Warming Up & Reading
1. Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?
划线部分为现在分词短语作定语,修饰前面的名词a book ,表示它与a book 之间存在主谓关系
e.g. Do you know the woman wearing a pair of glasses?
as the environment changed 为时间状语从句,as “随着”
2. characteristic adj.特性的,特有的,有特色的;n. [C]特征,特点(characteristically adυ.)
【搭配】 be characteristic of 表现……的特点
What characteristics of Chinese classical music do you try to show in your playing?
你在演奏中想展示中国古典音乐的什么特征?
3. put forward 提出(意见,建议,观点等);推荐,提名;提前,把(时钟)往前拨
① She put forward a good suggestion at the meeting.
② Your name was put forward as a possible team leader.你被提名为队长候选人。
③ We’ve put the wedding forward by one week.
④ Remember to put your clock forward tonight.
【拓展】put aside 搁在一边,储存; put down放下,写下,;
put sth in force 使某事生效; put off延期;
put out扑灭,使熄灭,生产; put up举起,搭建,张贴,留……住宿
put on weight增加体重; put in插话;
put away 收拾好,储存; put through接通(电话),完成,实行;
put up with容忍
4. scientific adj.科学的
We must take a scientific approach to the problem.我们必须用科学方法研究这一问题。
science n.[U]科学 natural(socia1) science 自然(社会)科学
science and technology 科学技术
5. set out 着手做……;开始工作(to do)= set about doing sth; 出发,动身,启程;安排,拜访,陈列;(有条理地)陈述,阐明
① She set out to try to break the world record.
② They set out on the last stage of their journey.
③ We’ll need to set out some chairs for the meeting.
④ She set out the reasons for her resignation in a long letter.
6. conclude vt. 结束;推断出,断定;得出结论; vi. 结束,终了;断定
【搭配】conclude (sth.) from …… 从……中得出(……)结论
conclude a speech结束演讲 conclude with以……结束
1 The story concludes with the hero’s heath. 这故事随主人公死亡而告终。
2Richardson concluded from his studies that equality between the sexes is still a long way off. 理查森根据研究得出结论,男女平等还有很长的路要走。
3 The Winter Olympics held in Vancouver concluded in March, 2010. 温哥华举 行的冬奥会于2010年3月份结束。
7. conclusion n.[C]结论;推论;结束
【搭配】arrive at/ come to/ draw/ reach a conclusion 得出结论
in conclusion最后,作为结论 make a conclusion下结论
1We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion. [2001·上海]
我们将作进一步的讨论,然后再作出最终结论。
2 In conclusion, I think there is hope for the future.[2006上海春]总之,我认为将 来还有希望。
3I came to/ reached the conclusion that he’d been lying.我看他是在说谎。
8. analyse υt. 分析;解析;分解
analysis (pl .analyses) n. 分析;分解;解析
【搭配】
on/ upon analysis经分析 make an analysis of = analyse分析
9 defeat vt. 击败,战胜;难住 n.[U,C] 失败,战败
e.g. He defeated the champion in three sets. 他三盘击败了冠军。
The problem defeats me!
【辨析】defeat 与beat 意义用法相似,一般可互换,通常接表示“人”或“团体”的名词或代词作宾语。beat侧重在比赛中击败对手,defeat 既可指在比赛中也可指在战场上战胜对手. Win 后一般接game, war, battle, prize 等名词
10. expert n.[C]专家;高手 adj.熟练的,内行的,专家的
【搭配】
an expert in/with…方面的专家
be expert at/in 在……熟练/有专长
① according to expert advice/opinion 根据专家意见
②He's expert at/in cooking good cheap meals. 他善于烹制又好吃又便宜的饭菜。
11. attend υt. 出席,参加,上(学等);照顾,护理;υi. (to)接待,招待;(on, upon)照料,看护
【搭配】
attend a meeting出席会议
attend school上学
attend a patient护理病人
① President Hu Jintao attended the G20 in London.参加了在伦敦举行的20国峰会。
② I may be late – I have got one or two things to attend to.我也许会迟到,我有一两件事要处理。
【典例】Two years ago, I entered Jinan Experimental Primary School. Today, I attended the meeting at which some Young Pioneers were accepted to join the league, all of whom made up their minds to take an active part in school activities.两年前,我来到济南实验小学读书。今天,我参加了少先队员的入队宣誓大会。我们都决心积极参加学校各项活动。
