| Country | UK | Ireland | Australia | New Zealand | American | Canada |
| Language | English | Irish English | English | Maori English | English | French English |
| Original people | Celtics | The Aborigines | Maori | Indians | Aboriginal | |
| Capital | London ... | Dublin | Canberra | Wellington | Washington D. C. | Ottawa |
| Largest country | 6th | 2th | ||||
| Government | parliamentary democracy & constitutional monarchy | Washminster 3 | Parliament 3 | Constitution Federal system | Washminster |
Contain 50 or more countries
Commonwealth of Nations (50) → European Union (28)
England
London capital cultural, business, financial center
Celtics original people
Roman Empire combine the small kingdoms into a united one called England
Anglo-Saxon
Viking and Danish
Norman
Charles the First’s attempt to overrule parliament civil war
Scotland
Edinburgh capital
Glassgow largest
Gaelic
Wales
Cardiff capital
Welsh
Northern Ireland “The Six Counties”
Belfast capital
Conflict ethnically distinct from the majority of British people
Geographically North and South of Ireland
Religiously Protestant and Catholics
Most Irish people remained Catholics, while most British people had become Protestant
1921 the southern 26 counties formed an independent “free state”, while the 6 north-
eastern counties remained a part of the UK
Jurisdiction : the Republic of Ireland Great Britain
its own elected executive government of ten ministers
Government
The process of stated-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution
Both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy
Queen is the official head of state
Governor- General fulfill the role of monarch in Australia, Canada, New Zealand
Israel and Britain are the only two counties without written constitutions of the sort with most countries have
Monarchy
The oldest institution of government
The “divine right of kings” authority from God
Civil war between republican “Roundheads” led by Oliver Cromwell
King should not exercise absolute power
→ symbolize the tradition and unity of the British state
Queen non-political
1. Head of the executive
2. An intergral part of the legislature
3. Head of the judiciary
4. Commander in chief of the armed forces and “supreme governor” of the Church
of England
Parliament
First used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives
from counties and towns
16 William of Orange the Bill of Rights
→ Function : pass laws, vote for taxation, examine government, debate the major issues
Consist of the Queen, the House of Lords, the House of Commons
(sovereign) (The real center of British political life)
The House the Lords : the Lords Spiritual & the Lords Temporal
Serve their country
Do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament at all
The House of Commons : 6 Members of Parliament (MPs)
Most belong to political parties : Labour, the Conservatives, the Liberal Democrats
Election
650 constituencies
5 years general election
Economy
6th largest economy
A member of the G7,G8,G-20, the World Trade Organization
By the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world
Decline
1. War debt
2. The independence of colonies
3. Substantial and expensive military presence
4. Failure to invest sufficiently industry
Britain has seen a relative shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries
Literature
| time | writer | Work | |
| Early time | Anglo-Saxon times | Beowulf old English | |
| Geoffrey Chaucer | The Canterbury Tales Middle English | ||
| Thomas Malory | Le Morte D’Arthur (Death of Arthur) | ||
| Elizabethan Drama (the Renaissance) | Marlowe | The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus | |
| William Shakespeare | tragedy | Romeo and Juliet Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth | |
| comedy | The Taming of the Shrew A midsummer Night’s Dream Twelfth Night The Tempest | ||
| 17th | Francis Bacon | Essays | |
| John Milton | Paradise Lost | ||
| 18th | Jonathan Swift | Gulliver’s Travels | |
| Daniel Defoe | Robinson Crusoe | ||
| Romantic Period | William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor Coleridge | Lyrical Ballads “Declaration of Independence” | |
| George Gordon,Lord Byron John Keats Percy Bysshe Shelley | Brought the Romantic Movement | ||
| 19th | Jane Austen | Sense and Sensibility Pride and Prejudice Emma | |
| Charlotte Bronte | Jane Eyre | ||
| Emily Bronte | Wuthering Heights | ||
| Charles Dickens | Oliver Twist Robert Louis Stevenson | ||
| Thomas Hardy | Tess of the D’Urbervilles | ||
| 20th | D. H. Lawrence | Sons and Lovers | |
| E. M. Forster | Howard’s End | ||
Education
Voluntary → compulsory
Church → the state ( the Ministry of Education)
| Age | Education | ||
| Up to age 5 | Pre-primary schooling in nursery schools, daycare, or play groups | ||
| 5 to 11 | State sector primary schools | ||
| 11 to 19 | Secondary schools | 11-16 | Comprehensive schools general education Grammar schools “the 11-puls” academic potential |
| 16 | GCSE exams (Northern Irish and Welsh) Quit school and find a job Prepare to sit exams for university entrance Vocational training | ||
| 16-18 | A-levels exams | ||
| 19- | University | ||
The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree
Oxford the oldest university in UK
Sports
Tennis
Wimbledon a London suburb world’s best players gather to compete
Invented in Britain
Golf
Invented in Scottish
Horse Racing
The true sport of British Kings (and Queens)
Holidays
| Holiday | Date | Information |
| New Year’s Day | Jan. 1st | |
| Valentine’s Day | Feb. 14th | |
| Easter Day | Sun. B 3.22-4.25 | The most important Christmas festival The Easter egg & Easter Bunny/Hare |
| April Fool’s Day | Apr. 1st | |
| Mother’s Day | 2nd Sun. in May | |
| Father’s Day | 3rd Sun. in June | |
| Halloween | Oct. 31st | Trick-or-treating & jack-o-lanterms |
| Thanksgiving Day | 4th Thur. in Nov. | |
| Christmas | Dec. 25th | The biggest and the best loved British holiday Commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ 1. Christmas Pantomime 2. Hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio |
