本票与汇票
A signature is required before liability is incurred on a bill of exchange.
汇票须经出票人签字才能成立其债权债务关系。
1/A promissory note is a promise to pay ,, whereas a bill of exchange is an order to pay
2/There are only two parties to a promissory note, the maker and the payee,whereas there are three parties to a bill exchange,namely the drawee,the drawee and the payee
The maker is primarily liable on the promissory note,
When issued, a promissory note has an original note only,whereas a bill of exchange may be either a sole bill or a bill in a set.
There is no acceptance requirement to a promissory note
Differences between Check and Draft 支票与汇票的区别
1.A bill may be drawn upon any person, whereas a cheque must be drawn upon a banker.
2.A bill may be payable on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, whereas a cheque usually be payable on demand.
3.Unless a bill is payable on demand, it is usually accepted, where upon the acceptor is the party primarily liable to the holder. A cheque is not usually accepted, and the drawer is the party primarily liable
4.There is no provision which enable bills to be crossed, whereas cheques may be crossed
5.Draft is a set of two, whereas check is sola
6.There is no Drawn Clause on the check
支付方式
•What is Payment Methods(支付方式）?
•Payment methods will combine payment tools(cash and instrument)with various trade terms (Incoterms) or different commercial documents.
•Payment methods tell us how to finish payment with instruments.
•Major payment methods are remittance（汇付）,collection（托收）,letter of credit（信用证）, factoring and letter of guarantee（福费庭和保函）.
•Different payment methods represent different risks or credit to the traders because they can make the time of payment either before, after or at the same time as the time of delivery.
1.according to payment tools Cash settlement Non-cash settlement
2.according to credit standing
•Trade credit Remittance Collection
•Bank credit Letter of credit Factoring Letter of guarantee
3.according to the direction of the movement of the instrument in relation to that of the funds flow Remittance Reverse Remittance
海域提单 212页
海运提单的作用：
1．货物收据。
提单是承运人前发给托运人的收据，确认承运人已收到提单所列货物并已装船，或者承运人已接管了货物，已代装船。
2．运输契约证明。
是托运人与承运人的运输契约证明。
承运人之所以为托运人承运有关货物，是因为承运人和托运人之间存在一定的权利义务关系，双方权利义务关系以提单作为运输契约的凭证。
3．货权凭证。
提单是货物所有权的凭证。谁持有提单，谁就有权要求承运人交付货物，并且享有占有和处理货物的权利，提单代表了其所载明的货物。
案情：某日，上海大众食品公司出口黑龙江大豆5000吨至朝鲜，双方约定采用信用证方式结算。于是，朝鲜客商要求朝鲜外贸银行开出不可撤消信用证一份，受益人为上海大众食品公司，开证行为朝鲜外贸银行，议付行为上海大同银行。信用证的有效期为2011年5月30日，货物的装运期为2011年5月15日。
2011年4月，朝鲜客商通过朝鲜外贸银行发来修改电一份，要求货物分两批分别于5月15日，30日出运，信用证有效期展延至6月15日。上海大同银行第一时间通知受益人。
5月30日，上海大众食品公司将5000吨黑龙江大豆装船出运，在备齐所有信用证要求的单据后，于6月3日向上海大同银行要求议付。大同银行审单后拒绝对其付款。请问，议付行的做法合理吗？为什么？
这是一起典型的信用证修改案例。本例中信用证修改通知了受益人，而其没有明确表示接受或者拒绝，在此情况下，若其按旧证内容办理，视为拒绝；反之，亦反之。本例显然是接受了修改。信用证修改项目包括三项：分批装运，装运期，有效期，受益人必须全部接受，而不能只接受后两项。
在不可撤消信用证情况下，任何方对信用证的修改，都必须经过各当事人的同意，特别是受益人的同意，方能生效。当修改项目不只一项，则必须全部项目都接受，不能只接受一项，而拒绝其他各项。
