town planning 城镇规划
act of urban planning 城市规划法
urban comprehensive planning 城市总体规划
urban detailed planning 城市详细规划
Residentiral district detailed planning 修建性详规
regulatory detailed planning 控制性详规
规划类的专业课程
reginal planning 区域规划
urban system planning 城镇体系规划
urban sociology 城市社会学
urban economic 城市经济学
urban geograghy 城市地理学
urban infrastructure planning 城市基础设施规划
(water supply and drainage \\electricity supply\\road building)（城市供水、供电、道路修建）
urban road system and transportation planning城市道路系统和交通规划
urban road cross-section 城市道路横断面
urban management information system 城市管理信息系统
GIS =geograghy information system 地理信息系统
RS=remote sensing遥感
Gardening==Landscape architecture 园林=营造景观学
Urban landscape planning and design 城市景观规划和设计
Urban green space system planning 城市绿地系统规划
Urban design 城市设计
Land-use planning土地利用规划
The cultural and historic planning历史文化名城
Protection planning 保护规划
Urbanization城市化
Suburbanization 郊区化
Public participation 公众参与
Sustainable development(sustainability) 可持续性发展（可持续性）
Over-all urban layout 城市整体布局
Pedestrian crossing 人行横道
Human scale 人体尺寸
(sculpture fountain tea bar) （雕塑、喷泉、茶吧）
Traffic and parking 交通与停车
Landscape nod景观节点
Brief history of urban planning
Archaeological 考古学的
Habitat 住处
Aesthetics 美学
Geometrical 几何学的
Moat 护城河
Vehicles 车辆，交通工具
,mechanization 机械化
merchant-trader 商人阶级
urban elements 城市要素
plazas 广场
malls 林荫道
The city and region
Adaptable 适应性强的
Organic entity 有机体
Department stores 百货商店
Opera 歌剧院
Symphony 交响乐团
Cathedrals 教堂
Density 密度
Circulation 循环
Elimination of water 水处理措施
In three dimensional form 三维的
Condemn 谴责
Rural area农村地区
Regional planning agencies 区域规划机构
Service-oriented 以服务为宗旨的
Frame of reference 参考标准
Distribute分类
Water area 水域
Alteration 变更
Inhabitants 居民
Motorway 高速公路
Update 改造
论文写作
Abstract 摘要
Key words 关键词
Reference 参考资料
Urban problem
Dimension 大小
Descendant 子孙，后代
Luxury 奢侈
Dwelling 住所
Edifices 建筑群
Residence居住 Employment 工作 Recreation 休憩 Transportation交通 Swallow 吞咽，燕子 Urban fringes 城市边缘 Anti- 前缀，反对……的；如：antinuclear反核的 anticlockwise逆时针的 Pro- 前缀，支持，同意……的；如：pro-American 的pro-education重教育的 Grant 助学金，基金 Sewage 污水 Sewer 污水管 Sewage treatment plant 污水处理厂 Brain drain 人才流失 Drainage area汇水面积 Traffic flow 交通量 Traffic concentration 交通密度 Traffic control 交通管制 Traffic bottleneck 交通瓶颈地段 Traffic island 交通岛（转盘） Traffic point city 交通枢纽城市 Train-make-up 编组站 Urban redevelopment 旧城改造 Urban revitalization 城市复苏 Urban Function Urban fabric城市结构 Urban form 城市形体 Warehouse 仓库 Material processing center 原料加工中心 Religious edifices 宗教建筑 Correctional institution Transportation interface交通分界面 CBD=central business district 城市中心商业区 Public agencies of parking停车公共管理机构 Energy conservation 节 能 Individual building 单一建筑 Mega-structures 大型建筑 Mega- 大，百万，强 Megalopolis 特大城市 Megaton 百万吨 R residence 居住用地 黄色 C commercial 商业用地 红色 M manufacture 工业用地 紫褐色 W warehouse 仓储用地 紫色 T transportation 交通用地 蓝灰色 S square 道路广场用地 留白处理 U utilities 市政公共设施用地 接近蓝灰色 G green space 绿地 绿色 P particular 特殊用地 E 水域及其他用地（除E外，其他合为城市建设用地） Corporate公司的，法人的 Corporation 公司企业 Accessibility 可达性；易接近 Service radius 服务半径 Urban landscape Topography 地形图 Well-matched 相匹配 Ill-matched Visual landscape 视觉景观 Visual environment 视觉环境 Visual landscape capacity 视觉景观容量 Tour industry 旅游业 Service industry 服务业 Relief road 辅助道路 Rural population 城镇居民 Roofline 屋顶轮廓线 风景园林四大要素 landscape