一、定义:过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,动作发生的时间是"过去的过去"。
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那时以前 那时 现在
(过去完成时) (一般过去时)
它是一个相对的时态,只有在和过去某个时间或动作相比较时才会用到.
E.g. By the end of the match, they had kicked two goals.
We had already had lunch before we arrived there.
二、构成:其结构是"had+过去分词".
它的否定句是在had后边加not,变一般疑问句是把had提前。
E.g. I had reached the station before 9:00 o'clock.
I had not reached the station before 9:00 o'clock.
Had you reached the station before 9:00 o'clock?
三、过去完成时的判断依据
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有: ( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。(到什么时间为止)
如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。(到什么时间为止)
如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。
如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:
( 1 )宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如: She said that she had seen the film before.
( 2 )状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如:
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
四、过去完成时的主要用法
1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”。如:
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒来时,雨已经停了。(主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”)
2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”,只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如:
He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )
3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而存在。此时多与 already , yet , still , just , before , never 等时间副词及 by , before , until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如:
Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 下载本文