1． 授课时间:

第13－14周

2．授课类型: 理论课三次；习题课一次

3．授课题目: Twelve Angry Men

4． 教学目的、要求:

1). Help the students to know some basic information about English play;

2) Help the students to have a general idea about American judicial system, in which the jury is an important component;

3). Ask the students to compare the similarities and differences between

Chinese and American jury systems;

4). Ask the students to give some suggestions on how to improve Chinese

jury system after careful consideration.

5．教学重点及难点:

1）背景知识的传授：美国司法制度；审判的法律程序和裁决结果的公布

2）戏剧的相关知识的介绍

3）语言点的理解；

词缀-under; -al; -ward

Word study: favor; risk; stick; bear; remind

Grammar Focus: Modals + perfect infinitive; connectives

6. 教学基本内容纲要，教学方法、手段，实施步骤：

A内容纲要:

1)修辞讲解：双关

2)背景知识:律师服饰的特色

3)戏剧的介绍和故事情节的分析，高潮的赏析

4)课文讲解

5)词缀-under; -al; -ward

B教学方法和手段：以学生为主体，教师为主导，课堂上开展以任务为中心的形式多样的教学活动，在加强基础训练的同时，采用启发式、讨论式、发现式和研究式的教学方法，充分调动学生的积极性。

C实施步骤：

1)口语讨论练习

2)律师服饰讲解

3修辞的分析：双关

4)剧情的分析

7．作业、讨论题、思考题:

完成课后练习;

多看英语报刊杂志及英语经典小说，扩大阅读量；

精听与泛听相结合，逐步提高自己的听力水平；

积极参加英语角等有助于提高英语口语的活动；

坚持用英语写日记；

做一些专四相关练习；

8．参考资料（含参考书、文献等）:

1) 杨立民主编,《现代大学英语精读》（3）教学用书。北京：

外语教学与研究出版社,2002。

2) 梅仁毅主编,《现代大学英语精读》（3）教师用书。北京：

外语教学与研究出版社,2002。

3) 李观仪主编，《新编英语教程》（第三、四册）。上海:上海

外语教学研究出版, 1999。

4) 黄源深，虞苏美等主编，《综合英语教程》（1-4册）。北

京：高等教育出版社，1998。

5) 《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》，北京：外语教学研究

出版社，2000。

6) Judy Pearsall主编，《新牛津英语词典》。上海：上海外语

教育出版社，1998。

7) 丁往道、吴冰等编著，《英语写作手册》。北京：外语教学

与研究出版社。

8) 张道真，《现代英语用法词典》（重排本）。北京：外语教

学与研究出版社，1994。

9) 张道真，温志达, 《英语语法大全》上、下卷。北京：外语

教学与研究出版社，1998。

9． 课后小结

Lesson Six

Twelve Angry Men

Part I Warm-up

On Justice

The whole history of the world is summed up in the fact that, when nations are strong, they are not always just, and when they wish to be just, they are no longer strong. —Winston Churchill

世界的整个历史可以归结为这个事实: 一个国家强大时就不太公正, 而当他们希望求得公正时, 就不再强大。 —温斯顿·丘吉尔

I have always found that mercy bears richer fruits than strict justice. —

Abraham Lincoln

Courage is of no value unless accompanied by justice; yet if all men became just, there would be no need for courage. —Agesilaus the Second

It is in justice that the ordering of society is centered. —Aristotle

Justice is the constant and perpetual will to allot to every man his due.

—Domitus Ulpian

If it were not for injustice, men would not know justice. —Heraclitus

Justice consists not in being neutral between right and wrong, but in finding out the right and upholding it, wherever found, against the wrong. —Theodore Roosevelt

Justice delayed, is justice denied. —William Galdstone Part II Background Information

2.1 JudgesA judge or justice is an appointed or elected official who presides over a court. The powers, functions, and training of judges varies widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

In USA, judges are not trained separately from lawyers and are generally appointed or elected from among practicing attorneys.

(A professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice)

Being a judge is usually a prestigious position in society, and as a result a variety of solemn traditions have become associated with the occupation. In most nations of the world judges wear long robes, usually black or red, and sit on an elevated platform during trials. The standard judges uniform originated with the Roman toga.

In some countries, notably Britain, judges also wear long wigs and use special gavels to instill order in the courtroom.

In the People’s Republic of China, judges wore regular street clothes until 1984, when they began to wear military style uniforms, which were intended to demonstrate authority. These uniforms began to be replaced in 2000 by black robes similar to those in the rest of the world.

