题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Writing
Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)
If the technological revolution continues to have its effects, there will be fewer and fewer jobs available , particularly to school-leavers and those over the age of fifty. 【B1】______there are only half the number of jobs in the future, men and women will have to share them. Two people will【B2】______work only twenty hours each【B3】______the forty they are currently【B4】______to. It is a well-known fact that those who suffer from stress at work are often not high-powered executives but【B5】______workers doing boring, 【B6】______jobs, especially those on production lines. Unemployment often has a【B7】______effect on its victims. If we wish to prevent this type of stress and the depression that frequently follows long periods of it, we will have to find ways of educating people to【B8】______this sudden increase in leisure time. Many have already【B9】______pills and tablets to【B10】______sleeplessness and anxiety, two of the symptoms of long-term stress and depression. In America, we【B11】______$ 650 million a year on different kinds of medicines. We【B12】______an astonishing three million sleeping tablets every night. 【B13】______these “drug of the mind” can be extremely useful in cases of crisis, the majority of patients would be【B14】______without them. The boredom and frustration of unemployment are not the only【B15】______of stress; poor housing, family problems, overcrowding and financial worry are all significant factors. 【B16】______,doctors believe that if people learnt to breathe properly, took more exercise, used their leisure time more【B17】______and expressed their anger instead of【B18】______it up, they would not depend so much on drugs, 【B19】______treat only the【B20】______and not the cause of the stress.
1． 【B1】
A．Though
B．When
C．Since
D．If
正确答案：D
解析：本题考查状语从句的用法。从句是主句的条件，是对未来的假设，与段首句构成并列句式。其他选项均不符合文意。
2． 【B2】
A．otherwise
B．subsequently
C．therefore
D．simultaneously
正确答案：C
解析：本题考查逻辑关系。该句进一步解释说明上句，是在上句这一条件成立的基础上产生的结果，表示因果关系的选项只有[C]，故排除表示转折关系的[A]otherwise“否则”，表示时间先后的[B]subsequently“随后”和表示并列关系的[D]simultaneously“同时”。
3． 【B3】
A．instead of
B．other than
C．no more than
D．as well as
正确答案：A
解析：本题考查介词短语的用法。instead of“而不是”，该句文意为：两个人每人将工作20个小时，而不是他们现在习惯的40个小时。其他选项均不符合文意，[B]other than“与……不同；除了”，如：There is nobody here other than me．“这里除了我没别人。”[C]no more than“不过、仅仅”，如：He was a kid really，no more than 18 or 19．“他确实是个孩子，不过十岁。”[D]as wellas“既……又……”。
4． 【B4】
A．amounted
B．put
C．accustomed
D．familiarized
正确答案：C
解析：本题考查固定搭配。be accustomed to(doing)sth．“习惯(做)某事”，是固定搭配。此处指现在习惯的40个小时，故选[C]。amounted to“总计”不符合文意；[B]put和[D]familiarized不能与to搭配，故应排除。
5． 【B5】
A．efficient
B．deficient
C．skillful
D．unskilled
正确答案：D
解析：本题考查形容词词义辨析。根据句中的high—powered executives“干劲十足的行政人员”，以及workers之后的修饰语如boring等的提示，可排除[A]efficient“能干的”和[C]skillful“有技能的”；而[B]deficient“有缺陷的”也不符合文意，因此选[D]unskilled“无需技能的”。
6． 【B6】
A．repetitive
B．challenging
C．demanding
D．exhausted
正确答案：A
解析：本题考查形容词词义辨析。选项语意应与boring“乏味的”并列，首先排除[B]challenging“有挑战性的”和[C]demanding“苛求的”；[D]exhausted“筋疲力尽的”，常用于修饰人，而不是物，因此确定答案为[A]repetitive“重复性的”。
7． 【B7】
A．similar
B．same
C．diverse
D．different
正确答案：A
解析：本题考查形容词词义辨析。[A]similar“类似的”，文章的主题是失业带给人们压力并使人们抑郁，这点与做重复性劳动给人们带来的影响是类似的或者一致的，故选[A]。[B]same“相同的”，常与定冠词the连用，故应排除；[C]diverse“多种多样的”和[D]different“不同的”与下文文意不符。
8． 【B8】
A．idle away
B．cope with
C．cut into
D．set aside
正确答案：B
解析：本题考查动词短语的用法。科技的发展导致人们有了很多业余时间，过多的闲暇时间也会使人们精神抑郁。因此需要教育人们如何有效地应对增多的业余时间。[B]cope with“(正确地)应对”，其他选项均不符合文意。[A]idle away“消磨时光”；[C]cut into“缩减”；[D]set aside“留出”。
9． 【B9】
A．fell on
B．switched to
C．held on
D．turned to
正确答案：D
解析：本题考查动词短语的用法。[A]fell on“(急切地)扑向，抓住”，不符合文意；[B]switched to“从一个地方转换到另外一个地方”，而上下文并没有给出其他选择，故排除；[C]held on“坚持”也不符合文意。因此选[D]turned to“求助于”，即开始做某事。
10． 【B10】
A．combat
B．campaign
C．contest
D．struggle
正确答案：A
解析：本题考查动词词义辨析。人们服用药品是为了与失眠、焦虑等症状做斗争，首先排除[B]campaign“战役，运动”和[C]contest“竞争”；[D]struggle要与against连用才能带宾语，在此不符合语法；因此答案为[A]combat“与……搏斗”。
11． 【B11】
A．cost
B．repay
C．take
D．spend
正确答案：D
解析：本题考查动词词义辨析。[D]spend的常用句型结构为：sb．spend time／money onsth．“某人花时间／钱做某事”，符合文意和用法，故选[D]。[A]cost“花费”，常用物作主语；[B]repay“报答，偿还”，不符合文意；[C]take“拿、取”常用物作主语。
12． 【B12】
A．digest
B．swallow
C．purchase
D．manufacture
正确答案：B
解析：本题考查动词词义辨析。上文提到人们turn to“开始服用”安眠药，与此语意相并列的是[B]swallow“吞，咽”，其他选项均不符合文意。[A]digest“消化”、[C]purchase“购买”和[D]manufacture“制造”与句中的every night连用逻辑不通，故排除。
