Critical Reading

U n d e rs ta n d in g th e te x t

T A S K 1

Key words Laypeople, radiation, understanding

Objective To investigate lay people，knowledge o f radiation phenomena and risk

Methods used Questionnaires and interviews

T A S K 2

1Respondents were aware o f the harmful health effects o f radiation, while they had a little understanding o f the concept o f radiation.

2 There are a big proportion o f respondents who support to continue the production o f nuclear

power.

3The mass media plays a very important role in the misunderstanding o f radiation.

4 A school program should be designed to analyzing everyday conceptions about radiation.

T A S K 3

Paras.1-2e f b a Paras.3-6k h c d Para. 7b c h a Paras.8-11f a i k Paras.12-18d h g f Paras.19-20g c a b Paras.21-28i j a h c h g d

a b e j f i g d f e g

h g c j b d e a b c e

i d h e f

k b c g d e f

T A S K 4

1-525413

6-10971068

11-151315111412

16-202019181716

21-252523212422

26-28272628

T A S K 5

1The answer reveals that the respondents fa il to understand that a new nucleus w ill be produced when a radioactive atom is broken.

2 According to the view o f constructivists, a person’s ideas w ill survive school education and form

an important basis fo r new learning.

3The solution is to consider lay ideas and combine factual knowledge w ith practical or political factors.T A S K 6

D ifferent types o f radioactive elements w ill make different health effects, according to characteristics o f each type.

T A S K 7

It may be argued that the population should have a sufficient understanding o f radiation phenomena to secure individual safety as w ell as democratic decisions. To attain this, it is necessary fo r the communicators o f radiation inform ation to be fam iliar w ith the laypeople’s perceptions o f these phenomena. A questionnaire survey was conducted to examine non-experts’ conceptions o f radiation phenomena. The survey revealed an incomplete understanding o f concepts such as radioactive decay, h a lf-life and absorption o f radia tio n and a lack o f differentiation o f between radiation and radioactive materials. Many respondents did not distinguish between sources o f ionising radiation and other environmental hazards. Nuclear power plants and submarines were the most feared sources o f radiation. There are indications that the lay understanding o f radiation phenomena and risk is to a large extent formed by mass media and that “school knowledge” o f these phenomena is not applied in situations belonging to the “real w orld”To resolve this problem, new teaching and inform ation procedures are needed. These should take into account the learners’ perceptions and should integrate “school knowledge”w ith considerations belonging to the “real w orld”.

E n h a n c in g la n g u a g e a b ility

T A S K 2

1betrays, conception

2 renders

3exem plified, perception

4 prevalent, secure

5 prior to

6 proportion, gloomy

7 alternatives

8 characterized, constitutes, hazard

9 From the standpoint of, ranks

10 external, a prerequisite

T A S K 3

1include: contain, embrace, encompass, comprise, be composed of, consist of

2 valid: powerful, convincing, sensible, rational, viable, credible, plausible, weighty, well-founded,

cogent, well-grounded

3basic: underlying, fundamental, essential, root, prime, primary

4 danger:hazard, risk, threat, menace, peril, jeopardize

5 describe: depict, portray, characterize, narrate, outline, represent

6 different: discrepant, contrary, conflicting, contradictory, inconsistent, incompatible,

incongruous, various, diverse

7 cause:prompt, move, inspire, stimulate, urge, spur, motivate, induce, evoke, instigate, impel

8 c la rify: account for, ju stify, explain, illum inate, clear up, rationalize, elucidate ,explicate9highlight: emphasize, stress, accent, feature, underline, spotlight, accentuate, give prominence to, attach importance to, give priority to, underscore

10 factor: component, item, element, ingredient, constituent, contributor

D o in g re s e a rc h p ro je c ts

T A S K 1

1Solvent, pesticide, smoke, viral aggressions, ultrave radiation and ionizing radiation.

2 Cells could identify the DNA damage, and remove the damaged part and re-synthesis to repair the

DNA.

3 The Stochastic effects are not systematic to each person being exposed. Their development could

not be predicted by the scale o f individual which is opposite from the determinist effect.

4 The healthy surroundings may be exposed to radiation during the treatment.

5 Radiation dose should be keep as low as possible.

academic Writing

U n d e rs ta n d in g a re se a rch re p o rt o r re s e a rc h a rtic le

T A S K 2

1Four. They are problem section, procedures section, result section and discussion section.

2 Because it w ill contribute to the credibility o f the research.

3 It can allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if there is some doubt about your findings.

4 It may evaluate the research results fu lly, point out what questions remain unanswered and

perhaps suggest directions for further research.

