Paraphrasing
To paraphrase means to completely and correctly express other people’s ideas in one’s own words.
I. Paraphrase a Sentence
To paraphrase a sentence is to use different words to express (phrase) the same idea.
changing some of the words to synonyms
changing some of the words to their definitions
Changing the structure of the sentences
1. Paraphrase with Synonyms
My car needs gasoline.
a.My automobile needs fuel.
b.My wheels need gas.
The U.S. government has an enormous debt.
a. The federal government has an extremely large debt.
b. The national government has a huge debt.
More than half of the women who attended the one-day meeting were in business with their spouses.
The majority of the women who went to the one-day conference were in business with their husbands.
Exercise 1
With the development of flash memory cards, the market for portable music players jumped sharply.
Although the coach’s strategy was a little dangerous, the team easy successful.
Two of the students were expelled for violating the school’s “no fighting” policy.
Answers:
With the invention of flash memory cards, the demand for portable music players increased significantly.
Even though the coach’s plan was risky, the team was successful.
Two students were kicked out of school for breaking the school’s “no fighting” rule.
2. Paraphrasing with Definitions
A college student usually has homework to do.
a. A person going to college typically has to study at home.
b. People taking college courses usually have assignments to do
Alcoholics drink more and enjoy it less than social drinkers.
a. A person who is addicted to alcohol consumes more but gets less pleasure than a person who drinks just to be sociable.
b. People who really need to drink have a high level of intake but a
lower level of satisfaction than people who can take it or leave
3. Change the Structure of the Sentence
The number of hungry people has increased in the last decade.
Answers:
There has been a growth in the number of starving population in the last decade.
You need the most up-to-date antivirus programs to ensure your hard drive and e-mail are not infected.
Answers:
a. It is necessary (for you) to have the most modern antivirus programs to protect your hard drive and e-mail.
b. The most modern antivirus programs will protect your hard drive and e-mail.
II. Paraphrase a Paragraph
A perfect paragraph has a topic sentence (the main idea of the paragraph), supporting sentences and a summary or transition sentence.
Paraphrasing is more detailed than summarizing.
Paraphrase the paragraph
1. What do people gain from language development? Verbal communication offers many advantages: greater ability to describe one's experiences, greater ability for abstract thought, greater ability to express complex ideas to others. Combined with memory, verbal communication provides the basis for the accumulation of knowledge.
In sum, our ability to cope with large amounts of information is dependent on our possession of verbal language system.
Answer: Language development enables a person to handle a lot of information efficiently. This includes describing experiences, expressing ideas, and even thinking.
Language helps organize knowledge.
Whether paraphrasing or summarizing, credit is always given to the author.
The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17.
A legitimate paraphrase:
According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing a delicate natural mechanism that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human activity could interfere with the balance between the sun, the source of the earth's heat, and the important source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow north and cool the oceans and atmosphere ("Captain Cousteau" 17).
III. Paraphrasing and Summarizing
Paraphrasing and summarizing are very similar. Both involve taking ideas, words or phrases from a source and crafting them into new sentences within your writing. In addition, summarizing includes condensing the source material into just a few lines.
e. g.
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes.
Paraphrasing
In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim
Summarizing
Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper.
Steps of Writing Summary
1. Skim the text, noting in your mind the subheadings. If there are no subheadings, try to divide the text into sections. Consider why you have been assigned the text.
2. Try to determine what type of text you are dealing with. This can help you identify important information.
3. Read the text, highlighting important information and taking notes.
4. In your own words, write down the main points of each section.
5. Write down the key support points for the main topic, but do not include minor detail.
Requirements for writing the summary:
1. The summary should cover the original as a whole.
2. The material should be presented in a neutral fashion.
3. The summary should be a condensed version of the material, presented in your own words.
4. Write using "summarizing language." Periodically remind your reader that this is a summary by using phrases such as the article claims, the author suggests, etc.
5. Do not include anything that does not appear in the original. (Do not include your own comments or evaluation.)
4. Be sure to identify your source.
Example: In the feature article "Four Kinds of Reading," the author, Donald Hall, explains his opinion about different types of reading.
Exercise 3(自己练习写写)
1.Many Egyptians lived and farmed by the Nile River, which flooded every summer. They eagerly anticipated the event because they knew that when the water receded, the land would be better for crops. That's because floodwaters carry along washed-away soil and sediment, then drop it somewhere else. There, the nutrients in the sediment sink into and nourish the land. Then the farmland is richer and ready for crops.下载本文