13． 【B13】
A．Although
B．Since
C．Whereas
D．If
正确答案：A
解析：本题考查逻辑关系。主从句之间有转折关系，故选[A]。所在句子的意思是：尽管在遇到危机时这些“治疗思想的药片”极其有用，但是，如果不用药物，绝大多数病人的境况会更好。
14． 【B14】
A．deteriorating
B．better off
C．worsening
D．suffering
正确答案：B
解析：本题考查动词词义辨析。因为主从句有转折关系，并且作者对服药持反对态度，可以推断如果不吃药，人们也不会恶化、变得不好或者受折磨，因此排除[A]deteriorating“恶化”；[C]worsening“变坏”和[D]suffering“受折磨”。[B]better off“境况不错”，符合文意，故为正确答案。
15． 【B15】
A．reasons
B．outcomes
C．consequences
D．causes
正确答案：D
解析：本题考查名词词义辨析。作者试图总结引起人们紧张和压抑症状的原因。[A]reasons“理由”，常与for搭配使用，不是起因，故排除；[B]outcomes“结局，最终的结果”和[C]consequences“结果”也不符合逻辑；再根据短文末句的the cause of the stress，可以确定答案为[D]causes“起因”。
16． 【B16】
A．Furthermore
B．Nevertheless
C．Moreover
D．Additionally
正确答案：B
解析：本题考查副词词义辨析。该处需要填入表示转折关系的副词，而[A]Furthermore“进一步说”表示并列递进关系；[C]Moreover“再者”和[D]Additionally“另外”都是表示并列递进关系的副词，故排除。[B]Nevertheless表示转折关系，意为“不过，仍然”，符合文意，故为正确答案。
17． 【B17】
A．thoroughly
B．enthusiastically
C．actively
D．skillfully
正确答案：C
解析：本题考查副词词义辨析。上文提到要学会处理好增多的业余时间，医生又提了一些积极的建议，因此[C]actively“积极地”最符合文意。[A]thoroughly“彻底地”、[B]enthusiastically“满怀热情地”和[D]skillfully“有技巧地”，此三项均不符合文意，故排除。
18． 【B18】
A．making
B．putting
C．bringing
D．bottling
正确答案：D
解析：本题考查动词词义辨析。根据上文，人应该expressed their anger而不应强忍怒火，故此处应选[D]bottling，与up搭配意为“抑制(怒气或怨气)”。其他选项与up搭配时的意思为：making up“构成，编造，和解”；putting up“提出，支起”；bringing up“抚养大”，此三项均不符合文意，故排除。
19． 【B19】
A．what
B．whichever
C．that
D．which
正确答案：D
解析：本题考查定语从句的用法。[D]which引导非性定语从句，修饰drugs，其他选项均不符合文意。
20． 【B20】
A．symptoms
B．indications
C．signatures
D．appearances
正确答案：A
解析：本题考查名词词义辨析。与压力相关的选项为[A]symptoms“病症”。其他选项均不符合文意。[B]indications“迹象”、[C]signatures“签名”和[D]appearances“外表”都不如symptoms与stress这种病密切相关，故排除。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)
As the government launches the National Year of Music, a new report confirms that learning an instrument has many benefits for children. Learning a musical instrument at school improves children’s behavior, memory and intelligence, a government-commissioned study has found, as ministers launch the first National Year of Music. Professor Susan Hallam of the Institute of Education, University of London, analyzed scores of researchers’ studies on the benefits of music to children. She found researchers had discovered that learning to play an instrument enlarges the left side of the brain. This leads musically-trained pupils to remember almost a fifth more information. Hallarn’s research review was commissioned by the Department for Children, Schools and Families as part of a drive to persuade more children in England to play a musical instrument. The government hopes to double the number of children, aged 7 to 11 , who are given a chance to learn an instrument for free by 2011. The government says that now over half of primary-aged children learn an instrument. A study contrasting the impact of music lessons with that of drama classes found music lessons, over time, increased pupils’ IQ by 7 points, compared to 4.3 points for drama lessons. Several U. S. studies have found that plaving an instrument improves children’s behavior. This was because working in small musical groups requires trust, respect and compromise, Hallam said. “ In adolescence , music makes a major contribution to the development of self-identity and is seen as a source of support when young people are feeling troubled or lonely. “ Hallam said. But singing or piano lessons do not necessarily improve children’s maths ability. “The relationship between maths and active musical engagement has had mixed results. “ Hallam said. ￡330m has been invested in music “inside and outside the classroom” in the last year. Long-haired rock guitarists will take part in what the government has called the biggest music lesson ever. And some of the country’s best-known artists will play in the classrooms. Music is at the very heart of British popular culture—it’s what kids talk about, it’s what they aspire to. Young people need to know that they can only become stars by mastering the basics when they’re young and by learning about a range of music, from classical to country. This is exactly why we need world—class music education in schools. We know that learning to play an instrument can improve both reading and writing. It is right that music should play an important role in school life and beyond.