5 Accuracy, clarity, and completeness.

D e c id in g on a to p ic

T A S K 2

1G enetically Engineering -> The Impact o f Genetically Engineering -> The Impact o f Genetically Engineering on A gricultural Practice / Food Shortage

2 Breast-feeding P ractice -> Breast-feeding Practice in Chinese B ig C ities^The Impact o f

Urbanization on Breast-feeding Practice in Chinese Big Cities

3 In te rn e t Technology -> The General Impact o f Internet Technology on Education ->The

Positive Impacts o f Internet Technology on Teaching M ethodology

T A S K 3

1

1) V ulnerabilities and the R isk from Global W arming

2) Social Issues and Global W arming

3) The Impacts o f Global W arming on Food ProductsGenetically M odified Foods and Health Issues

Controversies as to Genetically M odified Foods

The Development o f Genetically M odified Foods in China

The Future o f Nuclear Energy

Safety Issues about Nuclear Power Plants

Waste Management and Nuclear Power Plants

Science Fraud in the M edical Field

Science Fraud in China

Research Pressure and Science Fraud

F o rm u la tin g re se a rch q u e stio n s

T A S K 1

1Nuclear Waste

1) W hat is nuclear waste?

2) W hy is it d iffic u lt to dispose o f nuclear waste?

3) W hat harm ful effects if nuclear waste is not appropriately disposed of?

4) How to dispose o f nuclear waste safely and economically?

2 Threats o f A rtific ia l Intelligence

1) W hat are the present threats o f a rtificia l intelligence?

2) W hat are the future threats?

3) How can human beings control those threats?

3 Global W arm ing and Its Effects

1) What is Global warming?

2) How does it affect agriculture?

3) How does it affect our environment?

4) How does it affect our health?

4 Genetically M odified Foods

1) What are advantages and disadvantages o f GMFs?

2) Why do GMFs gain more popularity in the developing countries?

3) How safe are GMFs?

4) What are the effects o f GMFs on human health?

T A S K 2

M y topic: Science Fraud Epidemic in China

1It is prevalent in universities and scientific institutes.

2 There are many reports and articles discussing science fraud.

3It is manageable since the study involves questionnaire and interviews.

Research Questions

1 What is the current situation o f science fraud in tertiary institutions?

2 What are the underlying causes fo r the prevalence o f science fraud?3

What measures could be taken to address the problem?

W r itin g a w o rk in g title T A S K 21 Question titles are not appropriate. It is better to use “Economic Effects o f Climate Change”2 Good

3 Impacts o f Global Warming on China

4 Good

5 Good

6 Good 7

Good

3Literacy Skills

A v o id in g p la g ia ris m T A S K 11 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y 7 N 8 Y 9

Y

10 Y T A S K 31 N ot common knowledge 2 N ot 3 N ot 4 N ot 5

Not

C ita tio n T A S K

Numerous research studies demonstrate consistently that teaching promotes both language acquisition and academic Kasper, 1994; Krueger & Ryan, 1993; Snow & B rinton,Wesche, 1993). Students receiving linked instruction perform better in language courses than those not receiving such instruction (Kasper, 1997). They reap the benefits o f significant

content-based second language success (Grabe & Stoller, 1997; 1997; S tryker & Leaver, 1997;

The topic sentence is “content-based second language teaching promotes both language acquisition and academic success.”The w rite r uses literature evidence to support the idea in term s o f speaking, reading and w ritin g.

Q u o tin g

T A S K 1

1Author-focused version: According to Anyanwu (1983), most Nigerians believe that “urban existence is synonymous w ith extreme individual and community poverty”.

Information-focused version: Influenced by western cultures，most Nigerians believe that “urban

existence is synonymous w ith extreme individual and community poverty” (Anyanwu, 1883).

2 Author-focused version: Anyanwu (1983) suggested that mothers should be educated “how to prepare

and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods”.

Information-focused version: We may educate mother ““how to prepare and use hygienically

acceptable supplementary foods” (Anyanwu, 1983).

S u m m a riz in g

T A S K 1

1 c. b. a. d

2 b. a. c. d

3 a. d. c. b

T A S K 2

1Chinese big cities suffer from growing traffic problems.

2 Some long and complicated sentences mean very little.

3 The basic tenet o f constructivism holds that learners themselves construct knowledge, rather than

receive it from outside.

4 Some educationalists contend that deciding on a major is the most critical decision students face

when entering college, whereas others argue that the most important thing fo r students to discover in university is their true interests, because many establish careers not related to the major they studied in college.

5 The majority o f American Internet users, especially teenagers, use SNS, which has altered the pace

and process o f making and maintaining friendships.

6 According to Hirshi and Gottfredson, the propensity (倾向）o f someone to commit crime comes

from his or her lack o f self-control, whereby the urge to feed desires causes one to even break the law.

T A S K 3

1Gordon & Taylor (19) believes that although most people feel a great deal o f anguish when faced w ith w riting tasks, this feeling can be managed by developing personal procrastination- avoidance strategy.

2 Frick (1991) claims that history has demonstrated that technology affects education profoundly.

Considering the definition o f technology broadly, one may say that prehistoric people used

prim itive technologies to teach skills to their young.

3 Hewitt (1996) believes that acts o f academic dishonesty undermine the validity o f teaching and

learning.

4 Edelso (2002) claims that legal rights and safeguards lead to investments by individuals, which has

a higher impact on raising living standards o f countries than these countries，natural resources

have.

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