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The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) designates SAE steel grades . These are four digit
numbers which represent chemical composition standards for steel specifications. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) originally started a very similar system. Over time they used the same numbers to refer to the same alloy, but the AISI system used a letter prefix to denote the steelmaking process. The prefix "C" denoted open-hearth furnace, electric arc furnace or basic oxygen furnace, while "E" denotes electric arc furnace steel.[1][2]
Prior to 1995 the AISI was also involved, and the standard was designated the AISI/SAE steel grades . The AISI stopped being involved because it never wrote any of the specifications.[3]
Carbon and alloy steel
Main articles: Carbon steel and Alloy steel
Carbon steels and alloy steels are designated by a four digit number, where the first digit indicates the main alloying element(s), the second digit indicates the secondary alloying element(s), and the last two digits indicate the amount of carbon, in hundredths of a percent by weight. For example, a 1060 steel is a plain-carbon steel containing 0.60 wt% C.[4]
An "H" suffix can be added to any designation to denote hardenability is a major requirement. The chemical requirements are loosened but hardness values defined for various distances on a Jominy test.[2]
Contents
1 Carbon and alloy steel
2 Stainless steel
3 High-strength low-alloy steel
4 See also
5 References 5.1 Notes
5.2 Bibliography
Major classifications of steel [1]
SAE designation Type 1xxx Carbon steels 2xxx Nickel steels
3xxx Nickel-chromium steels 4xxx Molybdenum steels 5xxx Chromium steels
6xxx Chromium-vanadium steels 7xxx Tungsten steels
8xxx Nickel-chromium-vanadium steels 9xxx
Silicon-manganese steels
SAE designation Type
Carbon steels
10xx Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% max)
11xx Resulfurized
12xx Resulfurized and rephosphorized
15xx Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% to 1.65%)
Manganese steels
13xx Mn 1.75%
Nickel steels
23xx Ni 3.50%
25xx Ni 5.00%
Nickel-chromium steels
31xx Ni 1.25%, Cr 0.65% or 0.80%
32xx Ni 1.25%, Cr 1.07%
33xx Ni 3.50%, Cr 1.50% or 1.57%
34xx Ni 3.00%, Cr 0.77%
Molybdenum steels
40xx Mo 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.25% Mo & 0.042 S[3]
44xx Mo 0.40% or 0.52%
Chromium-molybdenum (Chromoly) steels
41xx Cr 0.50% or 0.80% or 0.95%, Mo 0.12% or 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.30%
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
43xx Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50% to 0.80%, Mo 0.25%
43BVxx Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.12% or 0.35%, V 0.03% min
47xx Ni 1.05%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.20% or 0.35%
81xx Ni 0.30%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%
81Bxx Ni 0.30%, Cr 0.45%,Mo 0.12%[3]
86xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.20%
87xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.25%
88xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.35%
93xx Ni 3.25%, Cr 1.20%, Mo 0.12%
94xx Ni 0.45%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%
97xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.20%, Mo 0.20%
98xx Ni 1.00%, Cr 0.80%, Mo 0.25%
Nickel-molybdenum steels
46xx Ni 0.85% or 1.82%, Mo 0.20% or 0.25%
48xx Ni 3.50%, Mo 0.25%
Chromium steels
Stainless steel
Main article: Stainless steel
Type 102—austenitic general purpose stainless steel working for furniture
200 Series—austenitic chromium-nickel-manganese alloys
Type 201—austenitic that is hardenable through cold working Type 202—austenitic general purpose stainless steel
300 Series—austenitic chromium-nickel alloys
Type 301—highly ductile, for formed products. Also hardens rapidly during mechanical working. Good weldability. Better wear resistance and fatigue strength than 304. Type 302—same corrosion resistance as 304, with slightly higher strength due to additional carbon.
