1.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
慢性阻塞性肺疾病
2.airflow limitation
气道受限
3. noxious particles or gases
有害物质或气体
4. chronic bronchitis
慢性支气管炎
5. emphysema
肺气肿
6. excess mucus secretion
粘液过度分泌
7. bronchial tree
支气管树
8. airspaces distal
气道远端
9. terminal bronchioles
细支气管末端
10. CD8 + lymphocytes
CD8+淋巴细胞
11. tumor necrosis factor-α
肿瘤坏死因子α
12. interleukin-8
白介素8
13.leukotriene B4
白三烯B4
14. pulmonary vasculature
肺血管
15. lung parenchyma
肺实质
17. proteases
蛋白酶
18.antiproteases
抗蛋白酶
19. α 1 -antitrypsin (AAT)
α 1 -抗胰蛋白酶
20. neutrophil elastase
中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶
21. goblet cells
杯状细胞
22. mucus glands
粘液腺
23. ciliary motility
纤毛运动
24. small peripheral airways
外周小气道
25. scarring and fibrosis
结痂及纤维化
26. centrilobular emphysema
小叶中心肺气肿
27. Panlobular emphysema
全小叶型肺气肿,弥漫性阻塞性肺气肿
28. respiratory bronchioles
细支气管
29. alveolar ducts
肺泡管
30. alveolar sacs
肺泡囊
31. pulmonary arteries
肺动脉
32. cor pulmonale
肺心病
33. sputum production
咳痰
34. cyanosis of mucosal membranes
粘膜苍白
35. barrel chest
桶状胸
36. resting respiratory rate
静息呼吸频率
37. shallow breathing
浅呼吸
38. pursing of the lips during expiration
缩唇呼气
39. accessory respiratory muscles
辅助呼吸肌
40. COPD exacerbation
COPD急性加重
41. worsening dyspnea
呼吸困难加重
42.increase in sputum volume
咳痰量增加
43.increase in sputum purulence
脓痰
44. chest tightness
胸部紧迫感
45.increased need for bronchodilators
支气管扩张剂需求增加
46. malaise
萎靡不振
46.fatigue
疲惫
47.decreased exercise tolerance
运动耐量下降
48. SPIROMETRY
肺功能检查
49. forced expiratory volume after 1 second (FEV1)
一秒用力呼气容积
50. forced vital capacity (FVC)
用力肺活量
51. postbronchodilator FEV 1
支气管扩张剂应用后FEV1
52. arterial blood gases (ABG)
动脉血气
53. inhaled medications
吸入药物
54. stable COPD
COPD稳定器
55. Medication selection
药物选择
56. patient adherence
患者依从性
57.individual response
个体药物反应
58.side effects
副作用
59. used as needed
按需使用
60.on a scheduled basis
常规使用
61. added in a stepwise manner
逐步加量
62. dyspnea
呼吸困难
63.increase exercise capacity
提高运动能力
.decrease air trapping
降低气体潴留
65. intermittent symptoms
间断症状
66. Sympathomimetics
拟交感药物
67. β 2 -Selective sympathomimetics
β2受体选择性激动剂
68. relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
松弛支气管平滑肌
69.bronchodilation
支气管扩张
70.adenyl cyclase
AMP环化酶
71.cyclic adenosine monophosphate
cAMP
72.mucociliary clearance
粘膜纤毛清除
73. metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
定量吸入剂
74.dry-powder inhaler
干粉吸入剂
75. nebulization therapy
雾化吸入
76. Albuterol
沙丁胺醇
77. levalbuterol
左旋沙丁胺醇
78. bitolterol
比托特罗
79. pirbuterol
吡布特罗
80.terbutaline
特布他林
81. greater β 2 selectivity
β2受体选择性更强
82. longer durations of action
作用时间更长
83. inhalation route
吸入途径
84.oral routes
口服途径
85.parenteral routes
肠外途径
86. acute relief of symptoms
缓解急性症状
87. short-acting β 2 -agonists
短效β2受体激动剂(SABA)
88. Salmeterol
沙美特罗
. formoterol
福莫特罗
90.arformoterol
阿福特罗
91.long acting β 2 -agonists
长效β2受体激动剂(LABA)
92. persistent symptoms
持续症状
93. reductions in exacerbation frequency
降低急性发作频率
94. Anticholinergics
抗胆碱能药物
95. acetylcholine
乙酰胆碱
96. cyclic guanosine monophosphate
cGMP
97. constrict bronchial smooth muscle
收缩支气管平滑肌
98. Ipratropium bromide
异丙托溴铵
99. short-acting anticholinergic agent,SAMA
短效抗胆碱能抑制剂
100. slower onset of action
起效慢
101. two puffs four times daily
一次两锨,一日四次
102. upward titration
剂量上调
103. 24 puffs/day
24锨/日
104. solution for nebulization
雾化吸入溶液
105. dry mouth
口干
106. nausea
恶心
107. metallic taste
金属味道
108. anticholinergic side effects
抗胆碱能副作用
109. blurred vision
视物不清
110.urinary retention
尿潴留
111. tachycardia
心动过缓
112. Tiotropium bromide
噻托溴铵
113. HandiHaler
噻托溴铵的干粉喷雾剂
114. a single-load, dry-powder, breath-actuated device
单次装量呼吸干粉吸入器
115. albuterol and ipratropium (Combivent )
沙丁胺醇、异丙托溴铵合剂
116. Methylxanthines
甲基黄嘌呤类
117. Theophylline
茶碱
118. aminophylline
氨茶碱
119. inhibition of phosphodiesterase
抑制磷酸二酯酶
119. Nonpulmonary benefits
肺外获益
120.improved cardiac function
心功能改善
121.decreased pulmonary artery pressure
肺动脉压力下降
122. interpatient variability
个体差异
123. objective measurements
客观指标
124. Subjective parameters
主观指标
125. Sustained-release theophylline preparations
茶碱缓释制剂
126. rapid-release theophylline
茶碱速释制剂
127. consistent serum concentrations
血药浓度平稳
128. switching from A to B
换药
129. titrated upward
缓慢加量
130. trough serum concentrations.