In most English speaking countries (particularly the USA) a judge is addressed as "Your Honor" when presiding over the judge's court, as a sign of respect for the office.

The judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the judges of the supreme courts of several U.S. states and other countries are called “justices”. In the United Kingdom, a comparable rank is held by the House of Lords; its judges are not called judges, but Law Lords, and sit in the House of Lords as peers.

2.2 Barristers

In many common law jurisdictions, a barrister or advocate is a type of lawyer, particularly one entitled to appear before the superior courts of that jurisdiction.

The legal profession in England and Wales is divided between solicitors and barristers. Both are trained in law but serve different functions in the practice of law. Solicitors are regulated by the Law Society, barristers by the General Council of the Bar and the individual Inns of Court.

Barristers' work dress is very traditional in that they are required to wear a horsehair wig when they appear as advocates in court, with a black gown anda dark suit and a white shirt with strips of white cotton called 'bands' hanging before a wing collar. This makes them very easy to distinguish, although individuals can be disguised and anonymous, whereas the garments emphasize the dramatic nature of their calling. (The question of barristers' and judges' clothing is currently the subject of review, and there is some pressure to adopt a more "modern" style of dress, with European-style gowns worn over lounge suits.)

Most barristers are probably properly equated with US trial lawyers in that they do not deal with the public (or lay clients) directly, but through the intermediary of a solicitor.

Barristers are also found in Northern Ireland, Ireland, and Australia (in the states without a fused profession, namely New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland and Victoria). In Canada the professions of barrister and solicitor are fused and many lawyers refer to themselves with both names.

2.3 Court Working Dresses in England and Wales Judges hearing criminal cases

High Court Judge

Circuit Judge

Judges hearing civil cases

District Judge

(Judges hearing different cases wear different court dresses.)

Barristers or Advocates

Court Clerk

Court Usher

(red, black) gown, wig; gown, no wig

Judges hearing criminal cases:

Working dress and possible options

Circuit judge 巡回法官

Cons: Now it is proposed in Britain—as it is always proposed once every five years—that this anachronistic dress be abolished, and that judges and advocates, as in America, should appear in court as normal human beings. It is said that wigs and gowns intimidate the litigants and witnesses.

Pros:Yet some people argue that formal dress adds to the dignity of the court, is historic, and distinguishes the main actors from mere participants.Part III Text Appreciation

3.1 General Introduction

Plot:A young delinquent awaits sentencing for the manslaughter of his aggressive father. One juror feels there is a reasonable doubt—to the frustration of his eleven colleagues—thus preventing a quick verdict. During the heated deliberations, the hidden preconceptions and prejudices of the jurors are revealed.

Plot elements:conflict, crisis/turning moment, climax, etc.

Setting:jury room

Protagonists : 12 jurors

Theme of the story:"Twelve Angry Men" is about one individual's ability to stand up for what he believes, even when others ridicule him. It is also a powerful study not just of the criminal justice system, but also of the diversity of human experience, the nature of peer pressure, and the difficulty of ever fully knowing the truth.

3.2 Text Analysis

1. No. 7: Bright! He’s a common ignorant slob. He don’t even speak good English. (para.5)

Question: What tone was No. 10 using when he attacked the accused? What can we know about No. 10?

He was sneering at the accused in an ironic tone, however he himself made a grammar mistake, thus revealing himself an incompetent language speaker.

2. No.12: … It wasn’t very nice to have it sticking out of some people’s chests.

No. 7: Especially relatives’.

Question: Do you think No. 7 was a humorous person? How do you like his joke here?

NO. 12 and No. 7 are joking about this murder. But in fact this is disgusting and distasteful to joke about a murder.

3. No. 11: Ah, this then would depend on your definition of panic. He would have to be calm enough to see to it that there were no fingerprints left on the knife. Now, where did the panic start and where did it end?(para.15)

Question: Figure out No. 11’s logic of reasoning.

No. 4 thought that the boy could run out in a panic after having killed his father, after he calmed down, he realized that he left his knife at the scene. But No. 11 didn’t think it held water because if the boy had run out in a panic, he couldn’t be so calm to be sure that there were no fingerprints left on the knife. So No. 11 asked where the panic started and where it ended.

4.No. 8: Maybe the boy did kill his father, did run out in a panic, …. Maybe all those things happened. But maybe they didn’t. I think there’s enough doubt that we can wonder if he was there at all during the time the killing took place.(para.17)

Question: What is the reasonable doubt here?

It is possible that the boy was not at the scene when the killing took place. (or: It is possible that he didn’t come back home only to get his knife, risking being caught.)

