摘 要：由于有机蔬菜的栽培过程中不允许使用人工合成的农药、肥料、除草剂、生长调节剂等，因此，在栽培中不可避免地对病虫草害和施肥技术提出了不同于常规蔬菜的要求。
Pick to: due to the organic vegetable cultivation in the process are not allowed to use synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, growth regulators, etc., as a result, the inevitable in the course of cultivation of cordyceps ill put forward different conventional fertilization and vegetables.
关键词：有机蔬菜 标准化 栽培技术
Key words: organic vegetables standardization cultivation techniques
由于有机蔬菜的栽培过程中不允许使用人工合成的农药、肥料、除草剂、生长调节剂等，因此，在栽培中不可避免地对病虫草害和施肥技术提出了不同于常规蔬菜的要求。
Due to the organic vegetable cultivation in the process are not allowed to use synthetic pesticide, fertilizer, herbicide, growth regulators, etc., therefore, inevitably to the disease in cultivated cordyceps harm and fertilizer technology put forward different regular requirements.
一、生产基地要求
A, production base
1.基地的完整性
1. The integrity of the base
基地的土地应是完整的地块，其间不能夹有进行常规生产的地块，但允许存在有机转换地块；有机蔬菜生产基地与常规地块交界处必须有明显标记，如河流、山丘、人为设置的隔离带等。
Base plots of land should be complete, it can't have plots for the regular production, but allow organic conversion block; Organic vegetable production base with conventional plot junction must be clearly marked, such as rivers, hills, artificially set isolation belt, etc.
2.必须有转换期
2. Must have a distinctive quality
由常规生产系统向有机生产转换通常需要2年时间，其后播种的蔬菜收获后，才可作为有机产品；多年生蔬菜在收获之前需要经过3年转换时间才能成为有机作物。转换期的开始时间从向认证机构申请认证之日起计算，生产者在转换期间必须完全按有机生产要求操作。经1年有机转换后的田块中生长的蔬菜，可以作为有机转换作物销售。
From conventional production systems to organic production usually need 2 years time, followed by planting vegetables after harvest, only can be used as organic products; Perennial vegetables before harvest need conversion time can be organic crops after 3 years. The beginning of the transition time from apply to the certification body for certification as of the date of calculation, the producer must be completely in accordance with the requirements of organic production operation during the switch. After 1 year organic conversion in the field in the growth of vegetables, can be sold as organic conversion crop.
3.建立缓冲带
3. Establish a buffer zone
如果有机蔬菜生产基地中有的地块有可能受到邻近常规地块污染的影响，则必须在有机和常规地块之间设置缓冲带或物理障碍物，保证有机地块不受污染。不同认证机构对隔离带长度的要求不同，如我国OFDC认证机构要求8米，德国BCS认证机构要求10米。
If the organic vegetables production bases in some plots have may be affected by adjacent conventional land pollution, you must set the buffer between organic and conventional land or physical obstructions, ensure organic land from pollution. Different certification bodies on the belt length of different requirements, such as China OFDC certified agencies require 8 meters, the German BCS certification bodies require 10 meters.
二、栽培管理
Second, cultivation management
1.品种选择应使用有机蔬菜种子和种苗，在得不到已获认证的有机蔬菜种子和种苗的情况下(如在有机种植的初始阶段)，可使用未经禁用物质处理的常规种子。应选择适应当地的土壤和气候特点，且对病虫害有抗性的蔬菜种类及品种，在品种的选择中要充分考虑保护作物遗传的多样性，禁止使用任何转基因种子。
1. The selection of organic vegetable seeds and seedlings, should be used in not certified organic vegetable seeds and seedlings of cases (e.g., in the initial stages of organic farming), can be used without banned substances of conventional seed processing. Should choose to adapt to the local soil and climate characteristics, and resistance to fungus and pests of vegetable species and varieties, in the variety choice, we must give full consideration to protect the crop genetic diversity, banning the use of any genetically modified seeds.
2.轮作换茬和清洁田园有机基地应采用包括豆科作物或绿肥在内的至少3种作物进行轮作；在1年只能生长1茬蔬菜的地区，允许采用包括豆科作物在内的两种作物轮作。前茬蔬菜收获后，彻底打扫清洁基地，将病残体全部运出基地外销毁或深埋，以减少病害基数。
2. Crop rotation HuanCha and clean rural organic base should be adopted, including legume crops or green manure at least 3 kinds of crops for rotation; In 1 year can only grow one crop of vegetables, allowed the use, including legume crops, two kinds of crop rotation. After harvesting the first crop of vegetables, thoroughly clean the clean base, all the sick body out of the base to destroy or buried deep, base to reduce the disease.
3.配套栽培技术通过培育壮苗、嫁接换根、起垄栽培、地膜覆盖、合理密植、植株调整等技术，充分利用光、热、气等条件，创造一个有利于蔬菜生长的环境，以达到高产高效的目的。
3. Supporting cultivation techniques through cultivating strong seedling, grafting in root, ridging planting, plastic mulching, reasonable density, plant adjustment technology, make full use of light, heat, gas and other conditions, to create a conducive to vegetable growth environments, in order to achieve the purpose of high production and efficiency.
三、肥料使用
Three, fertilizer use
有机蔬菜生产与常规蔬菜生产的根本不同在于病虫草害和肥料使用的差异，其要求比常规蔬菜生产高。
Organic vegetable production and conventional insects pests and the fundamental difference between vegetables production and fertilizer use, its requirement is higher than routine vegetables production.