plant architecture/building topography water Urban design Nature reserve 自然保护区 Civic enterprise 市政企业 Artery 动脉，干道，大道 Land developer 土地开发商 Broad thorough-fare 主干道 Water supply and drainage A water supply for a town 城市给水系统 Storage reservoir 水库，蓄水库 Distribution reservoir水库，配水库 Distribution pipes 配水管网 Water engineer 给水工程师 Distribution system 配水系统 Catchment area 汇水面积 Open channel 明渠 Sewerage system 污水系统，排污 Separate分流制 Combined 合流制 Rainfall降水 Domestic waste 生活污水 Industrical waste工业污水 Stream flow 河流流量 Runoff 径流 Treatment plant 处理厂 Sub-main 次干管 Branch sewer 支管 City water department 城市供水部门 Urbanization Spatial structure 空间转移 Labor force 劳动力 Renewable 可再生* Biosphere 生物圈 Planned cities Blueprints 蓝图 License执照，许可证 Minerals 矿物 Hydroelectric power source 水利资源 Monuments 纪念物 High-rise apartment 高层建筑物 Lawn 草地 Pavement 人行道 Sidewalk 人行道 Winding street 曲折的路 A view of Venice Metropolis 都市 Construction work 市政建设 Slums 平民窟 Alleys 大街小巷 Populate 居住 Gothic 哥特式 Renaissance 文艺复兴式 Baroque 巴洛克式 翻译： 第一章 1、It is acknowledged that effective transport in promoting the sustainable growth of the wide economy , and in connecting disadvantaged communities-the two principal objectives underpinning transport policy in reliance on the private car, and requires investment in a number of major infrastructure projects, including a tram network for Edinburgh. 公众认为，高效率的交通对促进广泛的经济可持续增长，对联系弱势的社会团体都很重要，这两者是支持苏格兰地区交通的基本力量。这种高效交通代表了从过度依赖私家汽车的一个旗帜鲜明的性转变，要求对很多重大的基础设施进行投资，其中包括爱丁堡市的一个有轨电车交通网络。 2、Following a tendering and phased construction period，it is anticipated that Edinburgh will have an operational high-quality tram network by 2011.It is intended that the proposed integrated network will link West and Central Edinburgh，connecting key locations including the Waterfront and Prince's Street.Edinburgh has caught the tram fever clearly evident elsewhere in cities such as Manchester，Nottingham，Sheffield and Dublin，and may be considered representative of the international zeitgeist for urban policies in motion.The contemporary international enthusiasm for tramways has been hailed as a step-change in attempts at encouraging sustainable urban public transportation.The justification of investment is made on a number of environment，economic and social grounds.Trams are presented as being able to contribute to a reduction of the congestion caused by use of the private car. 随着一项投标和阶段性的交通建设，人们期望爱丁堡市在2011年时实现一个高水平的、可运行的有轨电车网络。设想中的综合交通网络将把爱丁堡市的中心和西部联系起来，以贯通主要的地段，例如滨水地区和王子大街。像爱丁堡这样热衷于有轨电车建设的城市在其他地方也有不少，如曼彻斯特、诺丁汉、谢菲尔德和都柏林等，这些都可以被认为代表着国际上发展城市交通的一种时代精神。目前，各国发展有轨电车的热情已经被誉为一个飞跃变化，是鼓励城市公共交通可持续发展的，并且已经在很多环境、经济和社会的背景下进行了对投资的调整。有轨电车正作为一种能减少私家汽车造成的交通阻塞的方式而登场亮相。 第三章 3、Development trends in the Unite States since the early 1980s have favored urbanization on the outskirts of cities to form what have come to be known as "outer " cities", urban villages ",or most popularly ,"edge cities". Rivaling traditional downtowns or central cities, these edge cities usually include business centers, with high-rise building often housing high-tech activities, an enclosed shopping mall surrounded by parking lots, and perhaps some designed outdoor public space. They are accessed by high-speed thoroughfares from low-density residential areas. As these suburban "cities" have been taking on certain urban attributes, central cities have been acquiring certain suburban attributes such as fast-food restaurants, suburban-style shopping malls and cinemas, and new middle-class residential districts. 