21． Which of the following is among the benefits of learning an instrument for children?
A．Improving behaviors and relieving stress.
B．Promoting growth and improving intelligence.
C．Boosting confidence and improving intelligence.
D．Improving intelligence and strengthening memories.
正确答案：D
解析：细节题。由题干关键词benefits和learning an instrument定位至第一段。该段首先提到了儿童学习乐器有很多好处。随后作者列举了研究所发现的儿童在校学习乐器的三大好处：能够改善儿童的行为、提高儿童记忆力、增强儿童智力，故[D]为正确答案。第一段首句就提到了儿童学习乐器有很多益处。根据英文的写作模式，介绍完主题，接下来就要进行解释说明。由此，在后面的内容中我们不难找到儿童学习乐器的具体好处：改善行为、提高记忆力、增强智力。[A]中的“缓解压力”文中并没有提及，故排除；[B]中的“促进生长
22． According to Susan Hallam, musically-trained pupils______.
A．can do well in maths
B．have a better memory
C．will make more friends
D．overcome difficulties more easily
正确答案：B
解析：细节题。由题干关键词Susan Hallam和musically—trained pupils定位至第二段。该段首先介绍了Susan Hallam的研究发现：学习乐器有助于人类大脑左半球的发育，因此，受过音乐教育的孩子能多记住五分之一的信息，即受过音乐教育的孩子比没有受过音乐教育的孩子的记忆力要好，故[B]选项符合文意。musically-trained pupils所在的上下文并没有提到受过音乐教育的孩子是否有数学天赋，故排除[A]；文中也未提及受过音乐教育的孩子是否“会交到更多朋友”、“更容易克服困难
23． One of the findings of the U. S. studies on playing musical instruments is that______.
A．singing lessons can improve children’s maths ability
B．music has little effect on children’s negative emotions
C．group musical work is helpful to improve children’s behavior
D．trust and respect are most important for learning music
正确答案：C
解析：推理题。根据题干关键词the U．S．studies定位至第四段。该段的中心思想是美国的几项研究发现学习乐器能够改善儿童的行为。其原因是演奏乐器需要人与人之间的密切配合才能完成，在演奏过程中，相互信任、相互尊重、相互包容显得尤为重要。由此可推断[C]符合该处语境。第四段引用Hallam的话是为了对美国的几项研究发现作进一步的说明。Hallam说：音乐课和钢琴课不一定能提高孩子的数学能力，因为二者之间的关系很复杂，故排除[A]；此外，音乐还可以帮助年轻人排解劝烦恼或孤独，故[B]不符合本处语境，也排除；[D
24． Music is very important in school life because playing a musical instrument can improve______.
A．reading and writing
B．listening and writing
C．maths and reading
D．listening and maths
正确答案：A
解析：细节题。根据题干关键词playing a musical instrument和improve定位至最后一段。该段主要介绍了音乐在英国文化中的核心地位以及儿童掌握音乐知识和技能的重要性。在接下来的内容里作者介绍了学校开展音乐教育的原因——演奏乐器有助于提高阅读和写作能力，故[A]为正确答案。该段首先强调了学校开设音乐教育是因为音乐既是孩子们谈论的话题，也是他们追求的目标。还提到“大家都知道，学习演奏乐器可以提高阅读和写作能力。”因此，[B]、[C]和[D]均与原文内容不符，故应排除。
25． Which of the following is the best title of this passage?