Type 303—free machining version of 304 via addition of sulfur and phosphorus. Also referred to as "A1" in accordance with ISO 3506.[6]
Type 304—the most common grade; the classic 18/8 stainless steel. Outside of the US it is commonly known as "A2 stainless steel
Type 304L—same as the 304 grade but lower carbon content to increase weldability. Is slightly weaker than 304.
Type 304LN—same as 304L, but also nitrogen is added to obtain a much higher yield and tensile strength than 304L.
Type 308—used as the filler metal when welding 304.
Type 309—better temperature resistance than 304, also sometimes used as filler metal when welding dissimilar steels, along with inconel.
Type 316—the second most common grade (after 304); for food and surgical stainless steel uses; alloy addition of molybdenum prevents specific forms of corrosion. It is also known as marine grade stainless steel due to its increased resistance to chloride
50xx Cr 0.27% or 0.40% or 0.50% or 0.65%50xxx Cr 0.50%, C 1.00% min
50Bxx Cr 0.28% or 0.50%[3]
51xx Cr 0.80% or 0.87% or 0.92% or 1.00% or 1.05%51xxx Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min 51Bxx Cr 0.80%[3]
52xxx Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min
Chromium-vanadium steels
61xx Cr 0.60% or 0.80% or 0.95%, V 0.10% or 0.15% min
Tungsten-chromium steels
72xx W 1.75%, Cr 0.75%
Silicon-manganese steels
92xx Si 1.40% or 2.00%, Mn 0.65% or 0.82% or 0.85%, Cr 0.00% or 0.65%
High-strength low-alloy steels
9xx Various SAE grades xxBxx Boron steels xxLxx Leaded steels
plants. 316L is an extra low carbon grade of 316, generally used in stainless steel
watches and marine applications, as well exclusively in the fabrication of reactor
pressure vessels for boiling water reactors, due to its high resistance to corrosion. Also
referred to as "A4" in accordance with ISO 3506.[6] 316Ti includes titanium for heat
resistance, therefore it is used in flexible chimney liners.
Type 321—similar to 304 but lower risk of weld decay due to addition of titanium. See
also 347 with addition of niobium for desensitization during welding.
400 Series—ferritic and martensitic chromium alloys
Type 405—ferritic for welding applications
Type 408—heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance; 11% chromium, 8% nickel.
Type 409—cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts; ferritic (iron/chromium only).
Type 410—martensitic (high-strength iron/chromium). Wear-resistant, but less
corrosion-resistant.
Type 416—easy to machine due to additional sulfur
Type 420—Cutlery Grade martensitic; similar to the Brearley's original rustless steel.
Excellent polishability.
Type 430—decorative, e.g., for automotive trim; ferritic. Good formability, but with
reduced temperature and corrosion resistance.
Type 439—ferritic grade, a higher grade version of 409 used for catalytic converter
exhaust sections. Increased chromium for improved high temperature
corrosion/oxidation resistance.
Type 440—a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon, allowing for much better
edge retention when properly heat-treated. It can be hardened to approximately
Rockwell 58 hardness, making it one of the hardest stainless steels. Due to its toughness and relatively low cost, most display-only and replica swords or knives are made of 440 stainless. Available in four grades: 440A, 440B, 440Carbon, and the uncommon 440F
(free machinable). 440A, having the least amount of carbon in it, is the most stain-
resistant; 440C, having the most, is the strongest and is usually considered more
desirable in knifemaking than 440A[citation needed], except for diving or other salt-water applications.
Type 446—For elevated temperature service
500 Series—heat-resisting chromium alloys
600 Series—martensitic precipitation hardening alloys
601 through 604: Martensitic low-alloy steels.
610 through 613: Martensitic secondary hardening steels.
614 through 619: Martensitic chromium steels.
630 through 635: Semiaustenitic and martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steels.
Type 630 is most common PH stainless, better known as 17-4; 17% chromium,
4% nickel.
650 through 653: Austenitic steels strengthened by hot/cold work.
