to give up something which seems as lovely and valuable as the chosen one. Then, whatever follows, he must accept the consequence of his choice for it is not possible for him to return to the beginning and have another chance to choose differently. Frost is asserting that nature is fair and honest to everyone. Thus all the varieties of human destiny result from each person's spontaneous capability of making choices.
This is also a symbolic poem. The "yellow wood" may symbolize sophisticated society, in which most people are likely to follow a profitable but easier way; each "road" symbolizes a possibility in life; the "traveller" is the embodiment of every individual in the human world; the road which is "grassy and wanted wear" refers to a solitary life style; while "way leads to way" implies the complicated circumstances of the human world. Through the description of "A Road Not Taken", the poet presents to the reader his experience of taking a road. With simple words and profound connotation, Robert Frost teaches. However, in the form of a natural poem, he teaches delightfully.
The poem is very regularly structured with 4 classic 5-line stanzas, with the rhyme scheme "abaab" and in conversational rhythm.
《The Road Not Taken》
"The Road Not Taken" is a poem by Robert Frost, published in 1916 in the collection Mountain Interval, it is the first poem in the volume and is printed in italics. The title is often mistakenly given as "The Road Less Traveled", from the penultimate line: "I took the one less traveled by".
The poem has two recognized interpretations; one is a more literal interpretation, while the other is more ironic.Readers often see the poem literally, as an expression of individualism. Critics typically view the poem as ironic.[1] – "'The Road Not Taken,' perhaps the most famous example of Frost's own claims to conscious irony and 'the best example in all of American poetry of a wolf in sheep's clothing.'"[2] – and Frost himself warned "You have to be careful of that one; it's a tricky poem – very tricky."[3] Frost intended the poem as a gentle jab at his great friend and fellow poet Edward Thomas with whom he used to take walks through the forest (Thomas always complained at the end that they should have taken a different path) and seemed amused at this certain interpretation of the poem as inspirational.
Literal interpretation
According to the literal (and more common) interpretation, the poem is inspirational, a paean to individualism and non-conformism.
The poem consists of four stanzas. In the first stanza, the speaker describes his position. He has been out walking in the woods and comes to two roads, and he stands looking as far down each one as he can see. He would like to try out both, but doubts he could do that, so therefore he continues to look down the roads for a long time trying to make his decision about which road to take.
Ironic interpretation
The ironic interpretation, widely held by critics,[1][5] is that the poem is instead about regret and personal myth-making, rationalizing our decisions.
In this interpretation, the final two lines:
I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.
are ironic : the choice made little or no difference at all, the speaker's protestations to the contrary. The speaker admits in the second and third stanzas that both paths may be equally worn and equally leaf-covered, and it is only in his future recollection that he will call one road "less traveled by".The sigh, widely interpreted as a sigh of regret, might also be interpreted ironically: in a 1925 letter to Cristine Yates of Dickson, Tennessee, asking about the sigh, Frost replied: "It was my rather private jest at the expense of those who might think I would yet live to be sorry for the way I had taken in life."
Robert Frost is one of the finest of rural New England’s 20th century pastoral poets. His poems are great combination of wisdom, harmony and serenity. They are simple at first sight, but demand readers for deep reading to grasp further meaning beyond surface.
The famous poem of Frost The Road Not Taken is my favorite. This poem consists of four stanzas of five lines. The rhyme scheme is ABAAB. the rhymes are strict and masculine, with notable exception of the last line. There are four stressed syllables each line, varying on iambic tetrameter base.
The Road Not Taken tells about life choice. Man’s life is metaphorically related to a journey filled with twists and turns. One has to consider a lot before making a wise choice. Though the diverged roads seem identical, they actually lead to different directions, which symbolize different fates.
A less than rigorous look at the poem may lead one to believe that Frost’s moral is embodied in those lines. The poem is taken as a call to independence, preaching originality and Emersonian self-reliance. The poem deconstructs its conclusion stanza by stanza.
At the beginning of this poem, the poet shows the inability of human beings to foresee the future, especially the results of choices. At the split in the road, the speaker looks far down both the two paths to see what each of the paths will bring. However, his sight is limited; his eyes can only see the path until it bends into “the undergrowth”. Man is free to choose, but doesn’t know beforehand the results of his choice.
