Ballad; A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.
romance; Romance: Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.
Alliteration Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.
Renaissance; Renaissance: The term originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.
humanism; Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Humanists believed that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. In a word, humanism suggests any attitude, which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine elements.
Spenserian stanza; Spenserian stanza: A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbabcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine.
sonnet; Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.
blank verse; Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
university wits;大学才子 从16世纪80年代开始,英国戏剧进入繁荣时期,新的剧院越来越多,演技水平也在不断提高,为适应戏剧发展的需要,一大群中产阶级出身、在大学念过书的作家产生了。他们大多受过人文主义思想的熏陶,具有比较丰富的古典文化修养,被称为“大学才子”。
soliloquy; Soliloquy: In drama, an extended speech delivered by a character alone onstage. The character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings directly to the audience, as if thinking aloud.
dramatic irony; It is theatrical or literary device in which the audience is aware of some fact or action that acts upon one or all of the characters without their knowledge.
--Iamb (Iambic) 抑扬格: ︶ /: AWAY
--Trochee (Trochaic) 扬抑格: / ︶ : ONLY
--Anapaest (Anapaestic) 抑抑扬格: ︶ ︶ /: INTERVENE
--Dactyl (Dactylic) 扬抑抑格: / ︶ ︶: HAPPILY
--Monometer 一音部
--Dimeter二音部
--Trimeter三音部
--Tetrameter四音部
--Pentameter 五音部
--Hexameter六音部
--Heptameter七音部
--Octameter 八音部
--Nonameter 九音部
Cavalier poets refer to a group of English poets associated with Charles I (1600-49) and his exiled son. Most of their works were done between c.1637 and 1660.
Metaphysical School Metaphysical poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other 17th century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.
Conceit A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.
Allegory A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.
Enlightenment With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The egogo inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. The attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.
Neo-classicism A revival in the 17th agogo of order, balance, and harmony in literature.<
In England, neoclassicism is initiated by John Dryden, culminated in Alexander Pope and continued by Samuel Johnson. It was a reaction against the fire of passions that blazed in the later Renaissance. It found its literary artistic model in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Latin authors, such as Homer, Virgil, Horace. The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, accuracy, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the Three Unities closely.
Sentimentalism Sentimentalism came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality
The Graveyard School The poets who have been put into this school wrote a type of mournfully reflective poetry with emphasis on the brevity of life and the sepulchral which had some vogue in eighteenth century England.
Romanticism A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most of the 19th century, beginnigogom.
Byronic Hero As a leading Romanticist, Byron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.
Lakes Poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”.
Satanic School The Satanic School was a name applied by Robert Southey to a class of writers headed by Byron and Shelley, because, according to him, their productions were "characterized by a Satanic spirit of pride and audacious impiety."
Critical realism; The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.
Aestheticism; In the late ninetieth century, social conflicts intensified in European countries. The uneasiness prevailed in society also dominated the intellectuals. Some talented writers and artists, who were against the commercialization of art and also disgusted with the materialist theory and critical Realism, set off a new literary trend, Aestheticism.
Naturalism An extreme form of realism. Naturalistic writers usually depict the sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity.
Modernism; was an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and flourished until 1950s. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner of an individual.
Steam-of-consciousness “Stream-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.
Theater of the Absurd A kind of drama that expounds an existential ideology and views its task as essentially metaphysical, it presents a view of the absurdity of the human condition by the abandoning of usual or rational devices and the use of nonrealistic form. The most original playwright of the Theatre of the Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world.
The Angry Young Man In the mid-1950s and early 1960s, there appeared a group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background, who were known as “the Angry Young Men.” They demonstrated a particular disillusion over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded social and political values in their society. Kingsley Amis, John Wain, John Braine and Alan Sillitoe were the major novelists in this group.
Existentialism It is a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one’s acts.
Meta-fiction.a work of ficton within a fiction下载本文