1.施肥技术。只允许采用有机肥和种植绿肥。一般采用自制的腐熟有机肥或采用通过认证、允许在有机蔬菜生产上使用的一些肥料厂家生产的纯有机肥料，如以鸡粪、猪粪为原料的有机肥。在使用自己沤制或堆制的有机肥料时，必须充分腐熟。有机肥养分含量低，用量要充足，以保证有足够的养分供给，否则，有机蔬菜会出现缺肥症状，生长迟缓，影响产量。针对有机肥料前期有效养分释放缓慢的缺点，可以利用允许使用的某些微生物，如具有固氮、解磷、解钾作用的根瘤菌、芽孢杆菌、光合细菌和溶磷菌等，经过这些有益菌的活动来加速养分释放、养分积累，促进有机蔬菜对养分的有效利用。
1. The application techniques. Only allow you to use organic fertilizer and planting green manure. Commonly used home-made allow rotten organic fertilizer or use through the authentication, and use some of the fertilizer manufacturer in the production of organic vegetables production of pure organic fertilizer, such as chicken manure, pig manure as organic raw materials. Retting or DuiZhi herself on the use of organic fertilizer, must be fully finished. Organic manure nutrient content is low, the dosage is enough, to ensure adequate nutrient supply, otherwise, organic vegetables, can appear the symptom of lack of fertilizer, growth retardation, affect the production. Against disadvantages of early effective organic fertilizer nutrient release slowly, can use allows the use of certain microorganisms, such as with the interaction between nitrogen fixation, phosphate-solubilizing, nodule bacteria, bacillus, photosynthetic bacteria and soluble phosphorus bacteria and so on, after these beneficial bacteria activities to speed up the nutrient release, nutrient accumulation, promoting organic vegetables for the utilization of nutrients.
2.培肥技术。绿肥具有固氮作用，种植绿肥可获得较丰富的氮素来源，并可提高土壤有机质含量。一般每亩绿肥的产量为2000kg，按含氮0.3%～0.4%，固定的氮素为68kg。常种的绿肥有紫云英、苕子、苜蓿、蒿枝、兰花籽、箭苦豌豆、白花草木樨等50多个品种。
2. The fertilizer technology. Green manure nitrogen fixation, planting green manure may obtain a rich source of nitrogen, and can increase soil organic matter content. Generally of green manure per mu yield is 2000 kg, according to the nitrogen 0.3% ~ 0.4%, fixed nitrogen is 68 kg. Always kind of green manure has milk vetch, Chinese trumpet creeper, alfalfa, artemisia branches, seeds, and the arrow bitter white peas, sweet clover, and more than 50 varieties.
3.允许使用的肥料种类。有机肥料，包括动物的粪便及残体、植物沤制肥、绿肥、草木灰、饼肥等；矿物质，包括钾矿粉、磷矿粉、氯化钙等物质；另外还包括有机认证机构认证的有机专用肥和部分微生物肥料。
3. Allows the use of fertilizer. Organic fertilizer, including plant and animal waste and residue retting fertilizer, green manure, plant ash, cake fertilizer, etc.; Minerals, including potassium mineral powder, powdered rock phosphate, calcium chloride and other materials; In addition also includes organic certification body certified organic fertilizer and part of microbial fertilizer.
4.肥料的无害化处理。有机肥在施前2个月需进行无害化处理，将肥料泼水拌湿、堆积、覆盖塑料膜，使其充分发酵腐熟。发酵期堆内温度高达60℃以上，可有效地杀灭农家肥中带有的病虫草害，且处理后的肥料易被蔬菜吸收利用。
4. The innocent treatment of manure. Organic fertilizer in the need to 2 months before the disposal, the fertilizer water moistened, accumulation, covering plastic film, make its full fermentation rotten. Fermentation period in pile temperature above 60 ℃, can effectively kill with caterpillar fungus ill, in the farmyard manure and fertilizer after the processing is easy to be absorbed by the vegetables.
5.肥料的使用方法
5. The use of fertilizers
（1）施肥量：有机蔬菜种植的土地在使用肥料时，应做到种菜与培肥地力同步进行。使用动物和植物肥的比例应掌握在1∶1为好。一般每亩施有机肥3000-4000公斤，追施有机专用肥100公斤。
To: (1) fertilizer organic vegetables cultivated land in the use of fertilizer, should be food and enriching the soil fertility. Use of animals and plants fertilizer should grasp in the proportion of 1:1 as well. General organic fertilizer (3000-3000 kg per acre, organic fertilizer is 100 kg.
（2）施足底肥：将施肥总量80%用作底肥，结合耕地将肥料均匀地混入耕作层内，以利于根系吸收。
: foot fertilizers (2) will be used as fertilizers fertilizer amount 80%, combination of arable land, the fertilizer evenly mixed with magnetism, facilitate the root absorption.
（3）巧施追肥：对于种植密度大、根系浅的蔬菜可采用铺肥追肥方式，当蔬菜长至3-4片叶时，将经过晾干制细的肥料均匀撒到菜地内，并及时浇水。对于种植行距较大、根系较集中的蔬菜，可开沟条施追肥，开沟时不要伤断根系，用土盖好后及时浇水。对于种植株行距较大的蔬菜，可采用开穴追肥的方式。
(3) the top application opportunely: in big planting density, root shallow way of vegetables spread fertilizer fertilizer can be used when the leaf vegetables grow to 3-4, after dry it makes fine fertilizer evenly to vegetable plots, and watered in time. For growing relatively concentrated large spacing, root vegetables, can open ditch banding fertilizer, don't hurt is broken roots, furrowing formed cover after watered them in time. For vegetable planting plant row spacing is bigger, can adopt the way of open hole fertilizer. 下载本文