自20世纪80年代初以来，美国的发展趋势对郊外的城市化更加有利，因而形成了后来被称为“外部城市”、“城市乡村”，或者更大众化的一些，叫“边缘城市”的风格。作为对传统的市中心或者中心城市的挑战，这些边缘城市通常都有自己的商业中心，其高层建筑通常供高科技活动使用；一般都有一个封闭的购物商场，周围是停车场，也许还有一些标明的户外公共空间；市民可以通过高速公路从低密度的住宅区到达这里。这些郊区的“城市”往往带有特定的性格，而中心城市也追求去具备一些郊区的特点，例如快餐店、郊区风格的购物商场以及电影院、新的中产阶级居住区等。 第四章 4、According to the feasibility studies and discussion papers commissioned or published by the Committee for Melbourne, the MFP was to be a concentration of high-tech (biotechnology, infortech ) and "high-touch" industries(conventions, resorts) on a new site near a major city and airport. Its population of highly skilled international workers was to form "a substantial semi-residential community of researchers, designers, technologists and managers from Japan, Australia and other nations". There was also a strong focus on leisure and entertainment. A key synergy here was that Australia shares a time zone with Japan but with reverse seasons, cheaper land, mare space and better recreational opportunities. The Japanese would gain exposure to the English language and a culture of creativity within a controlled zone of intercultural contact. However, it was unclear what the Japanese government expected for a $ 12 billion investment; suggestions that MFP should have its own medical service and security forces stimulated concern that it would become a private enclave for stressed Japanese executives. 根据该促进会提出的或出版的可行性研究机讨论文章，多功能城市将建在靠近某个大城市和机场的新场所，并集中高科技产业（生物科技和信息科技）以及“高层接触”产业（会议和休闲）。它拥有的高技能和国际化的工作人口将构成一个“包括日本、澳大利亚以及其他国家的研究者、设计者、技术人员和管理者在内的实质性半居住社区”。这个城市同时还强调休闲和娱乐。一个关键的增效作用就是澳大利亚和日本处于同一个时区但季节相反，有便宜的土地、更多的空间和更好的娱乐机会。在这样一个由跨文化接触构成的控制区内，日本人将完全得益于英语和一个创造性的文化环境。但是，人们尚不清楚日本对这120亿美元投资的期待是什么，针对这个多功能城市应该有自己的医疗服务和保安力量的建议，人们担忧这里是否会成为一块私有飞地，专为那些想减压的日本企业高层服务。 第五章 5、 In short ,the mobilization of culture to the cause of city marketing is one of the most recent ways in which cultural policies have become an established and legitimate part of urban strategies in Western Europe. Cultural facilities and resources are not regarded by local decision-makers as more important in determining a city’s appeal to investors than local educational and skills levels, the quality of local schooling and of the local environment. They have, however, become increasingly important complementary factors in the competition between cities possessing similar advantages. 简而言之，把文化调动起来服务于城市的市场运作是最近的行动方式之一，其中，文化已经成为西欧各国的城市战略当中一个明确的和法定的部分。地方的决策者并不认为在决定一个城市对投资者的吸引力方面，文化设施和文化资源比当地的教育和技能水平，比当地的教学质量和环境质量更加重要。然而，文化设施和文化资源在拥有同样优势的城市竞争当中，已经成为越来越重要的补充要素。 6、There are conflicts between the goal of maintaining prestigious facilities for "high" culture marketed to wealth visitors which emphasize "exclusiveness", and of opening up popular access to them. Even more problematic is reconciling the need to develop elite "flagship" schemes to enhance urban competitiveness with decentralized, community-based provision of more popular cultural activities, targeted in particular at low income and marginalized social groups. In the attempt to attract social financial support from the central government and the private sector, city decision-makers often concentrated their resources on the former, at the expenses of the later. Lastly there are tensions between the use of the cultural policy as an ingredient of internationalization strategies and the need to protect and develop indigenous local and regional identities. and the cultures of often socially disadvantaged immigrant communities. 