Both roads diverge into a “yellow wood” and appear to be “about the same” in their purposes. The first path is a more common route. The other is less traveled, which “was grass and wanted wear”. The poet presents a conflict here—the decision between the common easy path and exceptional challenging path. The two different paths signify two different kinds of lives. Choosing the common easy path, people will feel at ease and live in safety, because the outcome is predictable. However, that kind of life may be less exciting and lack of novelty. While choosing the “less traveled” road represents the gamble of facing a more difficult path in lives. This forms contrast with familiar lives of most people. People hope to achiever a satisfactory and interesting life on this road. The wish is good, but reality is full of challenges and uncertainties. Nobody can be sure of the outcome. After vacillating between the two roads, the poet finally decides to take the road “less traveled by” and leads a different life from common people. This may indicate his choice to be a poet, other than other jobs. The poet makes up his mind to dedicate himself to poem writing, which is regarded as a less common career.
Once the decision is made, there will be no way to return to the original choice to experience the other route. So the poet utters “Yet knowing how way leads on to way,I doubted if I should ever come back.” The made choice is irrevocable, so man must be careful and rational before making decisions. At the same time, he must be courageous enough to shoulder the result of his choice, whether it is good or not.
Frost presents man’s limitation to explore life’s different possibilities. The poet “sighs” at the end of the poem. For at the time of one’s choice, he must give up other choices and miss some other things. At the same time, he “sighs” with lamentation, pondering what he may have missed on the other path and that he doesn’t have opportunities to experience another kind of life.
The Road Not Taken is interpreted universally as a representation of two similar choices. At the beginning, man may face two identical forks, which symbolize the nexus of free choice and fate. They contrast increasingly with each other as they diverge in their separate directions. Man is free to choose, but it’s beyond his ability to foretell the consequences. Man can choose a common route which guarantees a safe and reliable life. He can also choose a less common one which is unknown, unique and stands out above other else’s. All in all, man must be responsible for his choice and has courage to shoulder the result. He can never go back to the past and experience other possibilities. It is impossible to predict the outcome of decisions, so it is essential for him to make wise decisions after considering, selecting and questioning which selection will provide him with fulfillment.
The Road Not Taken is full of philosophical overtones. This poem should be read as a warning. Man should consider a lot before making choices and reflect over the choices he has made to discover “all the differences”.
Robert Frost’s “The Road Not Taken” has been one of the most analyzed, quoted, anthologized poems in American poetry. A wide-spread interpretation claims that the speaker in the poem is promoting individualism and non-conformity.
A Tricky Poem
Frost claims that he wrote this poem about his friend Edward Thomas, with whom he had walked many times in the woods near London. Frost has said that while walking they would come to different paths and after choosing one, Thomas would always fret wondering what they might have missed by not taking the other path.
About the poem, Frost asserted, "You have to be careful of that one; it's a tricky poem - very tricky." And he is, of course, correct. The poem has been and continues to be used as an inspirational poem, one that to the undiscerning eye seems to be encouraging self-reliance, not following where others have led.But a close reading of the poem proves otherwise. It does not moralize about choice; it simply says that choice is inevitable, but you never know what your choice will mean until you have lived it.
First Stanza – Describes Situation
The poem consists of four stanzas. In the first stanza, the speaker describes his position. He has been out walking the woods and comes to two roads, and he stands looking as far down each one as he can see. He would like to try out both, but doubts he could to that, so therefore he continues to look down the roads for a long time trying to make his decision about which road to take.
Second Stanza – Decides to Take Less-Traveled Road
The speaker had looked down the first one “to where it bent in the undergrowth,” and in the second stanza, he reports that he decided to take the other path, because it seemed to have less traffic than the first. But then he goes on to say that they actually were very similarly worn. The second one that he took seems less traveled, but as he thinks about it, he realizes that they were “really about the same.” Not exactly that same but only “about the same.”
Third Stanza – Continues Description of Roads
The third stanza continues with the cogitation about the possible differences between the two roads. He had noticed that the leaves were both fresh fallen on them both and had not been walked on, but then again claims that maybe he would come back and also walk the first one sometime, but he doubted he would be able to, because in life one thing leads to another and time is short.