5. No. 7: (To No. 8) Ran, walked. What’s the difference? Anyway he got there! (para.23)

Question: What character did No. 7 reveal here, in your opinion?

He didn’t care much about the details, but in most cases, details can tell the detectives a lot about what could have happened. In fact, No. 7 had got a theatre ticket burning in his pocket, he was in a hurry to get out of here, therefore he just wanted to rush up thus tended to leave out many important things. That just shows us how little he took another person’s life.

6. No. 3: He was an old man. Half the time, he was confused. How could he be positive about anything? (He tries to cover his blunder. …)(Para.31) Question: What blunder did No. 3 make?

No. 3 said that half the time, the old man was confused and couldn’t be sure about anything, so how could he be so sure that it was 20 seconds?

7.No. 3: Assumed! Brother, I’ve seen all kinds of dishonesty in my day, but this little display takes the cake. What’s the matter with you guys? You all know he’s guilty. He’s got to burn and you let him slip through our fingers! (para.43)

Question: What did No. 3 assume himself to be? Do you think a conscientious juror should talk like that?No. 3 was not the executioner, but he talked as if so. He was not supposed to base his judgment simply on what he thought to be. Facts and reason matter most. A conscientious juror should try to be impartial rather than biased.

8.No. 3: Phew, I’ll kill him! I’ll kill him!

No. 8: You don’t really mean you’d kill me, do you?(para.49) Question:Why did No. 8 deliberately make No. 3 mad? How do you feel about the language power?

No. 3 couldn’t mean it when he said that “I’ll kill you!”, likewise, it is possible that the accused boy also didn’t mean it when he said the same thing. It is a clever way to retort. No. 8 just used the same logic of reasoning to fight against No. 3’s logic –if the boy said it, he meant it.

9. No. 10: Don’t give me that! I’m sick and tired of facts. You can think any way you like.(para.55)

Question: In what way was No. 10’s view of facts different from that of No. 9? Compare and contrast these two jurors.

No. 9: a gentle old man, took his duty as a juror seriously. Decent , upright.“The facts of the case are supposed to determine the case.”

No. 10: prejudiced against poor people and people with little schooling. “I’m sick and tired of facts.”

10. No. 7: … How do you like this guy? He comes here running for his life. And now, before he can take a deep breath, he’s telling us how to run the show. The arrogance of this guy. (para.62)

Question: How do you think of No.7?

No. 7 himself was arrogant. He despised No. 11’s identity as an immigrant, and was impatient with any reasoning and talking which could prolong this discussion, thus ruin his chance of going to the theatre.

11. No. 9: I think the point is made. No. 10: Big point!(para.86) Question:What point was made? What did No. 10 mean by saying “big point”? Did he mean it or not? (Refer to Para. 113 for clearer understanding.) No. 9 thinks that the demonstration has proved No. 8’s point that the boy couldn’t have remembered the details when questioned by the detectives, under great emotional stress. No. 10 was talking ironically. He didn’t mean it at all.12. No. 3: (pointing to the knife.) Give me that. I’m going to give you a demonstration. Somebody get up.

(… He holds the knife up and then stabs downward towards No. 8’s chest. He stops just before the blade reaches his chest… )(para.92)

Question: How do you comment on what No. 3 did to No. 8? Under what circumstances would one say “somebody get up”?

No. 3 took this opportunity to take revenge on No. 8. No. 3 took this argument very personally. Thus we know that he was narrow-minded. On the other hand, he was biased because No.3 had serious problems with his own son who beat the father up, and he believed the accused boy was just like his own son.

It sounds more like an order, which is not a polite way to speak to other jurors.

13.No. 10: … You know how these people lie. It’s born in them… They don’t know what the truth is. And let me tell you. They don’t even need any real big reason to kill someone, either. No sir! That’s the way they are. By nature. Violent!… The kid’s liar. I know it…(para.113)

Question:Was No. 10 talking about the facts or opinions? What kind of person was No. 10?

No. 10 was not talking about facts, he was talking about opinions, to be exact, strongly held prejudices.

14. No. 4: I’m trying to settle something. Do you mind?

No. 4: If it’s any of your business, I was rubbing it because it bothered me a little.

No. 4: Very annoying.(paras.122,124,128)

Question:How did No. 4’s attitude change from politeness to irony? Pay attention to his tone.

He was getting impatient with No. 9, thus we can observe a shade of irony in his tone: “if it’s any of your business”,“very annoying”

“Very annoying” , a pun, is used ironically to contain two layers of meaning: one, No. 4 found the two deep impressions beside his nose annoying; the other, he thought No. 9’s persistent interruption was annoying.