A．The Impact of Music Lessons
B．The First National Year of Music
C．The Benefits of Music Education for Children
D．The Heart of British Popular Culture
正确答案：C
解析：主题题。本文运用典型的英文开篇模式，在第一段就点明主题，即：儿童在上学期间学习演奏乐器对改善行为、提高记忆力、增强智力有益。在后面的内容中，作者对这几种益处分别进行了阐述。在最后一段，作者首尾呼应，对音乐教育的好处及重要性进行了总结。因此可以推断[C]最能体现本文的主旨，故为正确答案。本题要从全文中寻找线索，最佳标题应该最能体现文章主题。根据英语文章的写作手法，文章的主题一般出现在第一段或最后一段。因此，结合这两段信息，我们不难找到本文的关键信息。[A]范围太广，未切中本文主题，故排除；[B]属于以偏概全
For health insurance, the United States has taken the road less traveled. The United States is the only rich country without universal health insurance. People in the United States spend the most, rely heavily on the private sector, and obtain care from the world’s most complicated delivery system. While some supporters have expressed satisfaction, if not pride, in these remarkable qualities, others contend that the United States faces unique limitations in reforming health care. In her exceptional book, Parting at the Crossroads, Antonia Maioni compares the formation of the U. S. and Canadian health-care systems for the years 1930 - 1960. The United State and Canada are often considered the most similar of Western democracies. They share a common border, are wealthy, and have federal government. Their trade unions are only moderately powerful, and their populations are diverse and young. Nevertheless, their health-insurance systems are nearly opposite. The United States relies on a mix of government plans, targeted to the elderly and indigent, and employment-based plans, which the government indirectly supports. Canada offers public health insurance to all qualified residents, with the private sector providing supplementary services in some provinces. Labor organizations became strong advocates for health-insurance reform in both countries. Their impact partially depended on political institutions and how other actors, particularly organized medicine, wielded them. Canada’s governmental and electoral systems allowed labor to cooperate with a social democratic party in the Saskatchewan province, which established a universal program. The Saskatchewan program demonstrated universal insurance feasibility, spurring the dominant liberals to introduce a national universal program. In contrast, the U. S. electoral system effectively precluded third-party formation, forcing organized labor to dilute its health-insurance goals because it was one of many interests represented by the Democratic Party. Maioni suggests that economic vitality is important for the future of both countries’ systems, but the prognosis is uncertain. Despite recent concerns about the Canadian government’s budgetary health, Maioni contends that widespread support protects universal insurance. Conversely, Maioni seems pessimistic about options for U. S. universal health insurance. Despite economic buoyancy, dissension will likely prevent reforms. Although a devastating economic downturn would make health finance difficult in either country, the U. S. system seems especially vulnerable. Employment-based insurance and medicare both rely on labor market attachment. High, chronic unemployment could result in coverage loss and financial difficulties for employer insurance and medicare, swelling the uninsured pool. Such a crisis could provide an opening for universal health insurance. In any case, whether the United States relies on the public or private sector, escalating health expenditures figure into budgets of government, corporations, and families. The U. S. health care system’s future may depend on Americans’ willing to devote more of their national income to health care.
26． From the first sentence we learn that the United States ______.
A．has gone astray about what it does with health insurance
B．has complicated its health insurance policy and confused its people
C．has reformed its health care to their average people’s satisfaction
D．carries out a different health insurance policy from other Western countries
正确答案：D
解析：推理题。第一句话原意是：在医疗保险方面，美国走的是很少有人走的道路。言外之意是：美国采取了与众不同的做法。这句话开门见山地表明了本文所要说明的问题。本文主要对比了美国和加拿大的医疗保险制度，指出了加拿大医疗保险制度的利和美国医疗保险制度的弊。
27． Canadian health-care systems are different from those of the U. S. in that ______.
A．the federal government is directly responsible for them
B．private sectors in Canada play a more important role
C．the government only indirectly supports the employment-based plans
D．the trade unions in both countries are only moderately powerful in such matters
正确答案：A
解析：细节题。根据第二段最后两句，美国依靠的是一种混合的计划：有专门针对老人和穷人的保险计划，和以就业为基础但受间接支持的保险计划；而加拿大实施的则是公共医疗保险制度，面向所有合格的居民，私营部门只在某些省提供补充服务项目。第四段第二句也提到，虽然人们最近对加拿大的预算状况表示担忧，但是Maioni仍然认为广泛的支持会保护全民保险制度。可见，在加拿大，直接实施医疗保险；而在美国，主要是公司负责其职员的医疗保险，对此仅提供间接支持。
28． The vulnerability of the U. S. insurance systems lies in ______.
A．its failure to extend its coverage to the poor and elderly
B．its excessive dependence on the labor market
C．Americans” willingness to buy insurance
D．the willingness of the government to invest in them
正确答案：B
解析：细节题。第四段指出，虽然经济形势急转直下可能使两国(加拿大和美国)的医疗保险支出陷人困境，但美国的(医疗保险)将显得特别脆弱(vulnerable)，因为以就业为基础的保险和医疗都依赖劳动力市场状况。经常性的高失业率可能缩减享受保险的人数(coverage loss)，使雇主在提供保险和医疗上遇到困难，使得不参加保险的总体人数上升。
29． The Saskatchewan program in Canada shows that______.
A．the labor union of a country can play a positive role in health-insurance reform
B．universal health insurance is practicable in a federal government
C．a third party is needed to coordinate the efforts of the government and the labor union
D．the electoral system has a direct impact on the insurance plan
正确答案：B
解析：例证题。第三段第四句提到，加拿大萨斯喀彻温省的医疗保险计划说明了全民保险计划的可行性(feasibility)，促使执政的自由党提出了全国性的全民保险计划。另外，第二段第三句提到美国和加拿大都是联邦政体。根据文意，虽然[A]提到的内容也是事实，但却不是萨斯喀彻温省医疗保险计划所要说明的道理。
30． The passage is most likely to be
A．a summary of a government-sponsored program in health policy study
B．a review of a book in health-care system study
C．a survey of the influence of economic policies on the health-care system
D．a critical commentary on the U. S. health-care system
正确答案：B
解析：主题题。文章在第二段提到Maioni的书，第二、三、四段其实都在介绍书中的内容和观点，请考生尤其注意第四段中三次提到了Maioni。
The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism(rules made by authorities must be obeyed)and imminent justice(if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage. Keasey’s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven; do thev recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressor’s action was justified by public duty: five-year-olds reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Ann’s pretend house” depending on whether Bonnie did it “so somebody won’t fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted “to make Ann feel bad”. Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments. Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.
31． According to the passage, Piaget and Keasey would have different views on the points that______.