在发展目标上也存在着矛盾：是保留那些有名的“高档”文化设施，从而面向富有的人群（这样会强调排外性），还是开放大众化的文化渠道。更复杂的问题是如何把发展精英的“旗舰”文化计划——旨在提高城市的竞争力，与特别服务于低收入和边缘社会群体的那些分散的、基于社区的大众文化活动协调起来。在吸引和私企对文化的社会财政支持方面，城市当局通常会将其资源集中于前者，而以牺牲后者为代价。最后，在把文化作为国际化战略的一个组成部分，和需要保护与发展本土特征及地区特色、保护那些经常处于弱势的移民社团文化之间，也存在着矛盾。 第六章 7、Without apparent resistance, urban development flows into the lake basin southwest of Kunming. Ten to twenty percent of the area is built over, five to ten per cent of the area is used for extraction. Up to now, approximately 70 per cent of the settlements were put up at the expenses of losing valuable agricultural land. The development concept places emphases on the following. 在昆明东南部的滇池盆地一带，开发建设活动似乎没有遇到任何阻力，这片地区内的建设面积已达到10%~20%，矿场和采石场面积大约5%~10%。迄今为止，大约70%左右的住宅区占用的是肥沃的农业用地。该地区的开发概念把重点放在以下几个方面： 第七章 8、Selected habitats in Berlin were investigated with a focus on the diversity of flora and land use patterns. On the one hand, the correlation between the number of plant species and the diversity of land use patterns is shown for a transaction running from the center to the outskirts of Berlin. The greatest variety of land use patterns and the highest number of species per square kilometer can be found in the transition zone between the city center and outskirts where urban structures are closely associated with open spaces like large parks, Urban forests and large wastelands. In accordance with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, the mosaic of urban land use patterns in the transition zone with modest frequencies or intensities of disturbance positively affects habitats diversity, as well as overall species diversity on the landscape level. Furthermore, in residential areas built in the 1920s and 1930s, the flora was studied from both a historical and a present-day perspective in order to assess the diversity of wild-growing indigenous and nonnative pant species, wild-growing ornamental plant species and planted trees. The highest numbers of species were recorded in less intensively managed habitats. In addition to structural factors (e.g. land use patters) determining the diversity of flora and vegetations in cities, this study also demonstrates the importance of the historical factor for biodiversity. The differences in land use throughout the past 70 years (pre-and post-World War II ear) can be seen as an explanation for the relatively high diversity of the flora in the investigated residential areas. 最近对柏林的一些特定栖息地进行了调查，目的是搞清植物的多样性和土地使用的类型。在一个方面，我们发现植物种群的数量和土地使用类型多样性之间的关联，呈现着由柏林的中心向四周郊区相互影响的走势。凡每平方公里内土地使用类型和物种数量最多的地方，都可以在由城市中心向郊区的过渡地带中发现，而这里的城市结构往往和开放的空间紧密结合，例如大型公园、城市森林和大片的空地等。依照中间障碍的假说，在过渡区里镶嵌式的土地使用类型，包括适度的使用频率或障碍的强度，会明显地影响到栖息地的多样性，以及在景观层面上整体物种的多样性。更深入一步，我们在那些建于20世纪20年代和30年代的居住区中，从历史和现代的不同角度研究了植物群，目的是评价本地的野生物种、非本地物种、野生观赏植物物种和人工种植树木的多样性。在管理强度较小的栖息地，我们可以发现最多数量的物种。除了结构的因素（如土地的使用状况等）会决定城市里植物群和植被的多样性之外，本项调查也显示出历史因素对物种多样性的影响。在过去70年（指第二次世界大战的前后时期）中对土地的不同使用方法，可以说明在本次调查的居住区里为什么植物群的种类会相对多样化的一个原因。 