15. No. 3:…Well, say something! You lousy bunch of bleeding hearts.You’re not going to intimidate me. I’m entitled to my opinion…(para.1) Question:Compare No. 3 and No. 8’s performances in the courtroom. In what way did they impress you?

No. 3 couldn’t get rid of his prejudices against the accused boy, but he based his judgment not on logical reasoning but on emotional associations.

No. 8 successfully brought all other jurors around by persistent efforts, logical reasoning, support and respect he won from other jurors. He was cool, logical and rational.

3.3 Further discussion about the story

1. Why do you think the author gives “Twelve Angry Men” as the title of the play? Why are these people so angry? Do you agree that strong emotions can often affect our judgment?

2. Do you find it strange that the truth is sometimes in the hands of one person? Why is it so easy for people to go along with the crowd? What lesson should we draw from this?

3. How does No. 5 begin to doubt that the downward stab could have been made by the boy? Do you think he has made a good point? What supportive arguments does he get from No. 7? In order to convince the others No. 3 also gives a demonstration. But does his demonstration have the same effect on others?

4. What does No. 10 say that disgusts almost everybody and discredits whatever else he has to say?

5. What does No. 4 consider “the unshakable testimony”? How is this “unshakable” testimony finally shaken?

6. What is the question raised by No. 11? How do those still voting guilty try to explain why the boy risked being caught and came back 3 hours after he had killed his father? Do you agree with him?

7. No. 7 says that the old man ran to the door. Is that a faithful description of what happened? Why does No. 5 make such a fuss about the use of the word “ran” then? What does No. 8 want the diagram of the apartment for? Can you draw that diagram to show how everything is supposed to have happened according to the testimonies? Do you think No. 8’s little demonstration proves their doubt reasonable?

3.4 Writing Devices: PunA pun is defined by Webster as "the humorous use of a word, or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings, in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications; a play on words."

e.g. Did you hear about the two molecules walking down the street? One lost an electron, and exclaimed: "I've lost an electron!" The other said: "Are you sure?" And the first one said: "I'm positive!"

1. Seven days without food makes one weak.

2. Income Tax: Capital punishment.

3. Why didn't the lions eat Daniel when he was thrown in their den? Because he read to them from his Bible all night. He was the first prophet to read between the lions.

Ads. Sign on an electrician's truck: Let us remove your shorts.

Maternity Clothes Shop: We are open on labor day.

Non-smoking area: If we see you smoking we will assume you on fire and take appropriate action.

On a Maternity Room Door: Push, Push, Push.

Hotel: "Help!" We need inn–experienced people.

Butcher's Window: Pleased to meat you.

Beauty Shop: Dye now!

Computer Store: Out for a quick byte.

Pun: examples in the text

No.4: Very annoying. (Para. 128)

“Very annoying” here is used ironically as a pun: No.4 found the two deep impressions beside his nose annoying; and he thought No.9’s persistent interruption was annoying, too.

3.5 Sentence Paraphrase

1. But supposing he really did hear this phrase, how many time have all of you used it? (Para. 2)

Even if he did hear this phrase, we all have used it so many times but we don’t mean it.

Supposing: adverbial clause of condition, also used as “suppose” in spoken English

2. The kid yelled it out at the top of his lungs. (Para. 3)

The boy cried out as loudly as he could.3. Wouldn’t he be afraid of being caught? (Para. 9)

passive gerund, used as the object of the phrase “afraid of”

e.g. He was afraid of being seen by his mother.

She was fond of being looked at.

He is not interested in being regarded as a celebrity.

She did not understand why she was criticized instead of being praised for disclosing the dirty dealings.

4.And from what was presented at the trial, the boy looks guilty on the surface. (Para. 9)

Apparently, it seems that the boy is guilty based on the evidence at the trial.

5.… why did he leave it there in the first place? (Para. 13)

… why did the boy leave the knife at the scene at the very beginning?

6.We can assume that the boy ran out in a state of panic after having just killed his father. (Para.14)

We can suppose that the boy killed his father first, then ran out, overwhelmed with terror.

in a state of panic: More formal than “in panic”. Likewise, “in the course of history” is a more formal version of “in history”.

7.Well, if I were the boy and had stabbed my father, I would take a chance and go back for the knife. (16)

Subjunctive mood: No. 12 tried to put himself in the boy’s shoes and figure out what was really on his mind.

8.I think there’s enough doubt that we can wonder if he was there at all during the time the killing took place. (Para.17)

There is enough evidence so that we can doubt that the boy was there at the scene.