Also on Suite101
Frost's Snow and Woods
Robert Frost's "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" seems simple, but its nuanced phrase, "And miles to go before I sleep," offers much about which to speculate.Fourth Stanza – Two Tricky Words
The fourth stanza holds the key to the trickiness of the poem:
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
Those who interpret this poem as suggesting non-conformity take the word “difference” to be a positive difference. But there is nothing in the poem that suggests that this difference signals a positive outcome. The speaker could not offer such information, because he has not lived the “difference” yet.
The other word that leads readers astray is the word “sigh.” By taking “difference” to mean a positive difference, they think that the sigh is one of nostalgic relief; however, a sigh can also mean regret. There is the “oh, dear” kind of sigh, but also the “what a relief” kind of sigh. Which one is it?
If it is the relief sigh, then the difference means the speaker is glad he took the road he did; if it is the regret sigh, then the difference would not be good, and the speaker would be sighing in regret. But the plain fact is that the poem does not identify the nature of that sigh. The speaker of the poem does not even know the nature of that sigh, because that sigh and his evaluation of the difference his choice will make are still in the future. It is a truism that any choice an indiviual make is going to make “all the difference” in how our future turns out.
Careful Readers Won’t Be Tricked
So Frost was absolutely correct; his poem is tricky—very tricky. In this poem, it is important to be careful with the time frame. When the speaker says he will be reporting sometime in the future how his road choice turned out, he clearly states that he cannot assign meaning to “sigh” and “difference” yet, because he cannot know how his choice will affect his future, until after he has lived it.
4) Stopping by Woods on Snowy Evening
Line 1 woods: This image frequently appears in Frost's poems, symbolizing the mystery of nature, death or catastrophe.
Line 2 His: the owner of the woods.
Line 4 snow: Another frequent image in Frost's poems. It usually symbolizes something of purity and loftiness.
Line 9 He: my little horse.
Line 10 to ask: the horse asks me (whether there is a mistake) The little horse is personified.
Line 12 downy flake: the soft and finely patterned snow flakes.
Line 13 dark and deep: the phrase is alliterated to enhance the mysterious atmosphere of woods in darkness. The woods, while covered by snow, appear lovely; but as a matter of fact, they are filled with mysteries.
Line 14 promises: one's responsibility or duty in the world.
Line 15 miles: long distance; heavy duty in life.
sleep: rest during night; end of life.
Comment on the poem
The poem presents a picture of tranquility: On a winter evening, a sleigh driver stopped by a wood while everything is covered with snow. The poet is enjoying a momentary relaxation on the onerous journey of life. The woods are lovely, but dark and deep. The man is alone with nature in a peaceful scene; however, the scene of tranquility, though appearing in peace and harmony, is not without the temptation of death. The speaker, as the poet himself, for a while was rather attracted by the mystery of death. Fortunately, his former promises reminded him of his responsibility in the world and he was thus detached from the dark woods, which may quite possibly be taken as a mysterious seduction to suicide. The repetition of the last two lines indicates the speaker's sense of responsibility or simply his helplessness in front of nature.
The poem is written regularly in iambic tetrameter with 4 lines in 4 stanzas, with the rhyme scheme as "aaba, bbcb, ccdc, dddd".
5 A slave’s dream
Although Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s life was comfortable, he had deep sympathy for slaves. In 1842, he published Poems on Slavery. In this lyric poem, he showed his shame of American’s slavery and was against it firmly. The poem I have chosen to discuss is The Slave’s Dream. It not only shows Longfellow’s sympathy for slaves but also revealed the cruelty of drivers.