660 through 665: Austenitic superalloys;all grades except alloy 661 are strengthened by second-phase precipitation.
Type 2205—the most widely used duplex (ferritic/austenitic) stainless steel grade. It has both excellent corrosion resistance and high strength.
Type 2304—lean duplex stainless steel. Similar to 2205 for strength but with lower pitting corrosion resistance due to low Molybdenum.
Stainless steel designations[7]
SAE designation
UNS
designation
%
Cr
% Ni % C
%
Mn
% Si % P % S % N Other
Austenitic
201S2010016– 3.5–0.15 5.5–0.750.060.030.25-18 5.57.5
202S2020017–
19
4–60.15
7.5–
10.0
0.750.060.030.25-
205S2050016.5–
18
1–1.75
0.12–
0.25
14–
15.5
0.750.060.03
0.32–
0.40
-
254[8]S3125420180.02
max
----0.20
6 Mo; 0.75 Cu;
"Super
austenitic"; All
values nominal
301S3010016–
18
6–80.1520.750.0450.03--
302S3020017–
19
8–100.1520.750.0450.030.1-
302B S3021517–
19
8–100.152
2.0–
3.0
0.0450.03--
303S3030017–
19
8–100.15210.2
0.15
min
-
Mo 0.60
(optional)
303Se S3032317–
19
8–100.15210.20.06-0.15 Se min
304S3040018–
20
8–
10.50
0.0820.750.0450.030.1-
304L S3040318–
20
8–120.0320.750.0450.030.1-
304Cu S3043017–
19
8–100.0820.750.0450.03-3–4 Cu
304N S3045118–
20
8–
10.50
0.0820.750.0450.03
0.10–
0.16
-
305S3050017–
19
10.50–
13
0.1220.750.0450.03--
308S3080019–
21
10–120.08210.0450.03--
309S3090022–
24
12–150.2210.0450.03--
309S S3090822–
24
12–150.08210.0450.03--
310S3100024–
26
19–220.252 1.50.0450.03--
310S S3100824–
26
19–220.082 1.50.0450.03--
314S3140023–
26
19–220.252
1.5–
3.0
0.0450.03--
316S3160016–
18
10–140.0820.750.0450.030.10 2.0–3.0 Mo
316L S3160316–
18
10–140.0320.750.0450.030.10 2.0–3.0 Mo316F S3162016–
18
10–140.08210.2
0.10
min
- 1.75–2.50 Mo
316N S3165116–
18
10–140.0820.750.0450.03
0.10–
0.16
2.0–
3.0 Mo
317S3170018–
20
11–150.0820.750.0450.03
0.10
max
3.0–
4.0 Mo
317L S3170318–
20
11–150.0320.750.0450.03
0.10
max
3.0–
4.0 Mo
321S3210017–
19
9–120.0820.750.0450.03
0.10
max
Ti 5(C+N)
min, 0.70 max
329S3290023–
28
2.5–50.0820.750.040.03-1–2 Mo
330N0833017–
20
34–370.082
0.75–
1.50
0.040.03--
347S3470017–
19
9–130.0820.750.0450.030-
Nb + Ta, 10 x
C min, 1 max
348S3480017–
19
9–130.0820.750.0450.030-
Nb + Ta, 10 x
C min, 1 max,
but 0.10 Ta
max; 0.20 Ca
384S3840015–
17
17–190.08210.0450.03--
SAE designation
UNS
designation
%
Cr
% Ni % C
%
Mn
% Si % P % S % N Other
Ferritic
405S4050011.5–
14.5
-0.08110.040.03-
0.1–0.3 Al,
0.60 max
409S4090010.5–
11.75
0.050.08110.0450.03-
Ti 6 x C, but
0.75 max
429S4290014–
16
0.750.12110.040.03--
430S4300016–
18
0.750.12110.040.03--
430F S4302016–
18
-0.12 1.2510.06
0.15
min
-
0.60 Mo
(optional)
430FSe S4302316–
18
-0.12 1.2510.060.06-0.15 Se min
434S4340016–
18
-0.12110.040.03-0.75–1.25 Mo
436S4360016–
18
-0.12110.040.03-
0.75–1.25 Mo;
Nb+Ta 5 x C
min, 0.70 max
442S4420018–
23
-0.2110.040.03--23–