9. I’ve seen all kinds of dishonesty in my day, but this little display takes the cake. (Para. 43)

I’ve seen all kinds of cheating, lying and other dirty tricks in my life, but this little demonstration is the worst I can imagine.

takes the cake : to be worse than anything else you can imagine

10. I feel sorry for you. What it must feel like to want to pull the switch. You are a sadist! (Para. 48)

I can’t understand what kind of feeling it is that will make you want to pull the switch. The only possible answer is that you are a sadist. You enjoy inflicting pain. You enjoy watching people suffer.

11Don’t give me that! I’m sick and tired of facts. (Para. 55)

Don’t give me that kind of argument. I don’t need it.

Don’t give me that!少来这一套

Be sick and tired of : be completely fed up with

12. He comes here running for his life. And now, before he can take a deep breath, he’s telling us how to run the show. The arrogance of this guy. (Para.

62)

No. 11 is a new immigrant, or even a political refugee. He came to America to escape persecution, but now before he can take a deep breath, almost immediately, he is telling us Americans how to do everything. The arrogance of this guy is really something.

run the show :be in charge, maneuver, control

running for his life is used as complement of predicative

The arrogance of this guy is really something is unfinished sentence

13.An important point with the prosecution was the fact that after the boy claimed he had been at the movies during the hours in which the killing took place, he couldn’t remember the names… (Para. )

14.I’m getting sick and tired of this yakking, yakking. So I guess I’ll have to break the tie. (Para. 99)

These wordy, boring discussion is unbearable. Now I decided I’ll break away from my former union.

break the tie: end a relationship with a organization who voted for guilty 15.Whenever you run into it, it always obscures the truth. (Para. 115) When you run into prejudice, it will make it difficult to pursue the truth.

run into : to start to experience a difficult or unpleasant situation16. Could these marks be made by anything other than eyeglasses?(Para. 137)

Is it possible that these marks could also be made by something else besides eyeglasses?

Part IV Language Study

4.1 Word Study

1. acquittal

n. an official statement in a court of law that someone is not guilty

e.g. Of 52 prosecutions for police brutality, 46 ended in acquittals.

v.acquit somebody of something

e.g. The judge directed the jury to acquit Phillips of the murder.

2. avenge

v.to do something to hurt or punish someone because they have harmed or offended you

e.g. The Trojans wish to avenge the death of Hector; their misplaced values

mean that patience in adversity is impossible.

Half a century later he has finally avenged that defeat.

3. bear

v. a. to bravely accept or deal with a painful, difficult, or upsetting situation b. to dislike something or someone very much, often so that they make you feel

annoyed or impatient

e.g. She was afraid she wouldn't be able to bear the pain.

Overcrowding makes prison life even harder to bear.

Oh, I really can't bear him.

He can't bear spinach.

bear sb. grudge; bear sth. in mind; bear a resemblance /relation to

bear arms; bear fruit

4. blunder

n. a careless or stupid mistake

commit a blunder, make a blunder

e.g. Major management blunders have led the company into bankruptcy.

The parents face a nightmare week-long wait before blood tests show ifthere has been a hospital blunder.

5. commonplace

a.happening or existing in many places, and therefore not special or unusual e.g. Car thefts are commonplace in this part of town.

Expensive foreign cars are commonplace in this Chicago suburb.

6. injustice

n.a situation in which people are treated very unfairly and not given their rights

e.g. The group, called the Wilmington 10, were active in protests against racial

injustices in the schools in the early 1970s.

These injustices are intolerable, especially when the victims are children.

a. unjust

7. intimidate

v. to frighten or threaten someone into making them do what you want

e.g. They tried to intimidate the young people into voting for them.

Attempts to intimidate her failed.

Synonyms threat

8. lunge n. lunge

v. to make a sudden strong movement towards someone or something,

especially to attack them

e.g. The goats lunged at each other with their horns.

John lunged forward and grabbed him by the throat.

9. object

v. to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of something

e.g. Robson strongly objected to the terms of the contract.

I objected to having to rewrite the article.

10. obscure n. obscurity

v.a. to make something difficult to know or understand

b. to prevent something from being seen or heard clearly

e.g. Recent successes have obscured the fact that the company is still in

trouble.The view was obscured by mist.

a. a. not well known and usually not very important

b. difficult to understand

e.g. an obscure poet 无名的，不知名的

The details of his life remain obscure. 含糊的,不清楚的

He’s using an obscure old law to try to stop the new road being built.

晦涩难懂的

11. recreate

v. to make something from the past exist again in a new form or be experienced again

e.g. Evan often chimes in, so we work together to recreate the story.