In the first stanza, we see a slave who had endless work. With tiredness, he lay beside the ungathered rice and dreamt a dream that he saw his Native Land. In fact, dream is a compensation for reality. In dreams, he could get what he lacked in reality. In the second stanza, he dreamt he became a king. Here the first important image appears. “King” is the symbol of freedom and dignity. From this we learn how much he desired for freedom. In the third stanza, he dreamt he and his wife and his children gathered together happily. I guess because of long term separating from slaves’ hometown and family members, they usually treasured family very much. In the fourth stanza, he dreamt he rode on a horse along the Niger’s bank freely. In the fifth stanza, he rode from morning till night to follow the bright flamingoes. Here the second important image appears. “Flamingo” stands for freedom. Again, we see he longed for freedom. In the sixth stanza, he heard the lion roar, the hyena screams and the river-horse, as he crushed the reeds. And stream passed through the triumph of his dream. From this we can see he had freed himself from the fetters of reality completely. The seventh stanza reads “The forests, with their myriad tongues, shouted of liberty.” By using personification “the forests shouted”, the author actually conveyed that the slave shouted for freedom. In the last stanza, we come back reality from his dream. He was nearly to die, because he could not stand the drivers’ whip and the burning heat of day. Only by dying did he escape from the cruel reality. And at last his soul was free. In my opinion, this is sarcasm. By this way, the author revealed the drivers’ mercilessness and cruelty.
By reading the poem, I learn that Longfellow is a great poet. He was not only concerned about the fate of slaves but also expressed indignation at slavery. At the same time, he revealed the drivers’ cruelty. He made every reader feel sympathy for slaves and angry at the system of slavery. This is the power of his poem.
6"A Psalm of Life"
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow begins his poem "A Psalm of Life" with the same exuberance and enthusiasm that continues through most of the poem. He begs in the first stanza to be told "not in mournful numbers" about life. He states here that life doesn't abruptly end when one dies; rather, it extends into another after life. Longfellow values this dream of the afterlife immensely and seems to say that life can only be lived truly if one believes that the soul will continue to live long after the body dies. The second stanza continues with the same belief in afterlife that is present in the first.
Longfellow states this clearly when he writes, "And the grave is not its goal." Meaning that, life doesn't end for people simply because they die; there is always something more to be hopeful and optimistic for. Longfellow begins discussing how humans must live their lives in constant anticipation for the next day under the belief that it will be better than each day before it: "But to act that each to-morrow / Find us farther than to-day."
In the subsequent stanza, Longfellow asserts that there is never an infinite amount of time to live, but art that is created during one's life can be preserved indefinitely and live on long after its creator dies. In the following stanzas, Longfellow likens living in the world to fighting on a huge field of battle.
He believes that people should lead heroic and courageous lives and not sit idle and remain ineffectual while the world rapidly changes around them: "Be not like dumb, driven cattle! Be a hero in the strife!" His use of the word "strife" is especially interesting, since it clearly acknowledges that life is inherently difficult, is a constant struggle, and will never be easy. Longfellow then encourages everyone to have faith and trust the lord and not to rely on an unknown future to be stable and supportive.
He advises people to seize the moments they have before them and act while thinking about their present situations. Longfellow continues his poem by citing the lives of great and important men who were able to lead incredible lives and leave their marks. He views these men as role models for people who have yet to live their lives; Longfellow encourages his readers to leave their own "footprints on the sands of time" and become important.
The next stanza, the second to last in the poem, continues with this same point. It describes how successful people in the past have their lives copied, while those who failed serve as examples of ways of life to avoid. The final lines of the poem echo the beginning ones and offer perhaps the most important advice in a poem that is chocked full of it. Longfellow encourages all to work and try their hardest to make their lives great and accomplish as much as they can.
Longfellow conveys his message the same way he did in the rest of the poem: by speaking directly to the reader and providing his reasoning for believing in something more, in something better. Longfellow ensures his followers that the rewards for what they achieve will come eventually-if not in this lifetime, then, certainly, in the next.
“A Psalm of Life” was first published in Voices of the Night in the September edition of New York Monthly in 1839. It is very influential in China, because it is said to be the first English poem translated into Chinese.
The poem was written in 1838 when Longfellow was struck with great dismay: his wife died in1835, and his courtship of a young woman was unrequited. However, despite all the frustrations, Longfellow tried to encourage himself by writing a piece of optimistic work..
The relationship of life and death is a constant theme for poets. Longfellow expresses his pertinent interpretation to that by warning us that though life is hard and everybody must die, time flies and life is short, yet, human beings ought to be bold "to act", to face the reality straightly so as to make otherwise meaningless life significant.
The poem consists of 9 stanzas in trochaic tetrameters. It is rhymed "abab".
