I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. D 10. D
11. C 12. D 13. A 14.B 15. C 16. C 17. C 18. A 19. A 20 . D
21. A 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. B 28. B 29. A 30. C
II. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of prefixes; 2) the functions of affixes; 3) types of antonyms; and 4) types of meanings. (10%)
31. F 32. I 33. C 34. E 35. A 36. G 37. B 38. J 39. H 40. D
III. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.（10%）
41. meaning 42. borrowing 43. Bound 44. meaning 45. meaning
46. polysemant 47.referent 48.polysemy 49. grammatical 50. linguistic
IV. Define the following terms.（10%）
51. Word: is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function,(p.7)
A word comprises the following points:
(1)a minimal free form of a language;
(2)a sound unity;
(3)a unit of meaning;
(4)a form that can function alone in a sentence.
52. Clipping is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.
53. Onomatopoeic Motivation（拟声理据）Imitates the natural sounds or noises.
54. A synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place.
55. desk dictionaries: are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150, 000.
V. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)
56. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English ) to the present analytic language.
57. Inflectional affixes: attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Modern English is an analytic language.
Derivational affix: Added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.
58. Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. When we say the mouth of a river, we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal.
59. Context, in a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.
A. Relevant details.
B. Explanation.
C. Definition; Explanation.
VI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)
60. Extra-linguistic factors
1.Historical reason.
A word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the referent has changed.
E.G: “pen” feather in the past---- pen , ball-point pens, fountain pens;
Car----automobile
Increased scientific knowledge and discovery are also important factors.
E.G: “the sun”, “atom”
2.Class reason. Elevation or degradation.
Churl has degraded as “ ill-mannered or bad people”
3.Psychological reason. The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words.
Religious influence is another kind of psychological need.
E.G: “copperhead” is a venomous snake in north America, later ii is used to refer to those northerners who secretly aided and abet the South.
61. Radiation is a semantic process, the meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.
1.Concatenation is the semantic process, in the end the original meaning is totally lost.
E.G: treacle ----- wild beast
E.G: candidate ----- white-robed
2. Unlike radiation each of derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning. Concatenation each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.