A．the kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commit
B．the justifications children recognize for mitigating punishment for harmful acts
C．the age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harm
D．the circumstances under which children commit harmful acts
正确答案：C
解析：细节题。两位学者的观点在第一段：Piaget认为七岁以下儿童不会对伤害自己或他人的行为做道德判断，而Keasey认为六岁儿童开始对伤害自己或他人的行为做出道德判断。由此可知，两个心理学家在儿童区分有意伤害和无意伤害的年龄问题上观点不一，故选[C]。[A]、[B]和[D]均不符合题意，故应排除。
32． Which of the following conclusions about six-year-old children would Keasey’s finding support?
A．They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomy.
B．They have the ability to make autonomous moral judgments.
C．They do not understand the concept of public duty.
D．They accept moral judgment made by their peers more easily than older children do.
正确答案：B
解析：细节题。他们有能力进行的道德判断。由题干关键词Keasey’s findings定位至第一段倒数第二句however，in recent research…．the amount of damage prodlreed。Keasey认为六岁以前的儿童能够区分有意伤害和无意伤害，故[B]符合题意。[A]、[C]和[D]都不是Keasey’s findings所得出的结论，故应排除。
33． According to Piaget, which of the following statements is true?
A．The more developmentally immature a child, the more severe the punishment that the child will assign.
B．The punishment for acts of unintentional harm is less severe than it is for acts involving accidental harm.
C．The children assign punishment less arbitrarily than they do when they reach the age of moral autonomy.
D．The severity of the assigned punishment is determined by the perceived magnitude of negative consequences.
正确答案：D
解析：细节题。[D]惩罚的严厉程度取决于消极结果的严重程度。由题干关键词Piaget定位至第一段第二句：Until recently，child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis…， but rather simply assign punishmenf for transgressions on the basis of themagnitude of the negative cons
34． According to the passage, which of the following about five-year-old children does the research of Nesdale and Rule suggest?
A．Their reactions to intentional and accidental harm determine the severity of the punishments they assign.
B．They, as perpetrators of harmful acts, disregard the feelings of the children they harm.
C．They view public duty as a justification for accidental, but not intention harm.
D．They take into account the motivations of actions when judging the behavior of other children.
正确答案：D
解析：推理题。由题干关键词：Nesdale and Rule定位至第二段：For example，Nesdale and Ruleconcluded that…Thus， a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions，though intentional， can be justified； the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their jud
35． Darley found that after seven months of kindergarten, which of the following abilities did six-year-old children acquire?
A．Recognizing the difference between moral absolutism and moral autonomy.
B．Differentiating between foreseeable and unforeseeable harm.
C．Justifying harmful actions that result from provocation.
D．Evaluating the magnitude of negative consequences resulting from the breaking of rules.
正确答案：B
解析：细节题。由题干关键词Darley定位至最后一段Darley observed that…that they had become morally autonomous．Darley认为刚进幼儿同的六岁儿童不能辨认出可预见的伤害，然而七个月之后，Darley发现这些儿童能够对这两种伤害做出区分，证明他们在道德上已经变得自主了，故选[B]。Darley没有提及儿童对moral absolutism and moral autonomy的区别认识，故排除[A]；Darley只证明了在进入幼儿园七个月后，儿童
The made-for-TV movie about a tornado carrying man-eating sharks was a surprise hit in America. The preposterous plot of “Sharknado” may strike a chord with media bosses who have watched the internet ravage their business over the past decade. Newspapers have lost readers and advertising to the internet. Book and music shops have closed for good. Sales of DVDs and CDs have plummeted. The television industry has so far resisted big disruption but that has not stopped doomsayers predicting a flight of advertising and viewers. In 2008 Jeff Zucker, then the president of NBC Universal, a big entertainment group, lamented the trend of “trading analogue dollars for digital pennies”. But those pennies are starting to add up. And even Mr. Zucker, now boss of CNN Worldwide, a TV news channel, has changed his tune. “Old media is well, well beyond digital pennies. “ he says. What has changed his mind? The surge in smartphones, tablet computers and broadband speeds has encouraged more people to pay for content they can carry around with them. And all-access services , which give unlimited content on mobile devices for a monthly fee, are promoting people to spend more on digital products. After years of wreaking havoc, the internet is helping media companies to grow. Sanford C. Bernstein, a research firm, reckons online licensing was responsible for about a third of the growth in revenues at CBS, an American media firm, in 2012. The most obvious change in the past few years is the decline of “physical” products, such as CDs, DVDs and print newspapers. In 2008 nearly nine-tenths of consumer cash went on them; by 2017 it will be a little over half, with digital grabbing the rest. Newspapers are trying to peddle digital subscriptions ; the New York Times has nearly 700,000 online subscribers, but few others have done so well. So there is still a big question. Some wonder whether the prices that can be charged for computerized products “can support the underlying industries if they are not also physical businesses”. Some media firms need to get bigger and trim costs. But new technology does provide opportunities for media industry. The value of archives is growing in the internet age: owners can profit from older programs that are rarely broadcast. The internet can also help firms become cleverer. Concerts have become the lifeblood of the music industry and make up more than half of revenues. Acts used to go on tour to sell albums. Now they put out albums so they can make their living on the road. Publishers are releasing books electronically to test sales before putting them in print, and to adjust prices to drive demand. Experiments that were once impossibly expensive now cost peanuts.