446S44600270.250.2 1.510.040.03--
SAE designation
UNS
designation
%
Cr
% Ni % C
%
Mn
% Si % P % S % N Other
Martensitic
403S4030011.5–
13.0
0.600.1510.50.040.03--
410S4100011.5–
13.5
0.750.15110.040.03--
414S4140011.5–
13.5
1.25–
2.50
0.15110.040.03--
416S4160012–
14
-0.15 1.2510.06
0.15
min
-
0.060 Mo
(optional)
416Se S4162312–
14
-0.15 1.2510.060.06-0.15 Se min
420S4200012–
14
-
0.15
min
110.040.03--
420F S4202012–
14
-
0.15
min
1.2510.06
0.15
min
-
0.60 Mo max
(optional)
422S4220011.0–
12.5
0.50–
1.0
0.20–
0.25
0.5–
1.0
0.50.0250.025-
0.90–1.25 Mo;
0.20–0.30 V;
0.90–1.25 W
431S4162315–
17
1.25–
2.50
0.2110.040.03--
440A S4400216–
18
-
0.60–
0.75
110.040.03-0.75 Mo
440B S4400316–
18
-
0.75–
0.95
110.040.03-0.75 Mo
440C S4400416–
18
-
0.95–
1.20
110.040.03-0.75 Mo
SAE designation
UNS
designation
%
Cr
% Ni % C
%
Mn
% Si % P % S % N Other
Heat resisting
501S501004–6-0.10
min
110.040.03-0.40–0.65 Mo
502S502004–6-0.1110.040.03-0.40–0.65 Mo
Duplex
2205[8]S31803
S32205
225
0.03
max
----0.15
3 Mo; All
values nominal
2304S323042340.03
max
-
1.00
max
0.04
max
0.04
max
0.150.10-0.60 Mo Super duplex
2507[8]S327502570.03
max
----0.28
4 Mo; All
values nominal
Martensitic precipitation hardening
High-strength low-alloy steel
Main article: HSLA steel
See also
ASTM International EN standard Steel grades
Unified numbering system
References
Notes
1.^ a b Jeffus, p. 635.
2.^ a b Degarmo, p. 115.
3.^ a b c d e Bringas, John E. (2004). Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards: Third Edition (3rd
ed.). ASTM International. p. 14. ISBN 0-8031-3362-6. Archived from the original on January 27, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/200701271356/http://www.astm.org/BOOKSTORE/PUBS/DS67B_Sampl eChapter.pdf.
4.^ Degarmo, p. 113
5.^ Oberg, p. 40
6.
6.^ a b c "Stainless Steel Fasteners". Australian Stainless Steel Development Association. Archived from
the original on 2007-09-29.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070929001157/http://www.assda.asn.au/asp/index.asp?pgid=18732. Retrieved 2007-08-13. 7.^ Oberg, pp. 411-412.
8.^ a b c "What is Stainless Steel?". Nickel Institute.
http://www.nickelinstitute.org/index.cfm/ci_id/11021.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-13. 9.^ "Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel Type 17-4PH (S17400)" (PDF).
http://www.upmet.com/media/17-4.pdf.
Bibliography
Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4.
Jeffus, Larry F. (2002). Welding: Principles and Applications . Cengage Learning. ISBN 1-4018-1046-2. http://books.google.com/?id=zeRiW7en7HAC.
Oberg, E.; et al. (1996). Machinery's Handbook (25th ed.). Industrial Press Inc.
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Cu 3-5, Ta 0.15-0.45[9]
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