And we can share best practices so that every educator and employer does not have to recreate effective strategies from scratch.

Arjelo's novel vividly recreates 15th-century Spain.

12. stamp

v. a. to put your foot down onto the ground loudly and with a lot of force

b. to put a pattern, sign, or letters on something using a special tool

c. to have an important or permanent effect on someone or something

e.g. “I will not!” Bert yelled and stamped his foot.

The woman at the desk stamped my passport.

The experience remained stamped on her memory for many years.

13. stick

v.a. to attach something to something else using a substance, or to become attached to a surface

b. if a pointed object sticks into something, or if you stick it there, it

is pushed into it

c. if you stick a part of your body somewhere, you put it in a position

where other people can see it

e.g. Someone had stuck posters all over the walls.

pins stuck in a notice board

Clara stuck her head around the door to see who was there.

14. testify

v. a. to make a formal statement of what is true, especially in a court of law b.to show clearly that something is the casee.g. Mr. Molto has agreed to testify at the trial.

Later, the witness who had testified against Muawad withdrew his allegation.

The empty shops in the high street testify to the depth of the recession.

The company's experience testifies to the difficulties of opening a business in a foreign country.

testify at the court在法庭作证 testify against sb. 作出不利于······的证明testify to sth. 证实 testify that…证实，证明

15. trot

v.to walk or go somewhere, especially fairly quickly

n. a fairly slow way of running in which you take short regular steps

e.g. Dorothy arrived, with a little dog trotting along behind her.

He locked the door and trotted down the stairs to my car.

She broke into a trot (= started running slowly) and hurried on ahead of us.

16. underhand

ad. if you throw a ball underhand, you throw it without moving your arm above your shoulder

a. dishonest and done secretly

e.g. throw the ball underhand 下手投球

They did it all in such an underhand way. 他们这么干真是阴险。Antonym overhand

4.2 Phrases and Expressions

1. mean it

to be serious about what you are saying or writing

e.g. With children, if you say “no”, you have to mean it .

I meant what I said earlier.

2. in favor of 支持，赞成

all in favor 所有人都赞成吗 ask… a favor 请某人帮个忙

be in favor with sb. 得宠 be out of favor with sb. 失宠

do sb. a favor 帮某人个忙 find/gain/win favor 赢得好感

3. in the first placea. used to introduce a series of points in an argument, discussion, etc.

b. used to talk about what someone did or should have done at the

start of a situation

e.g. In the first place, I'm too busy, and in the second I don't really want to go.

I wish I'd never got involved in the first place!

4. see to : to deal with something or do something for someone

e.g. Go on, you go out. I'll see to the washing up.

Cf. I'd better see about dinner.

They've gone to the airport to see their son off.

She saw out her last years at Sudeley Castle.

I could never lie to her because I know she'd see through me straight

away.

I've got enough money to see me through six months of unemployment. 5. take a chance/take one’s chances

to do something that involves risks

e.g. The rope might break, but that's a chance we'll have to take.

After losing $20,000 on my last business venture, I'm not taking any chances this time.

Cf. take the chance/grab the chance/jump at the chance

You should take the chance to travel while you're still young.

chance n.

e.g. What are the team's chances of success?

She has a good chance of a successful recovery.

There is little chance of her being found alive.

The day will be cloudy with a slight chance of rain later tonight.

He gave the show a fifty-fifty chance of survival.

It was a million to one chance , but it had happened.

The operation is performed under local anaesthetic, which lessens the chances of infection.

How can we improve our chances of career development?

Chances are they'll be out when we call.

6. be supposed to do

a. used to say what someone should or should not do, especially because of rules or what someone in authority has said

b. used to say what was or is expected or intended to happen, especially when

it did not happen

c. used to say that something is believed to be true by many people, although it

might not be true or you might disagree

e.g. We're supposed to check out of the hotel by 11 o'clock.

What time are you supposed to be there?

The meeting was supposed to take place on Tuesday, but we've had to postpone it.

The new laws are supposed to prevent crime.

“Dirty Harry” is supposed to be one of Eastwood's best films.

Mrs. Carver is supposed to have a lot of money.

7. cover one’s blunder掩饰错误

Cf. commit a blunder 犯错误 make a blunder 犯错误

8. bear sth. out

if facts or information bears out a claim, story, opinion, etc., they help to prove that it is true

e.g. Evidence bears out the idea that students learn best in small groups. bear sb. a grudge 对某人怀恨在心，跟某人过不去

bear sth. in mind 记住某事

bear a resemblance/relation to与……相似/有关系

bear sb. no malice/ill will 对某人无恶意，不对某人生气

bear scrutiny 经得起详细审查

9. take the cake

to be worse than anything else you can imagine

e.g. I've heard some pretty dumb ideas, but that takes the cake!

a piece of cake 小菜一碟

have your cake and eat it 捞到全部的好处

a slice of cake 一点好处

e.g. “How do you do that?” “It's a piece of cake! Watch!”