36． The statement “trading analogue dollars for digital pennies”(Line 2, Para. 2)implies______.
A．the lamentation of disruption of fortune caused by internet
B．NBC Universal has changed its tune of digital pennies
C．digital media cannot rival with the old one
D．digital section of media contributes more to Jeff Zucker’s industry
正确答案：D
解析：推理题。在“…(第一句)but…(第二句)”这样的结构中，问第一句implies什么，答案应该是对第二句的同意替换。如果问第一句means什么，答案应该是和第二句意思相反的选项。[A]the lamentation of disruption of fortune caused by internet这个选项其实是在对but前面的内容进行同意替换；[B]NBC Universal has changed its tune of digital pennies这个选项是一个胡乱拼凑的视觉干扰；[C]digi
37． Jeff Zucker believed that digital media is gaining its importance most probably because______.
A．the emergence of “all-access” services
B．the easy availability of the media content
C．the profitability brought by cyber technology
D．the low price of the monthly fee
正确答案：C
解析：细节题。题干定位至第三段。首先题干告知结果是：Jeff Zucker认为数字媒体变得日益重要了，原因就是来自于后面的语句。[A]全接口服务的出现。[B]媒体内容容易获得。[C]数字技术带来的盈利可能。[D]低廉的月租费用。[A]、[B]和[D]三个选项都可以是原因，都可以是正确答案；但是如果要选择主要原因的话就要选择一个最佳选项，那就只能是[C]了。profitability意为“盈利的能力”。
38． In paragraph 4, the digital business of other newspapers is mentioned to show______.
A．the decline of physical products
B．the digital section is grabbing bigger share
C．the endeavor peddle digital users
D．the feasibility of computerized version
正确答案：D
解析：例证题。题干定位：先定位至第四段倒数第二句but few others have done so well，再定位最后一句；因为例证题的答案并不来自于例子本身而来自于例子所对应的观点。定位正确后，同意替换就相对简单了。能够与：whether the prices that can be charged for computerizedproducts“can support the underlying industries if they are not also physical businesses
39． According to the last paragraph, which of the following is true?
A．Media business can benefit from internet in certain ways.
B．Some experiments in publishing business are used to be cheap.
C．Albums now make up half of revenues of music industry.
D．The internet age promotes the value of the peanuts.
正确答案：D
解析：细节题。题干定位：定位最后一段，然后用四个选项分别定位。每个选项和原文对应点一一比对。[A]Media business can benefit from internet in certain ways．与原文中的第二句和第四句对应，为完美的同意替换，是正确选项。[B]Some experiments in publishing business are used to becheap．这和原文中Experiments that were once impossibly expensive．(impos
40． What’s the author’s attitude towards the digital media?
A．skeptical
B．supportive
C．biased
D．detached
正确答案：B
解析：态度题。题干定位：定位至文中最后一段。作者很清晰地表明了对于数字媒体的支持。[A]skeptical“怀疑”;[B]supportive“支持”；[C]biased“偏见”;[D]detached“不关心”。四个选项中和原文表述一致的就是[B]。The trade of dollars for digital pennies doesn’t always hurt．美元生意变成了美分的生意却不一定是件坏事。这句话明确地表明了作者对于数字媒体的支持。
Part B (10 points)
It’s a beautiful green water frond with delicate petals. Pleasant enough to look at with names like “Water Thyme” and “Star Vine”. But don’t let its looks fool you. Hydrilla verticillata, which grows up to several feet thick and chokes the life out of lakes and ponds, has been dubbed the “killer” weed by those in the know. 【C1】______ According to the U. S. Agriculture Department, Hydrilla was found in Massachusetts in a pond on Cape Cod two years ago and now has spread northward to 16 states, including Maine, Vermont, and Massachusetts. Scientists theorize it may have arrived with aquarium hobbyists who dumped fish tanks into local ponds, or even as tendrils(卷须)stuck to propellers of motor boats. 【C2】______ Indeed, online sales of such noxious weeds—some of them illegal—have flourished so much in the past few years that the federal government is preparing a high-tech crackdown. “ We’ve seen a link between growing Internet sales, the mail system, and the spread of these plants,” says Larry Fowler, a botanist with the U. S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service(APHIS). “ We realize many people are simply unaware of our laws, but that still doesn’t make it right. And there’s still a segment that is quite aware of the law and is still selling. “ The Hydrilla—named after the hydra—headed monster of Greek mythology—is on the federal government’s short list of “noxious weeds” , making it illegal to buy or sell it nationwide. 【C3】______ “ We know our products,” the website boasts, “ We’re proud to have the most knowledgeable staff in the industry. “ Clearly, federal law is not a problem for the company. Nearly three years ago, Mr. Fowler saw the danger of Internet sales of invasive species. With the help of North Carolina State University researchers and the Internet search company Fast Search & Transfer, Fowler created a system that can identify and track Web pages and Internet operators selling outlawed plants. 【C4】______ As soon as January, U. S. sellers of regulated plants will begin to get e-mail notices from APHIS warning them to produce a federal permit to sell such plants—or stop selling them. 【C5】______ The AIMS program will be working with Australia, Britain, and a few other nations to develop an information-sharing system to identify and shut down operations selling invasive plants. The goal is to use the new system to identify sales of “bad actors” abroad, well before they begin to arrive en masse(全体地，一同地).[A]But the latest reason given for the spread of such plants is technological. Researchers blame the weed’s spread not only on unwitting aquarium hobbyists and motor-boat propellers, but also the Internet.[B]Once a problem mostly in Southern states, Hydrilla has become an aquatic scourge in a third of U.S. states.[C]Then the AIMS Web-scanning program will focus on U. S. sales of about 600 organisms, including plants and animals like the(riant African Snail—a voracious creature 6 to 8 inches long that can reproduce quickly and threaten crops. There are plans to expand the system to monitor international websites.[D]Nevertheless, an online search leads within minutes to the website of a New York pet store offering not only Hydrilla, but also another federally banned plant—Hygrophila polysperma, known as “ Indian Water Star”.[E]Some companies were selling with impunity invasive plants like hydrilla. Next-day express services made it possible to ship them coast-to-coast or even from abroad with little scrutiny.[F]But this is an area that’s confusing to the public. Not all nonnative species of fish and plants are invasive. Our industry relies on nonnative species. One thing we are trying to do is to educate the public not to release these into the environment. [G]The resulting high-tech enforcement tool, called the Agricultural Internet Monitoring System(AIMS), is to be unveiled in January. Already, its pilot test has identified 6,568 distinct pages on websites belonging to U. S. suppliers who may be selling banned plants.