7 .ON BECAUSE I COULD NOT STOP FOR DEATH
Abstract: Death and eternity are the major themes in most of Emily Dickinson's poems.“ Because I could not stop for death”is one of her classic poems. Through the analysis, this essay clarifies infinite conceptions by the dialectical relationship between reality and imagination, the known and the unknown. And it tells what eternity in Dickson’s eyes is.
Keywords: death, eternity, finite, infinite
Introduction
Emily Dickinson(1830-1886), the American best-known female poet ,was one of the foremost authors in American literature. Emily Dickinson’s poems, as well as Walt Whitman's, were considered as a part of "American renaissance"; they were regarded as pioneers of imagism. Both of them rejected custom and received wisdom and experimented with poetic style. She however differs from Whitman in a variety of ways. For one thing, Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual. Whereas Whitman is "national" in his outlook, Dickinson is "regional"
Emily Dickinson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, on December 10,1830. She lived almost her entire life in the same town (much of it in the same house), traveled infrequently, never married, and in her last years never left the grounds of her family. So she was called "vestal of Amherst". And yet despite this narrow —— some might say —— pathologically constricted-outward experience, she was an extremely intelligent, highly sensitive, and deeply passionate person who throughout her adult life wrote poems (add up to around 2000 ) that were startlingly original in both content and technique, poems that would profoundly influence several generations of American poets and that would win her a secure position as one of the greatest poets that America has ever produced.
Dickinson's simply constructed yet intensely felt, acutely intellectual writings take as their subject issues vital to humanity: the agonies and ecstasies of love, sexuality, the unfathomable nature of death, the horrors of war, God and religious belief, the importance of humor, and musings on the significance of literature, music, and art.
Emily Dickinson enjoys the King James Version of the Bible, as well as authors such as English WRTERS William Shakespeare, John Milton, Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, George Eliot, and Thomas Carlyle. Dickinson's early style shows the strong influence of William Shakespeare, Barrett Browning, Scottish poet Robert Browning, and English poets John Keats and George Herbert. And Dickinson read Emerson appreciatively, who became a pervasive and, in a sense, formative influence over her. As George F. Whicher notes, "Her sole function was to test the Transcendentalist ethic in its application to the inner life".
1“death” in Emily Dickinson‘s poets
For as long as history has been recorded and probably for much longer, man has always been different idea of his own death. Even those of us who have accepted death graciously, have at least in some way, —— feared, dreaded, or attempted to delay its arrival. We have personified death——as an evildoer dressed in all black, its presence swoops down upon us and chokes the life from us as though it were some street murder with malicious intent. But in reality, we know that death is not the chaotic grim reaper of fairy tales and mythology. Rather than being a cruel and unfair prankster of evil, death is an unavoidable and natural part of life itself.
Death and immorality is the major theme in the largest portion of Emily Dickinson's poetry. Her preoccupation with these subjects amounted to an obsession so that about one third of her poems dwell on them. Dickinson's many friends died before her, and the fact that death seemed to occur often in the Amherst of the time added to her gloomy meditation. Dickinson's is not sheer depiction of death, but an emphatic one of relations between life and death, death and love, death and eternity. Death is a must-be-crossed bridge. She did not fear it, because the arrival in another world is only through the grave and the forgiveness from God is the only way to eternity.
2. Analysis
Because I could Not Stop for Death
(1) Because I could not stop for Death,
(2) He kindly stopped for me;
(3) The carriage held but just ourselves
(4) And Immortality.
(5) We slowly drove, he knew no haste,
(6) And I had put away
(7) My labor, and my leisure too,
(8) For his civility.
(9) We passed the school where children played
(10) At wrestling in a ring;
(11) We passed the fields of gazing grain,
(12) We passed the setting sun.
(13) We paused before a house that seemed
(14) A swelling of the ground;
(15) The roof was scarcely visible,
(16) The cornice but a mound.
(17) Since then'tis centuries; but each
(18) Feels shorter than the day
(19) I first surmised the horses' heads
(20) Were toward eternity.
"Because I Could Not Stop for Death" (J712) maintains a serene tone throughout. In it, Emily Dickinson uses remembered images of the past to clarify infinite conceptions through the establishment of a dialectical relationship between reality and imagination, the known and the unknown. By viewing this relationship holistically and hierarchically ordering the stages of life to include death and eternity, Dickinson suggests the interconnected and mutually determined nature of the finite and infinite.