【辨析】join, join in, take part in, attend
| join | 1.指加入某个党派、团体组织等,成为其成员之一,意为“参军、入团、入党”等。如: When did your brother join the army? 你哥哥什么时候参军的? 2.和某人一道做某事,其结构为:join sb. in (doing) sth,根据上下文,in (doing) sth也可以省去。如: Will you join us in the discussion? 你参加我们的讨论吗? He’ll join us in singing the song.他将和我们一道唱歌。 We’re going to the East Lake Park on Sunday. Will you join us? 我们打算星期天去东湖公园。你跟我们一道去好吗? |
| join in | 多指参加小规模的活动如“球赛、游戏”等,常用于日常口语。如: Come along, and join in the ball game.快,来参加球赛。 Why didn’t you join in the talk last night? 昨晚你为什么没参加座谈? |
| take part in | 指参加会议或群众性活动等,着重说明句子主语参加该项活动并在活动中发挥作用。如: We’ll take part in social practice during the summer vacation.暑假期间我们将参加社会实践。 We often take part in physical labor.我们经常参加体力劳动。 |
| attend | 是正式用语,及物动词,指参加会议、婚礼、葬礼、典礼;去上课、上学、听报告等。句子的主语只是去听、去看,自己不一定起积极作用。如: He’ll attend an important meeting tomorrow.他明天要参加 一个重要会议。 I attended his lecture.我听了他的讲课。 |
attendant n.[C]侍者,服务员;出席者
【高考链接】
We will ____ (参加)meeting to celebrate the sixtieth birthday of the P.R.China.(2009陕西)
答案:attend
12. expose vt.揭露,揭发,揭穿;使暴露;(照片)使曝光
【搭配】expose …to… 使……暴露在…之下;使……受到…的影响
be exposed to 暴露于……
Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.暴露在阳光下太久对皮肤有伤害。[2000·上海]
【联想】exposure n.[U,C]暴露;曝露;显露;[U,C]揭露;[C]曝光
13. cure vt. 治愈;治好;n.[C]治愈,疗法;疗程
【搭配】
cure sb. of a disease治愈某人的某种疾病
a cure for a disease治某病的疗法或药剂
【辨析】treat, heal, cure
| treat | 侧重治疗的过程,不涉及结果。 |
| heal | 多指治愈外伤类。 |
| cure | 侧重治愈,治好;强调成功的结果。多指治好内科疾病。 |
14. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.
every time 用作连词,引导时间状语从句。具有类似连词功能的名词短语主要有三类:
① every time, each time, next time, the first/second/last time 等表示习惯性,经常性
Every time I catch a cold, I have pain in my back.
The last time he saw Jane, she was lying in bed.
You will see your brother next time you come.
② the moment, the minute, the instant, the second 等表示瞬间变化,含有“一……就……”的意思
He went out the moment I got to his house.
I recognized you the instant I saw you.
③ the day, the week, the month, the year, the spring, the summer 等表示具体的某个时间概念,含有“……的那天(星期,月,年……)”等意思
The day I left for Shanghai, they all came to welcome me at the airport.
15. challenge n. 挑战(性);vt. 向……挑战
【搭配】meet the challenge of 迎接……的挑战
give/ accept a challenge 挑/迎战
challenge sb. sth. 向某人挑战……
challenge sb. to do sth. 向某人挑战做……
1 Life is filled with challenges. [2007· 山东] 生活充满挑战。
2 Challenge yourself …… go trekking in the Gobi Desert!
挑战自我…… 到戈壁沙漠徒步旅行去。
【联想】 challenger n. 挑战者
16. absorb vt. absorbed adj 全神贯注的 absorbing adj. 引人入胜的
① 吸收(气体、液体、光、热、能量等)
Cotton sweaters absorb sweat. 棉质毛衣吸汗。
② 使全神贯注
The young man was absolutely absorbed in the book. 这个年轻人全神贯注地读这本书。
【搭配】
be absorbed in 专注于
absorb something into something 把……吸收进……
The student is absorbed in reading the novel.
那个学生正在全神贯注地看小说。
_________ in her work, the painter didn’t notice her visitor enter the room.
17. suspect n.嫌疑犯,嫌疑分子;v.怀疑
【搭配】suspect sb.of…怀疑
①We suspected their honesty.我们不相信他们是诚实的。
②What made you suspect her of having taken the money?你凭什么怀疑钱是她偷的?
18. enquiry n.[C,U]询问
【搭配】conduct / make an enquiry 询问
What number shall I dial for directory enquiry? 电话查询台的电话号码是多少?
【典例】He required that everyone (should) enquire how to acquire what they wanted.