41． 【C1】
正确答案：B
解析：根据下文内容来判断。下文According to…引出的是详细信息，旨在进一步阐述前文提到的某一观点，大意为：据美国农业部记载，Hydrilla两年前在马萨诸塞州Cape Cod的一个池塘中被发现，现已向北扩展到16个州，包括缅因州、佛蒙特州和马萨诸塞州。由此可知，此处是在讲Hydrilla的扩展，与选项[B]的内容一致。[B]项意为：Hydrilla曾经主要是南方各州的一个问题，现在却在美国1／3的州成为一大水生祸害。
42． 【C2】
正确答案：A
解析：根据上下文段落间的衔接来判断。上段最后一句讲，科学家从理论上推断，Hydrilla可能是由于养鱼爱好者将鱼缸的水倒入当地池塘，或是因为它的卷须附着到电动船的推进器上而传播开来的。由此可知，这是在讲Hydrilla扩展的原因。而下段开头用indeed进一步强调“这种有害杂草的网上销售”，由此可以推断网上销售这件事在上段也提到过。至此可确定此处答案为选项[A]。其句意为：但是最近一个解释这种植物泛滥的原因却是技术方面的。研究人员不仅将责任归咎于不知情的养鱼爱好者和电动船推进器，而且将该责任归咎于因特网。
43． 【C3】
正确答案：D
解析：根据上下文信息，考虑段落间内容的连贯和衔接。上段讲，Hydrill——以希腊神话中的九头蛇怪物而得名——现在列于联邦“有害杂草”名单之上，这使其在全国的买卖成为非法行为。而下段引述一个网站的话说：“我们知道自己的产品，我们非常自豪拥有本行业最博识的职员。”很明显，联邦法律对于该公司来说并不是一个难题。由此可知，有些公司是在知法犯法。据此可判断，中间这段应与上段形成转折关系，所以正确选项为[D]。其句意为：然而，网上搜索几分钟就会链接到一个纽约宠物商店的网站，它不仅提供Hydrilla，而且还提供另外一
44． 【C4】
正确答案：G
解析：考虑上下文内容的连贯。上段重点讲在北卡罗来纳州立大学研究人员及因特网搜索公司Fast Search&Transfer的帮助下，Fowler先生创造了一种系统，该系统能识别并跟踪销售非法植物的网页和网上经营者。而下一段开头讲，一到1月份，销售受管制植物的美国经销商就将开始收到APHIS发送的电子邮件。由此可判断，此处是在讲Fowler先生创造的一种系统，所以正确选项为[G]，其中提到的时间January与下文是连贯的。[G]项意为：由此产生的高科技执行工具——因特网农业监视系统(AIMS)将于1月份推出。其
45． 【C5】
正确答案：C
解析：根据前后段内容判断。阅读上下段可发现，这两段都涉及AIMS program，因此所缺这一段也应该是针对这一话题的，并在意思上应保持连贯。所以正确选项为[C]。此项意为：继而，AIMS网络扫描项目将集中于美国大约600种生物体的销售，其中包括植物及动物，诸如非洲大蜗牛——一种极其贪吃的动物，身长6至8英寸，繁殖迅速，威胁农作物。还计划将该系统扩展，以监视国际性网站。下段紧接着讲：该项目将与澳大利亚、英国和其他几个国家合作，以研发一种信息共享系统，识别并关闭销售人侵性植物的活动。
Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)
【F1】John Dunlop, dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences from July 1970 to February 1973, thought that the most significant element in Harvard’s transition from the 1960s to the 1970s was not the student takeover of University Hall, hut the institutional changes unleashed by that event. Dunlop was ideally suited to take charge in the confusing post-bust period. Forceful, self-confident, canny, he became the czar of the interregnum. He sought to restore civil discourse by engaging the faculty in institutional reform. He chaired the University Committee on Governance that Pusey and the corporation set up in September 1969.【F2】From it came a flow of subcommittee reports: on Harvard and money, faculty and student rights and responsibilities, the presidential selection process, the nature and purposes of the University, and the organization and functions of the Governing Boards and the president’s office. The committee found a Corporation and a president overwhelmed by day-to-day problems.【F3】It proposed that there be vice presidents of finance, administration, development, and government and community affairs, and that a senior academic officer—a chancellor or provost—foster inter-faculty programs and speak for the president on matters of educational policy.【F4】The authors knew that “the damage of the reputation of the administrative function is so pervasive in the University that the sudden assertion of its importance... may send shock waves through the community and cause particular concern among Deans. “ But they believed that it was essential “to staff and perform properly the neglected service functions” of the University. Derek Bok decided that to plunge at once into centralized administration was “too much”. He agreed on the need for a passel of new vice presidents, but was well aware of the powerful Harvard tradition of autonomous schools and faculties led by baronial deans(He had been one himself). While he had favored the appointment of a provost before he took office, now he had second thoughts. The major responsibility of most university provosts was budgetary; deciding how the financial pie should be sliced. That would reduce the authority of the deans. Even less attractive was the notion of having a provost to deal with educational and academic matters; Bok intended to do that himself. At the same time he was a strong believer in professional expertise.【F5】This meant breaking away from Harvard’s tradition of administrators whose qualifications consisted in good part of having gone to the College and having close Harvard ties. Bok sought a different type of bureaucrat, of the sort prevalent at other large universities; professionals with outside experience.
