1、 有些姓氏来自某些身份或职业,如:
Baker 贝克(面包师) Hunter 亨特(猎人)
Carter 卡特(马车夫) Smith 史密斯(铁匠)
Cook 库克(厨师) Miller 米勒(磨坊主)
Turner 特纳(车工)
2、 有些姓氏来自某些地名或建筑名称,如:
London 伦敦(英国首都) Hall 霍尔(礼堂)
Kent 肯特(英格兰东南部之一) Mill 米尔(磨坊)
3、某些姓氏与地理、地貌或环境特征有关,如:
Brook 布鲁克(小溪) Churchill 丘吉尔(山丘)
Hill 希尔(山) Lake 雷克(湖)
Field 菲尔德(田野、原野) Green 格林(草地、草坪)
Wood 伍德(森林) Well 韦尔(水井、泉)
4、 有些姓氏反映个人的特征(肤色、高矮、长相或品德),如:
Brown 布朗(棕色的) White 怀特(白色的)
Longman 朗曼(高个子) Short 肖特(个子矮的)
Sharp 夏普(精明的) Hard 哈代(吃苦耐劳的)
Yonng 扬(年轻的) Sterling 斯特林(有权威的)
5、 有些姓氏来自人体部位名称,如:
Back 巴克(背) Hand 汉德(手)
Finger 芬格(手指) Brain 布雷恩(头脑)
6、有些姓氏来自动物名称,如:
Bird 伯德(鸟) Bull 布尔(公牛)
Fox 福克斯(狐狸) Hawk 霍克(鹰)
Bush 布什(灌木丛) Stock 斯托克(紫罗兰)
Cotton 克顿(棉花) Reed 里德(芦苇)
7、 有些姓氏来自教名或教名附加适当词缀,如:
George 乔治 Henry 亨利 David 大卫 Clinton 克林顿
Macadamia 麦克亚当 St.Leger 圣 · 里格
世界各国都有“三大姓”的说法,中国有张李王;英国是Smith,Jones,Williams;美国是Smith,Johnson,Carson;法国是Martin,Bernard,Dupont;德国是Schultz,Mueller,Shmidt;苏联是Ivanov,Vasiliev,Deternov。一些古怪搞笑的姓氏逐渐会被淘汰,请看下面有关英国姓氏变迁的有趣新闻:
The number of people in Britain with surnames like Cockshott , Balls, Death and Shufflebottom——likely the source of schoolroom laughter——has declined by up to 75 percent in the last century.
一些容易成为校园笑柄的英国怪姓在过去一个世纪里下降了75%,这些姓氏包括考克夏特、鲍尔、戴斯和苏佛尔鲍特姆。
A study found the number of people with the name Cock shrank to 785 last year from 3211 in 1881, those called Balls fell to 1299 from 2904 and the number of Deaths were reduced to 605 from 1133.
一项研究表明,1881年有3211人以Cock为姓,去年这个数字下降至785人;姓Balls(意思同Cock)的从2904下降到了1299人,姓Death是(死亡)的人由1133人降为605人。
People named Smellie decreased by 70 percent, Dafts by 51 percent, Go to beds by 42 percent, Shufflebottoms by 40 percent, and Cockshotts by 34 percent, said Richard Webber, visiting professor of geography at King's College, London.
伦敦国王学院地理系客座教授理查德韦伯表示,姓Smellie(臭)的人口减少了70%,姓Dafts(愚蠢)的减少了51%,其他减少的姓氏有:Gotobeds(上床)42%,Shufflebottom(苏佛尔的屁股)40%,Cockshotts(一种游戏)34%。
"If you find the (absolute) number goes down, it's either because they changed their names or they emigrated," Webber, author of the study, told Reuters on Wednesday.
负责此项研究的韦伯周三对路透社表示,如果你发现姓氏的数量减少了,那可能是人们改姓或者移民了。
He said that in many cases, people probably changed their surnames as they came to be regarded as in bad taste. "It's because the meaning of words can change. Take the name Daft——that as aterm for a stupid is a relatively recent innovation."
多数情况下,一旦人们觉得自己的姓氏没品味,他们就可能改姓。“词汇的含义会不断改变。比如随着词义的变化,Daft这个词就新增了‘愚蠢’的含义。“
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Daft meant "mild" or "meek" in Old English, where as it means "foolish" today. "That's why there are names which people think aren't really very pleasantnames and you wonder why they persisted as long as they did."
《牛津英语词典》显示,Daft在古英语中是”温和“ 与 ”温顺“的含义,而如今它却是”下载本文