第八章 9、Although Toronto has an abundance of art galleries and museums, two of the most important are the Art Gallery of Ontario and the Royal Ontario Museum. Both are known world-wide for their collections, most especially the Henry Moore sculptures of the Gallery, and the Chinese collection of the Museum. And the performing arts are well provided for in Toronto, with the O'Keefe Centre, the St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts, Massey Hall, and a great many smaller establishments. Most recently added is the Roy Thompson Hall. Opened in 1982, this fine new concert hall has a seating capacity of 2,812. 多伦多有很多的美术馆和博物馆，其中最重要的两个是安大略省美术馆和安大略皇家博物馆。两者都以藏品的丰富而闻名于世，其中最著名的是亨利.墨尔的雕塑和中国的藏品。表演艺术在多伦多发展良好，有著名的奥基夫中心、圣劳伦斯艺术中心、梅西大厅、还有其他大量的小规模的场馆，最近又新增了罗伊.汤姆森音乐大厅。开放于1982年的这个优雅的音乐厅可以容纳2812位听众。 第九章 10、 The capital city began to grow after the end of the Civil War as rows of houses spread east and north. By the early 1870s the city's population had increased to 131,700, and such civic improvements as paved streets, utility systems, and horse-drawn public transportation made life more comfortable and convenient. Washington D.C., finally began to take its place among the worlds great capitals. Today Washington D.C. , is one of the world's most beautiful cities. With broad, tree-lined avenues, spacious parks and commons, many with statuary or fountains; monumental public buildings; a rocky glen meandering through one corner; fine shops and restaurants; and a sophisticated international community, Washington is a cosmopolitan yet relaxed city of grace and dignity that you will enjoy exploring. 南北战争后华盛顿又开始了发展，一排又一排的住宅向城市的东部和北部延伸。在19世纪70年代早期，华盛顿的人口已经增加到了131700人，市政建设也得到改善，包括铺装过的道路、公用事业系统以及马车公共交通等，使得城市的生活更加舒适和便利。华盛顿特区终于开始在世界各大国首都中占有了一席之地。今天，华盛顿已经成为了世界上最美丽的城市之一：有宽阔的林荫大道，广阔的公园和公用草地，其中还有很多带雕像的喷泉；有许多纪念性的公共建筑，一条石峡谷蜿蜒通过城市的一角；有高档的商店与餐馆，还有多元化的社区等。华盛顿既是一座大都市，也是一座值得人们探索的充满魅力和庄严的休闲城市。 第十章 11、 The landscape garden was an entirely different concept and its origins were varied. The English countryside with large fields made possible by enclosure, rolling hills, winding streams, and scattered trees, inherently unsuited to the French garden, was an important element in English country life. The formal gardens of France were associated with despotic government distasteful to the democratic and rights-conscious Englishmen of the eighteenth century. An antithesis to the formal garden would thus be more acceptable. The emerging Romantic Movement produced poetry and paintings which extolled the beauties of nature and landscape. 自然风景式园林是一个完全不同的概念，并且有多种多样的起源。英国的乡村有广阔的田野，可能被起伏的山丘、蜿蜒的溪流和散布的树木所围合。这些天生来不适合于法国式园林的要素却是英国乡村生活中的重要成分。正规的法国园林与18世纪时法国有关，他们厌恶有民主观念和权力意识的英国人，所以与之相反的自然园林形式就更容易被英国人所接受。随着浪漫主义运动的开始，产生了许多赞颂美丽自然和风景的诗歌和绘画。 12、The landscape garden was a product of the Romantic Movement. Its form was based on direct observation of nature and the principles of painting. Surprise, variety, concealment, and the development of idyllic prospects became the goals of the art of landscape. The manipulation of nature's undulating contours according to Hogarth's serpentine "line of beauty" and the articulation of light and shade much as a painter would do became the preoccupation of all men of taste and culture in eighteenth-century England and ultimately all over Europe and in America in the nineteenth century. Where the existed, the parterre and terrace of the formal garden were replaced with rolling grassland, clumps of trees, lakes, meandering rivers , and serpentine drives. In the early examples the scene was embellished at suitable points with temples, bridges, and sculpture. 