They don't imagine they can have their cake and eat it too.

Both companies expect to get a big slice of the cake.

10. run for : to try to be elected in an election

e.g. Salinas is running for a second term as President.an attempt to encourage more women to run for office

run for his life: to run in order to avoid being killed 逃命

11. bring up

a. to mention a subject or start to talk about it

b. to look after and influence a child until he or she is grown up

e.g. Why did you have to bring up the subject of money? (Synonym: raise)

He was brought up by his grandparents. (Synonym: raise)

12. make a point证明论点正确，得一分

Cf.: make a point of:

to do something deliberately, even when it involves making a special effort

e.g. He made a point of spending Saturdays with his children.

13. break the tie: to swing the balance when two or more people or teams get the

same number of points, votes

e.g. If three or more teams tie, the overall record of the tied teams against each

other shall break the tie.

14. toss and turn/twist and turn

e.g. The river twists and turns through the green fields. 弯弯曲曲

She had slept badly, tossing and turning before falling into a fitful doze.

辗转反侧

15. settle something

settle a bill/ settle an account 结账 settle a claim 支付赔偿

settle a score 和某人算账 settle a dispute 解决争执

settle a lawsuit解决一个诉讼 settle a conflict 解决冲突

settle an argument解决争执

16. other than : apart from a particular person or thing

e.g. The truth was known to no one other than hersel

f.

He doesn't eat pork, but other than that he'll eat just about anything.

We know he lived in Fleet Road, but other than that we don't know much

about him.

17. be entitled to :to give someone the official right to do or have something

e.g. Ethiopian Jews were entitled to immigrate to Israel under the Law of

Return.

Being a member entitles you to discounts on tickets.

Cf. be entitled something:

if a book, play, etc. is entitled something, that is its name

e.g. a documentary entitled “The Price of Perfection”

4.3 Word Building

1. prefix – under

under-: beneath or below in position; inferior or subordinate; less in degree, rate or quality

underground 地下 underhand 下手的，手不过肩的

underclothes/underwear内衣 underpass 地下道

undersecretary次长，副undersized 不够大的

underdevelopment 不发达 undercooked煮得欠熟的，火候不够的

2. suffix – al : of, relating to, or characterized by

parental a. 父母的，家长的 retrieval n.取回，恢复

3. suffix –ence/ance:the action, state, or quality of doing something or of being

something

existence, occurrence, appearance, brilliance

4. suffix – ward: towards a particular direction or place; our homeward journey; a

downward movement

downward 向下 skyward 朝天

leftward 朝左，左边 landward 朝陆地

4.4 Grammar

Subjunctive mood :“Modal + have done” construction:

would/should/could/might + have done…

The perfect infinitive denotes a past action or condition. When it is used with modals, it can express improbability, probability, possibility, necessity and subjective certainty of a past action respectively.

1. could (not) have done:

e.g. I don’t remember what he said, but I don’t see how he could have run

to the door. (Para. 25) probability of a past action—He couldn’t have done that.2. may/might (not) have done

Don’t you think the woman might have made a mistake? (Para. 151) Probability of a past action—It is likely that she made a mistake.

3. must have done

For at some moment in the water he must have realized that he would not live if he continued to hand over the rope and ring to others.

Subjective certainty of a past action— we guess that he realized…

4. would (not) have

I just can’t see two slaps in the face would have provoked him into committing murder. (Para. 46)

probability of a past action—he wouldn’t be provoked into committing the crime.

5. should (not) have done /ought to have done

“I think you ought to have told me, Alan,” said Hughie in a bad temper, “and not have let me make such a fool of myself.”

obligation for a past action—but in fact Alan didn’t tell me.

Part V Extension

5.1 Oral work

1. Group Discussion

(1)Why do you think Juror No. 8 could stand up against all the opposition and finally won this argument?

(2)Do you think we are all prone to prejudices just like the jurors? Why?

(3)What is the difference between the American judicial system and the Chinese one? Does reasonable doubt also play a part in the Chinese judicial system?

2. Appreciation of Quotes: Prejudice and Justice

(1)Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen.

–Albert Einstein(2)The greatest friend of Truth is time, her greatest enemy is Prejudice, and

her constant companion Humility. –Charles Caleb Colton

(3)Everyone is a prisoner of his own experiences. No one can eliminate

prejudices–just recognize them. –Edward R.

