在句中修饰名词或代词的从句，因其修饰作用相当于形容词，故称形容词性从句，即通常所说的定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的有：

1）关系代词：先行词为人：who, whom, that, whose

先行词为物：which, that, whose

2）关系副词：when, where, why

注意：关系词起三个作用：①连接先行词和定语从句②替代先行词③在从句中担任成分what不能引导定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后，但有时也被一个短语隔开。

例如：I was the only person in my office who was invited.

I. 关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

定语从句的构成: 先行词+ 关系词+ 从句

人物

主格Who/ that Which/ that

宾格Whom/ that/ who Which/ that

定语whose Whose: …of which

1）who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。关系代词充当宾语可以省略。例如：

Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)

He is the man (whom/ that) I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

2）whose 用来指人或物，在定语从句中作定语。例如：

Please pass me the book whose cover is red.（指物）

The lawyer whose name is Wang Jin lives in Nanjing.（指人）

3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等。例如：Great changes which / that have never been seen before appears in the countryside.

（which / that在句中作主语）

The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）

II. 关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词when, where, why在从句中充当状语，分别可表时间、地点或原因。

I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.

This is the house where Lu Xun once lived.

I know the reason why he came late.I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.

The reason why he didn’t come to school yesterday is unbelievable.

Ⅲ. 介词+关系代词的用法

关系代词紧跟在介词后面时，不能用that，也不能省略，常用which或whom。

介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：

The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.

=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.

This is the man(who/whom/that)I mentioned about in our meeting.

=This is the man about whom I mentioned about in our meeting,

I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.

但若有歧义，介词一般紧跟词组主体，不作前置。如：

Is this the book (which/that) you are looking for? ( 这里介词for一般不提前，因为look for是固定词组，意为“寻找”，介词for若被提前，单个的look意为“看”，句意不符。)

Ⅳ.关系代词引导的性与非性定语从句

区别一：形式不同

限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。

区别二：功能不同

限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。如：

People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)

His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)

区别三：翻译不同

在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。如：

He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。

I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。

区别四：含义不同

比较下面的两个句子：

I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)

I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)区别五：先行词不同

限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非性定语从句，而不用性定语从句。如：

Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)

He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)

Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非性定语从句修饰)

Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非性定语从句修饰)

区别六：关系词不同

(一) that 不可用于引导非性定语从句

所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非性定语从句,但that 不可。

例1. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物,这使她非常高兴。

误: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot.

正: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.

例2. 他没通过这次考试,令我很失望。

误: He didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me.

正: He didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me.

(二)关系代词替代情况不同

关系代词whom 在性定语从句中作宾语时可用who 代替whom ,但whom 在非性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who 来代替。

例1. This is the girl whom/who I met in the street.

这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。

析:先行词the girl 在性定语从句中作宾语,可用who 代替whom .

例2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom/不用who he wanted to impress.

一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下深刻的印象。

析:先行词a new girl friend 在非性定语从句中作宾语,不可用who 代替whom .

(三)关系代词省略情况不同

关系代词在性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去,非性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。

例1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.

这就是他昨天丢的那本书。

析:先行词the book 在性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词which 或that 可以省略。

例2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.

他昨天丢了这本书,但现在已找到了。

析:先行词the book 在非性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词which 不可省。

巩固练习

I. 单项选择

1. You’d better not drink water _____ has not been boiled.

A. which

B. whom

C. whose

D. who

2. The director and his movie ___ you have just talked is really popular.

A. that

B. which

C. about which

D. of whom

3. His dog, ______ was now very old, became ill and died.

A. who

B. that

C. whose

D. which

4. This is the house _______ I was born on a rainy evening.

A. which

B. that

C. in which

D. at which

5. She is my former classmate _______ handwriting is very good.

A. whom

B. whose

C. of whom

D. which

6. Is the girl your friend _______ you shook hands just now?

A. which

B. that

C. to whom

D. with whom

7. In fact the Sweden did not understand the three questions ____ were asked in French.

A. where

B. who

C. in which

D. which

8. Didn't you see the man ________ I nodded to just now?

A. which

B. whom

C. whose

D. to which

9. I can't find the gold ring _______ I spent 100 dollars.

A. that

B. on which

C. which

D. in which

10. The radio set ____ I bought last week has gone wrong.

A. /

B. for which

C. over which

D. what

Answers:

ⅠACDCB, DDBBA

定语从句（Attributive clauses）Part2

I. 关系代词that与which；that与who的一些特殊用法：

指物时，关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用that，不用which：

1）先行词是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词；或是先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修饰时：

Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town?