他要求每个人都应咨询一下怎样获取他们想要的东西。
19. severe adj.严厉的;严格的;严重的;严峻的;艰难的
【搭配】be severe with 对……严格
He is severe with his students.他对他的学生要求严格。
20. blame n. 责怪,责备;υt. 责备,责怪
【搭配】be to blame该受责备的,应承担责任的
blame sb. for sth./ doing sth.因……而责备某人
blame sth. on sb.把……归咎于某人
1Who is to blame for breaking the vase? 打碎花瓶应由谁负责?
2It seemed that the water was to blame.看来要归罪于饮用水了。
3One of the computers is broken and she is blaming it on me.其中一台电脑坏了,她 把这事归咎于我。
【点睛】在be to blame结构中,用主动形式表示被动的意思。
【典例】
They blamed the accident on Tom, but in fact they were to blame. And Tom needn’t take the blame.
他们把事故归咎于汤姆,但实际上应怪他们,汤姆没必要承担责任。
21. handle .[C]把手,柄;vt. 操作;处理,应付,对待
① He knows how to handle the machine. 他会操作这台机器。
② He refused to allow his secretary to handle confidential letters. 他不让秘书处理机密文件。
【联想】handle 处理、应付 [同义词]deal with/ cope with/ manage.
【高考链接】
As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine, we must send for an engineer to _________the problem.(2008湖北)
A. handle B. raise C. face D. present
答案:A
22. link v.连接,联系 n. 环节,联系,纽带
【搭配】link...to/with 把……连接/联系起来
①This kind of light is closely linked to skin cancer. 这种光线与皮肤癌有密切联系。
②The two spacecraft will link up in orbit. 两艘宇宙飞船将在轨道上对接。
23. announce υt. 宣布;宣告;通知
【搭配】announce to sb. sth.向某人宣布……
1In 2010, China will announce further measures to promote cooperation with Africa.2010年,中国将宣布进一步的措施,以促进与非洲的合作。
2Mr. White announced that he would go to China in February.怀特先生宣布他将 于二月份去中国。
【归类】
announce to sb. sth.向某人宣布……
say to sb. sth.向某人说某事
explain to sb. sth.向某人解释某事
24. instruct vt.指示;命令;教,教育,指导
【搭配】instruct sb. in sth.教某人……
instruct sb. to do sth.指示/ 命令某人做……
① I want you to instruct them that they have to attend an important meeting this afternoon.我要你通知他们,今天午他们都得出席这个重要会议。
②He instructed his pupils in mathmatics.他教他学生数学。
③He acted as he was instructed to do.他按照指示的那样做。
25. construct vt. 建造,构筑
He constructed a theory in collaboration with his colleagues.他与同事合作创立了一种学说。
Leaning about language & Using Language
1. construction n. [U]建设;结构
【搭配】be under construction在建设中
① The new railway is still under construction.新铁路尚在建设中。
② Work out the exact design before you start construction.开始建设之前,做好精确的设计。
2. contribute vi. 捐款,作出贡献;(to)有助于,促成,投稿;vt. 捐,捐献
【搭配】contribute to (doing) sth.有助于,导致
make contributions/ a contribution to 为…… 作贡献
① He contributed generously to the Red Cross.他对红十字会慷慨捐助。
②He never contributes to the discussion.他在讨论时从不发表意见。
③She regularly contributes to the college magazine.她定期给校刊投稿。
④Does smoking contribute to lung cancer? 吸烟会导致肺癌吗?
【典例】Many people contributed money to the Hope Project, which contributed to many children returning to school. A writer wrote a story about this and contributed it to a newspaper.许多人给希望工程捐款,使许多孩子可以重返校园。一位作家写了一篇关于此事的故事并把它投到报社。
3. apart from除了……外(别无);除了……(还;此外)
1Apart from his schoolwork, he takes interest in anything.
除了学校的功课之外,他对任何事都有兴趣。
2Apart from milk and cheese, we need vegetables.
【辨析】apart from, except, except for, except that, but, besides
⑴ apart from 有两层含义,其一 表示“除了……之外(还有)”,相当于besides, in addition to; 其二表示“除……之外(别无)”,相当于except, except for
⑵ except “除了”,强调从整体中除去一部分,多指对同类事物的排除,不能放句首,后可接名词,代词,不定式或从句。
⑶ except for 除了,除去;用于说明整个基本情况后,对细节加以纠正,排除的是不同类的事物,其后一般接名词。
⑷ except for 除了,除去;与except for 同义, 其后接句子,that 通常不能省略。
⑸ but 与except 同义,常与everyone, anyone, everything, anything 等不定代词,nobody, none, nowhere等否定词或what, who 等疑问代词及形容词最高级连用,后面可接名词,代词,介词短语,不定式等。其后接动词不定式时,若前面有实义动词do 或cannot,不定式不带to, 其余情况带to.