Murrow

(4)If we were to wake up some morning and find that everyone was the same

race, creed and color, we would find some other cause for prejudice by

noon. –George Aiken

(5)When the judgment is weak, the prejudice is strong. –Kane

O’Hara

(6)There are, in every age, new errors to be rectified and new prejudices to be

opposed. –Samuel Johnson

(7)I am free of all prejudice. I hate everyone equally. –W. C. Fields

(8) A great many people think they are thinking when they are merely

rearranging their prejudices. –William

James

(9) Never try to reason the prejudice out of a man. It was not reasoned into

him, and cannot be reasoned out. –

Sydney Smith

3. Debating

Prejudices can be eliminated by education.

5.2 Quiz

Quiz 1

Match the items in the two columns.

冒挨批评的危险 run the country

摆出证据 break the tie

歪曲事实 recreate the scene

重现当时场景 run for one’s life

设身处地 present the evidence

逃命 give a demonstration

打破僵局 twist the facts

做一示范 risk being criticized

治理国家 put sb. in one’s placeQuiz 2

1. I shall paint the wall of my room green next Saturday if it doesn’t rain. It’s high time it ____.

A. did

B. was done

C. had done

D. can be done

2. I ___ you didn’t do anything about it for the time being.

A. would rather

B. hope

C. suggest

D. suppose

3. It is highly desirable that a new dean ___ for this department.

A. be appointed

B. appoint

C. will be appointed

D. is appointed

4. One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ___ to its burning

temperature.

A. is heated

B. will be heated

C. be heated

D. would be heated

5. Had he worked harder, he ___ the exams.

A. must have got through

B. would have got through

C. would get through

D. could get through

6. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there ___ quite

such a crowd of people there.

A. weren’t

B. hasn’t been

C. hadn’t been

D. wouldn’t been

7. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you __ now.

A. wouldn’t be smiling

B. couldn’t have smiled

C. won’t smile

D. didn’t smile

8. You __ Mark anything. It was none of his business.

A. needn’t have told

B. needn’t tell

C. mustn’t have told

D. mustn’t tell

9. There ___ a supermarket over there, but the Council refused permission at

the last moment.

A. was to put

B. was to have been

C. used to be

D. used to have been

10. I’d rather you ___ any cleaning of the house for the time being.

A. do

B. didn’t do

C. won’t do

D. hadn’t done

11. The main road through Littlebury was blocked for three hours today after

an accident __ two lorries.

A. involving

B. including

C. combining

D. containing

12. Hotel rooms must be __ by noon, but luggage may be left with the porter.

A. departed

B. abandoned

C. vacated

D. displaced

13. Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company about your

goods, you are not entitled ____ a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.

A. to

B. with

C. for

D. on

14. On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont ____ I noticed a

young man holding up a sign reading "Boston".

A. which

B. where

C. when

D. that

15. In the Spring Export Commodities Fair, the __ of fine china attracted

much attention of customers from all over the world.

A. succession

B. array

C. string

D. procession

16. I can ___ you of the reliability of the news.

A. assure

B. prove

C. ascertain

D. certify

17. China is now experiencing the ___ age of its reform.

A. crucial

B. credulous

C. crude

D. credible

18. Parents should be awakened to the __ nature of their children.

A. inherent

B. inheritable

C. inherited

D. initial

19. The novel contains some marvelously revealing ____ of rural life in the

19th century.

A. glances

B. glimpses

C. glares

D. gleams

20. The doctor is in a ___. He does not know whether he should tell his patient

the truth.

A. predicament

B. dilemma

C. puzzle

D. diploma

Keys: 1-5:BAACB; 6-10:CAABB; 11-15:ACACB; 16-20AAABB.

Quiz 3 Fill out the blanks with the proper form of the given words.

1.His lawyer thought he had a good chance of being _______ at the trial, if no further evidence was found. (acquittal)

2.One-parent families are now a ___________ in our society. (commonplace)

3.We welcome any _______ criticism. (construct)

4.The paid holiday _______ is 25 days. (entitle)

5. The movie deals with ______ suffered by native Americans. (justice)

6. Robson strongly _______ to the terms of the contract. (objection)

7. That other story, likewise, traced the path from poverty to wealth and _______ to fame. (obscure)

Keys: acquitted, commonplace, constructive, entitlement, injustice, objected, obscurity

5.3 Writing

The Danger of Prejudice

1. What is prejudice in your opinion?2. What harm does prejudice do?

3. Is it possible to be an unprejudiced person?下载本文