谷浓度
131. therapeutic range
治疗浓度范围
132. minimize the likelihood of toxicity
减少毒性发生
133. arrhythmias
心率失常
134. seizures
癫痫发作
135. cimetidine
西咪替丁
136.macrolides
大环内酯类
137.fluoroquinolone
氟喹诺酮类
138.hypoxemia
低氧血症
136. hyperthyroidism
甲亢
137.phenytoin
苯妥英
138. phenobarbital
苯巴比妥
139.rifampin
利福平
140.capillary permeability
毛细血管通透性
141.decrease mucus
降低粘液分泌
142. inhibition of release of proteolytic enzymes from leukocytes
抑制白细胞释放蛋白酶
143.inhibition of prostaglandins
抑制前列腺素
144.hoarseness
声音嘶哑
145.sore throat
嗓子疼
146.oral candidiasis
口腔念珠菌
147. skin bruising
皮肤淤青
148.adrenal suppression
肾上腺功能抑制
149. osteoporosis
骨质疏松
150.cataract formation
白内障
151.salmeterol plus fluticasone
沙美特罗联合氟替卡松
152.formoterol plus budesonide
福莫特罗联合布地奈德
153.prevention of hospitalization
避免入院治疗
154.reduction in length of hospital stay
减少住院日
155. prevention of acute respiratory failure and death
避免急性呼吸衰竭和死亡
156.resolution of symptoms
缓解症状
157.hold their breath after actuation of an MDI
应用定量吸入剂后屏气
158.prednisone
泼尼松
159.a tapering oral schedule
逐渐减量口服治疗方案
160.hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression
下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴抑制
161.increased dyspnea
呼吸困难加重
162. increased sputum volume
痰量增加
163.increased sputum purulence
脓痰增加
1.Sputum Gram stain and culture
痰染色剂培养
165.chronic bacterial colonization
长期细菌定植
166.empiric antimicrobial therapy
经验性抗菌药物治疗
167.Haemophilus influenza
流感嗜血杆菌
168. Moraxella catarrhalis
卡莫拉菌
169. Streptococcus pneumoniae
肺炎链球菌
170.H. parainfluenzae
副流感病毒
171.azithromycin
阿奇霉素
172.clarithromycin
克拉霉素
173 second- or third-generation cephalosporin
二、三代头孢菌素
174.doxycycline
多西环素
175.Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole
磺胺甲恶唑
176.Amoxicillin
阿莫西林
176.first-generation cephalosporins
一代头孢菌素
177.Erythromycin
红霉素
178.drug-resistant pneumococci
耐药的肺炎球菌
179.β-lactamase-producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis
产β内酰胺酶的副流感及卡莫拉菌
180.Enteric gram-negative organisms
肠革兰阴性菌
181.amoxicillin/clavulanate
阿莫西林/克拉维酸
182. a fluoroquinolone with enhanced pneumococcal activity ( levofloxacin, gemifloxacin , or moxifloxacin )
具有较强抗肺炎球菌的氟喹诺酮类/呼吸喹诺酮(左氧氟沙星、吉米沙星、莫西沙星)
183.Pseudomonas aeruginosa
铜绿假单胞菌
184.a fluoroquinolone with enhanced pneumococcal
and P. aeruginosa activity ( levofloxacin ).
具有较强抗肺炎链球菌且具有抗铜绿假单胞菌活性的氟喹诺酮类(左氧氟沙星)
185.a β-lactamase-resistant penicillin with antipseudomonal activity
耐β内酰胺酶且具有抗假单胞菌活性的青霉素类
186.a third- or fourth-generation cephalosporin with antipseudomonal activity
具有抗假单胞菌的三、四代头孢菌素下载本文