Death is indeed personified by Dickinson to a certain extent as an unavoidable conqueror who is hanging over us and around us, inescapable. The first line tells us exactly what we're reading about. There is no gradual build-up to the main point as is the case with the works of some other poets. Instead, there is merely a progression of explanation. Many years beyond the grave, the speaker portrays the placid process of her passing, in which Death is personified as he escorts Emily to the Carriage. During her slow ride she realizes that the ride will last for all eternity.
For eternity, the speaker recalls experiences that happened on earth centuries ago. In her recollection, she attempts to identify the eternal world by its relationship to temporal standards, as she states that "Centuries" (17) in eternity are "shorter than the [earthly] day" (18). Likewise, by anthropomorphizing Death as a kind and civil gentleman, the speaker particularizes Death's characteristics with favorable connotations. Similarly, the finite and infinite are amalgamated in the fourth stanza (1.12):
The Dews drew quivering and chill—— For only Gossamer, my Gown——My Tippett——only Tulle——(14-16)
In these lines the speaker's temporal existence, which allows her to quiver as she is chilled by the "Dew," merges with the spiritual universe, as the speaker is attired in a "Gown" and cape or "Tippet," made respectively of "Gossamer," a cobweb, and "Tulle," a kind of thin, open net-temporal coverings that suggest transparent, spiritual qualities.
By recalling specific stages of life on earth, the speaker not only settles her temporal past but also views these happenings from a higher awareness, both literally and figuratively. In a literal sense, for example, as the carriage gains altitude to make its heavenly approach, a house seems as "A Swelling of the Ground" (14). Exactly it refers to grave. Figuratively the poem may symbolize the three stages of life: "School, where Children strove" (9) may represent childhood; "Fields of Gazing Grain" (11), maturity; and "Setting Sun" (12) old age. Viewing the progression of these stages-life, to death, to eternity-as a continuum invests these isolated, often incomprehensible events with meaning. From her eternal perspective, the speaker comprehends that life, like the "Horses Heads" (19), leads "toward Eternity" (20).
Through her boundless amalgamation and progressive ordering of the temporal world with the spiritual universe, Dickinson dialectically shapes meaning from the limitations of life, allowing the reader momentarily to glimpse a universe in which the seemingly distinct and discontinuous stages of existence are holistically implicated and purposed.
3. Conclusion
No one can delay or prevent death. Most people died unexpectedly, who are not ready to stop everything they have and want to do. Their relatives and their friends also are not ready to accept it. It seems that people only have finite time on earth. Before death arrives, we should fulfill dreams without regrets and should love the ones surrounding us. Emily Dickinson once wrote, after she came to know the life after death lies permanently in the beloved's memory, that the one who bestowed eternity on her she would send memory in return.
Stanza 1: The angel of death, in the image of a kind person, comes in a carriage for the sake of Immortality and the poet.
Stanza 2: To show my politeness to god of death, I gave up my work and my enjoyment of life as well; I give up my life.
Stanza 3: The journey of our carriage implies the experience of human life: school implies time for childhood; the fields of gazing grain, for youth and adulthood; while the setting sun, for old age.
Stanza 4: Probably we may say the sun sets before we reach the destination—the night falls, death arrives. I felt a fear and chilly after death, for my shroud is thin and my scarf too light. Despite the description of "death", the usual gloomy and horrifying atmosphere is lightened by the poetess with the elegantly fluttering clothing she describes.
Stanza 5: This stanza shifts to the description of the tomb. With the words as "House, swelling
(which conveys a suggestive similarity to 'vault') roof," especially "cornice", the grave is described as a magnificent building.
Stanza 6: Several centuries had passed since the arrival of death upon me. However, I felt it is shorter than a day. On that day I suddenly realized that death is the starting point for eternity, and the carriage is heading towards it.
Comment on the poem
The poem is discussing death, a very gloomy subject, but it is done with a rather light tone. The tone is light just because the author does not take death as a catastrophe; instead, she treats the angel of death as a very polite gentleman, as a long-missing guest: giving up her work and leisure, putting on her fine silky dresses, she accompanies death in the same carriage to eternity. All the beauty of this work lies in the poetess' open-minded attitude towards death.下载本文