I have read all the books (that) you gave me.

2) 先行词被形容词最高级或有序数词the first, the second…, the last修饰时：

This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.

The first place (that) we’ll visit is the Great Wall.

3) 先行词被the only，the very修饰时：

The only thing that matters is to find our way home.

This is the very boo k (that) I’ve been looking for.4) 先行词既有人又有物时：

They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.

5) 当主句是由who或which引导的特殊问句时，为避免重复，定语从句中常用that：Who is the man that is standing by the door?

Which is the dictionary (that) you bought yesterday?

只能用which 的两种情况

1) 非性定语从句,先行词为物

Yangtze river, which is the third longest river, lies in China.

2)整句话当先行词

It rained a lot, which made a flood happened

只能用as, 不能用which, that, who 的两种情况

1) 先行词被such, the same 修饰时

e.g. I’ve never heard of such a terrible earthquake as you told me.

You are using the same pen as I lost yesterday. (像，两支)

You are using the same pen that I lost yesterday.（正是，同一支）

2) 非性定语从句提前,关系词用as,“正如…所知道,所期望…的一样”

e.g. As we know，Taiwan belongs to China,

特殊用法：

当先行词是anyone, those, these, he, she等代词表“人”时，一般用who而不用that：Anyone who wants a ticket please sign your name here.

Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30 p.m.

He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.

当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，通常用that而不用who：

He is no longer the man that he used to be.

II. 关系代词whose的特殊用法（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换, of which 可置于其所修饰的名词前或后; 若指人, 可以同of whom互换）。例如：

Please pass me the book whose cover is green.（指物）

=Please pass me the book the cover of which (of which the cover) is green.

The doctor, whose name was Johnson, lived in a small town in the north of England.（指人）

= The doctor, the name of whom was Johnson, lived in a small town in the north of England.

一种特殊的非性定语从句：

在非性定语从句中，有时根据句子意思，常把some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用。

He has five children, two of whom are abroad.

(比较：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)We have tested three hundred types of boots, none of which is/are completely waterproof.

(比较：We have tested three hundred types of boots, but none of them is/are completely waterproof.)

Ⅳ. 定语从句中易犯的错误

1. 在定语从句中加了多余的定语

e.g. Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come. (them)

2. 把定语从句谓语动词的单复数弄错

e.g. Anyone who break the rules will be punished. (breaks)

Those who has finished may go home. (have)

He is the only one of the teachers who know English in our school. (knows)

This is one of the rooms that is free now. (are)

3. 误省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词

e.g. Children ∧ eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth. (who / that)

4. 定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词

a). The house where he lives in needs repairing. ( where he lives 或that he lives in)

b) I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing. ( the day when 或the day on which)

5. 在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用关系代词或关系副词

I still remember the day when we spent together. (that / which)

This is the house where we lived in last year. (that /which)

6. 在先行词reason 后错用关系副词why

I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late. (that /which)

7. 主句不完整,首先要补充完整

This factory is ∧ that I worked in. (the one )

8. what 引导的名词性从句做主语,宾语,表语

That can be done has already been done. (what)

9. 误将强调句型当定语从句

I was in the kitchen where the fire broke out. (that)

易混题

一．定语从句与并列句（注意用标点符号和连接词and, but等来区别。）

1.Mr Li has three daughters, none of________ is an engineer.

2.Mr Li has three daughters, but none of__________ is a dancer.

3.Mr Li has three daughters; __________ are doctors.

答案：1.whom 2. them 3. None/They

二. 定语从句与地点状语从句（看是否有先行词，如果有，就是定语从句，如果没有，就是状语从句）

1.Rice doesn’t grow well _____ there is not enough water.

2.I still remember the farm_____ my parents worked ten years ago.

答案：1.where 2. where/on which

对比下面两个句子：

He left the key where he had been an hour ago.

He left the place where he lived for many years.

练习：The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands

the famous tower.

A. that

B. where

C. which

D. there

答案: B.

三. 定语从句与强调句

强调句型可以还原成正常语序的句子，也就是说，强调句型中去掉It be… that后，句子仍然通顺，意义也依然完整，只是没有那么强调突出。而定语从句去掉了It be… that后句子就不完整了。

1. It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met John at the airport.

It is the morning of May 1st _____ I met John at the airport.

2. It is in the factory _______John works.

It is the factory _______John works.

答案:1. that ,when 2.that, where下载本文