46． 【F1】
正确答案：约翰.邓洛普从1970年7月到1973年2月期间担任了哈佛文理学院院长。他认为：自20世纪60年代至70年代哈佛发生了巨大的转变，转变的最重要因素不是学生对哈佛主楼的占领，而是这一事件带来的制度变化。
解析：John Dunlop，dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences from July 1970 to February 1973，thought that the most significant element in Harvard’s transition from the 1960s to the 1970s was notthe student takeover of University Hall．but the institutional changes
47． 【F2】
正确答案：委员会发布了一系列小组委员会报告，内容涉及哈佛与资金、教职人员和学生的权利与义务、校长的选聘程序、大学的本质和目标以及管理委员会和校长办公室的组织和功能。
解析：From it came a flow of subcommittee reports：on Harvard and money，faculty and studentrights and responsibilities，the presidential selection process，the nature and purposes of the University．and the organization and functions of the Governing Boards and the
48． 【F3】
正确答案：因此，该委员会建议分别设立主管财务、行政管理、发展规划以及处理与社区关系的副校长，还要聘请一位资深的学术——名誉校长或教务长——来推动教职人员之间的交流项目，并在教育事务方面为校长代言。
解析：It proposed that there be vice presidents of finance，administration，development，and government and community affairs．and that a senior academic officer一a chancellor or provost--foster interfaculty programs and speak for the president on matters of educati
49． 【F4】
正确答案：提出该建议的人们知道，“对行政管理功能的诽谤和中伤弥漫了整个大学，突然断言其重要性可能会给整个学校带来冲击，从而引起院长们的特别关注。”
解析：The authors knew that“the damage of the reputation of the administrative function is sopervasive in the University that the sudden assertion of its importance…may send shock wavesthrough the community and cause particular concern among Deans．”这是一个简单主从复合句，
50． 【F5】
正确答案：这意味着要打破哈佛大学管理者的传统——成为哈佛大学管理者的条件是曾在哈佛本科学院求学或任职，与哈佛大学关系密切。
解析：This meant breaking away from Harvard’s tradition of administrators whose qualificationsconsisted in good part of having gone to the College and having close Harvard ties．这是一个简单主从复合句，句子主十是：This meant breaking away from Harvard’s tradition of administrator
Section III Writing
Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)
51． You and your family are planning for a trip to Hong Kong during the May holiday. Write a letter to a travel agency to1)explain your travel plans,2)ask for relevant information,3)and express your gratitude for a reply.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address.
正确答案：Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to ask for some important information about your agency’s Hong Kong travel packages for this May holiday. My family and I plan to travel there from May 1st to 7 th, in which period we would like to visit most of the scenic spots, places of entertainment and shopping centers. The Disneyland Park program would be preferable, because I am eager to enjoy myself there. It would be greatly appreciated if you could furnish us with some relevant details about your travel plans such as the tourism landscape, the flight and the corresponding price per person, covering both hotel and a return ticket. Moreover, I would be quite grateful if you could inform me what I have to do. Thank you for your consideration. I am looking forward to a favorable response at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours, Li Ming
Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. (20 points)
52． Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning, and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
正确答案： As can be clearly seen from the vivid picture, in the middle of the picture, there is a fish tank with a sea of fish in it, while there are some small fish tanks around with few fish in them. The picture reveals a problem prevailing in the current society. Presently, there is a tendency that a growing number of people are moving from countryside into city annually. A century ago, less than five percent of all people lived in cities. By the middle of this century it could be seventy percent, or almost six and a half billion people. Urbanization can lead to social and economic progress, but also put pressure on cities to provide housing and services. With the increasing number of individuals pouring into cities, the worsening inequalities , driven by social divisions and differences in wealth, could result in violence and crime unless cities plan better. Another issue is urban expansion. This is where cities expand quickly into rural areas, sometimes at a much faster rate than urban population growth. From my perspective, the government is expected to implement laws and regulations to limit the exceedingly growing of the urban population. As college students, we can seek employment back to our hometown and I am sure that a promising future is awaiting us there. 下载本文