风景园林是浪漫主义运动的产物。它的形式是基于对大自然的直接观察以及绘画原理的。新奇、多样、若隐若现、淳朴宜人的景色发展成为园林艺术的目标。根据贺加斯蜿蜒的“线条美学”对自然起伏轮廓线的处理，以及一个画家应该掌握的对光和影的清晰表达手法，很快成为18世纪上流社会英国人追求的目标，成为18世纪英国的文化，并最终在19世纪影响到整个欧洲和美国。无论哪里出现这样的手法，原先正规园林中的花坛、露台等就会被起伏的草地、丛生的树木、湖泊群、蜿蜒的河流以及曲径小路所取代。在早期的自然园林范例中，还会在适当的位置建造神殿、桥梁以及雕塑来装饰点缀。 第十二章 13、Gardens and parks are the result of careful design decisions.This makes them different from landscapes.The majority of our cultural landscapes slowly developed over time under the influence of the myriad individual decisions of landowers,settlers and surveyors.Even in the few cases where landscapes have been created as a comprehensive project,we rarely know who actually did the designing work.Planned landscapes are designed by committees rather than individual artists.In this,parks and gardens are clearly different.Except for a few medieval and early renaissance gardens,the designers are all too well known to us.Some of them even reached a "star status"that few designers from other disciplines can match.So,if we are going to look for examples of garden architecture,we will not find anonymous designs but the work of individual known designers. 森林和公园都是经过精心的设计而建成的，这也正是它们与自然风景的不同之处。由于受到大量来自土地所有者、定居者和勘测人员们主观决定的影响，我们大部分的文化景观都随着时间在缓慢地发展。即使存在极个别的被创作来代表某种综合性思想的作品，我们也几乎无法得知它的设计者是谁。凡是规划的景观都是由某些委员会，而不是由个别的艺术家设计的。在这一方面，公园和园林是与之截然不同的。除了少数中世纪和文艺复兴初期的园林之外，大多数的设计者都为我们所熟知，因为他们太出名了。有的甚至享有“明星的地位”，另其他专业的设计师难以望其项背。因此，如果我们要寻找某些园林建筑的例子，我们所发现的都是那些著名设计者的作品，而并非匿名者的设计。 第十三章 14、The advantages of the large city should be exploited optomally:mostly the availability of goods,services and employment.To exploit these advantages,the key centers of the region and the city must be easily accessible,which again requires an effective road network and public transport system.This means that the new urban districts must be located such that they share major roads and public transport routes to the greatest possible extent.The plan focused on a combination of radical urban core redevelopment with secondary centers in places that are easily accessible for the region's population. 大城市的优势应该得到有效的开发：最主要的就是商品、服务和就业的可获得性。为了开发这些有利因素，地区的和城市的重要中心点必须有很好的通达性，因此再次提出建设高效的道路网络和公共交通体系的要求。也就是说，新的城市区域必须位于能够最大限度地享有主干线和公共交通线路之便的地方。这个规划的重心就是把固有的市中心再开发与本地区人口能够便捷通达各地次中心结合起来。 15、Planning work by the new Municipality of Aalborg further developed this sketch from 1968,and in 1973——just before the first oil crisis and the postmodern breakthrough—the municipal plan was approved.It was a very ambitious plan that outlined urban development into two ribbons:a north-south urban ribbon crossed by an east-west urban ribbon.A large new secondary center was to be located at the crossroads.To the east,in the east-west ribbon,a new university was planned together with several regional service functions. 奥尔堡市新一届在1968年进一步发展了这个规划草案，并在1973年——恰好是第一次石油危机和后现代运动的突破性进展之前批准了这个规划。这是个雄心勃勃的规划，它把城市发展勾画为两条带：一条南北城市带与一条东西城市带交叉，一个新的大型次中心就位于两条带的交点处。在东边，即东西城市带中规划了一所新的、包括若干区域性服务功能在内的大学。下载本文