⑹ besides “除……之外(还有)”,表示在一个数目外再加上一个数,其后面的人或物必修包括进去。
4. positive adj.确实的,明确的;积极的,肯定的;正的,阳性的
Try to have positive attitudes to/towards everything.每件事都要采取积极的态度。
【联想】反义词negative adj. 负的;消极的
5. strict adj.严格的 strictly adv. 严格地
【搭配】be strict in sth.对某事严格要求
be strict with sb. 对某人严格要求
【典例】Our teacher is strict with us and strict in our homework.
我们的老师对我们很严厉对我们的作业要求很严格。
6. only + 状语或状语从句 放于句首主句部分倒装
Only by working hard can we succeed.
Only then did I realize the mistakes I had made.
Only one student is in the classroom.
7. sense n.[C]感官,感觉,观念;意义;vt.感觉到,发觉
【搭配】come to one’s senses 醒过来
in a sense 在某种意义上
in no sense 决不(放在句首用倒装)
make sense 讲得通,有意义
make sense of sth.理解,弄懂
a sense of direction/ humour 方向/ 幽默感
There’s no sense in doing sth 做……是没有道理/作用的
①I sensed that I had made a serious mistake.我意识到自己犯了一个严重的错误。
②It makes sense to work on the problem before it gets out of control.在失控前致力于解决这个问题。这么做是明智的。 [2007·陕西]
③Can you make sense of this poem?你看得懂这首诗吗?
【高考链接】
1. Dogs have a very good ____ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake. (2008浙江)
A. sense B. view C. means D. idea
2. What’s the ____ of having a public open space where you can’t eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while?(2008福建)
A. sense B. matter C. case D. opinion
3. I am sure David will be able to find the library –he has a pretty good ____ of direction.(2005浙江) A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense
4. I have read the material several times but it doesn’t make any ___ to me .(2004上海春)
A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance
答案:1. A 2. A 3. D 4. C
8. enthusiastic adj. 热心的,热情的,满腔热忱的
【搭配】be enthusiastic about sth. 对……热心
9. cautious adj. 十分小心的,谨慎的
【搭配】be cautious about 小心,注意
1She is cautious about telling secrets. = She is cautious not to tell secrets.
她很谨慎,不会泄露秘密。
2He was very cautious about committing himself to anything.
他谨小慎微,从不承诺任何事宜。
【联想】cautiously adv. 十分小心地,谨慎地 cautiousness n. 小心,谨慎
10. reject vt.拒绝 reject a request 拒绝请求
①After the transplant his body rejected the new heart.他的身体对新移植的心脏产生排斥作用。
②All apples with soft spots were rejected.所有带软斑点的苹果都被剔除。
11. universe n.宇宙(前面加the)
【搭配】in the universe 在宇宙中
At that time people believed the earth was the center of the universe. 当时人们相信地球是宇宙的中心。
②It makes sense to work on the problem before it gets out of control.在失控前致力于解决这个问题。这么做是明智的。 [2007·陕西]
③Can you make sense of this poem?你看得懂这首诗吗?
【高考链接】
1. Dogs have a very good ____ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake. (2008浙江)
A. sense B. view C. means D. idea
2. What’s the ____ of having a public open space where you can’t eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while?(2008福建)
A. sense B. matter C. case D. opinion
3. I am sure David will be able to find the library –he has a pretty good ____ of direction.(2005浙江) A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense
4. I have read the material several times but it doesn’t make any ___ to me .(2004上海春)
A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance
答案:1. A 2. A 3. D 4. C
8. enthusiastic adj. 热心的,热情的,满腔热忱的
【搭配】be enthusiastic about sth. 对……热心
9. cautious adj. 十分小心的,谨慎的
【搭配】be cautious about 小心,注意
1She is cautious about telling secrets. = She is cautious not to tell secrets.
她很谨慎,不会泄露秘密。
2He was very cautious about committing himself to anything.
他谨小慎微,从不承诺任何事宜。
【联想】cautiously adv. 十分小心地,谨慎地 cautiousness n. 小心,谨慎
10. reject vt.拒绝 reject a request 拒绝请求
①After the transplant his body rejected the new heart.他的身体对新移植的心脏产生排斥作用。
②All apples with soft spots were rejected.所有带软斑点的苹果都被剔除。
11. universe n.宇宙(前面加the)
【搭配】in the universe 在宇宙中
At that time people believed the earth was the center of the universe. 当时人们相信地球是宇宙的中心。下载本文