| Boxing Day | Dec. 26th | Traditionally, people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants, but now, shopping |
| National Holidays | 2nd Sat. in June | Queen’s Birthday Celebrated by “Trooping the Color” Buckingham Palace |
| Bonfire Night | In early autumn | England |
| St Patrick’s Day | March 17th | Northern Ireland Shamrock (clover) & wear something green |
| Hogmanay | Dec. 31st | Scotland New Year’s Eve |
| Eisteddfod | Aug. 1st- 9th ? | Wales Music, literature, performance Spread the language of Wales |
7000 BC middle Stone Age period the earliest settlers arrived
6th century BC Celts their language proved the most lasting
An instrument of social and cultural unity & a legal system
5th century Christianity brought by Saint Patrick
The Vikings
The Normans
1541 Henry Ⅷ declared himself King of Ireland - the first English monarch
17 the French Revolution “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
1798 rebellion
1870-1914 Home Rule by Isaac Butt
1905-1908 Sinn Fein
1916.4 the Easter Rising
1919-1921 the War of Independence
Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed , with the result that 26 counties gained
independence as the new Irish Free State
Education
Irish education was undertaken by various religious orders, mostly Roman Catholic
Dominant religious belief
All children in the Republic must learn the Irish language
The University of Dublin, Trinity College, is the oldest university in the State which don’t need to learn Irish
Art culture
riverdance
Australia
6th largest country in the world
The largest island in the world
The smallest, flattest and driest continent in the world
50th most populous country in the world
Sydney largest city
Tasmania smallest state
New South Welsh populous state James Cook named it
West Australia the largest state
Animal: platypus, kangaroo,koala, wombat
Two most distinctive physical features: the Great Diving Range & The Great Barrier Reef
“The Father of Australia” Lachlan Macquarie the Governor of NSW
A member of the APEC, G20, OECD, WTO organization
There is now a much higher proportion of settlers arriving from Asia although Anglo Australia migrants still predominate
The peoples
People of Dreaming
“The Dreaming” or ”The Dreamtime” is the most enduring religion in Australia today
People who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land - that the land owns people, creating and providing everything
The Dreaming is the belief system from ancient times that has bound indigenous groups together
Terra Nullius
British who took over the country in the late 18th century, declaring it to be “terra nullius”
Australia as a penal colony
The impact of Colonisation
1. Expropriation of land and the killing of the peoples
2. Segregation and protection
3. Assimilation destroy the culture of the Dreaming
4. Citizenship and the fight against racism
Religion
Christianity
The Dreaming most enduring
Protestantism most dominant
Buddhism is now the fastest growing belief system in Australia
Islam, Hinduism, Judaism
Sport
The principal games a form of football ARL, AFL, RU, soccer
The most popular game netball
The second most popular fishing
Other games and sports cricket, hockey, basketball, beach volleyball, athletics, swimming
The Formation of the Australian Political System
Washminster
US
Political structure is based on a Federation of States
Has a three-tier system of government
The House of Representatives (the Lower House) & the Senate (the Upper House)
UK
The chief executive is a Prime Minister
Two houses of parliament
Headed by the Governor-General
The members of parliament generally belong to one of the two major political parties:
The Australia Labour Party (ALP) & the Coalition
the Liberals & the Nationals
Services
1st Tourism
Most popular tourist features: the Great Barrier Reef, Ulura Kakadu and the key
city attractions and beaches of Sydney, the Gold Coast, and the other
metropolitan centers
2nd Coal and iron ore
3rd Education
New Zealand
Aotearoa : another name, means “land of the long white cloud”
The North Island and the South Island are separated by Cook Strait
Auckland the largest urban area
Mt. Cook the highest mountain
In colloquial English, a Kiwi, capitalized, means a New Zealander
80% European ancestry 15% Maori 7% from the Pacific Islands
Christianity is the most common religion
Maoritanga
Means “Maori culture”
Maori : the original inhabitant of New Zealand are the largest non-European group, however, in recent years, Maori culture and perspectives have experienced a sort of renaissance
Although some Maori still live in their tribal areas, over 80% of the Maori population live in urban areas
The best known internationally of all Maori traditions is the haka
History
1000 years ago voyagers from East Polynesia settled there
12 first European explorer Abel Tasman found it
1840 over 500 chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi
Government
Governed by a democratically elected parliament
The Head of State is the British monarch Queen Elizabeth II represented by a Governor-General
The House of Representatives : the National Party & the Labour Party
The Prime Minister chooses up to 20 MPs to form the Cabinet
Education
Compulsory between the ages of 6 and 16
| Age | Education |
| 2-4 | Kindergartens |
| 5-6 | Infant classes |
| 6-12 | Primary school |
| 12- | Secondary school 9 universities & 22 polytechnics |
the Open Polytechnic the biggest education provider
Economy
Agriculture
The world’s largest farm
A world leader in agriculture research and advisory services
Pastoral farming remains the main land use
Forestry & Fishing
Constitute new natural resource-based industries with exciting potential for further
development
Overseas Trade
New Zealand lives by trade
American
Two long-continuing immigration movements : Asia (Indians) & Europe and Africa
1492 Columbus found
The first new force was the development of capitalism
The second major force is the Renaissance
The third influential force was the Religious Reformation
The first English permanent settlement was founded in 1607 in Virginia
1619 two events 1. A start of election 2. A start of Negroes being brought to US
Puritan New England was established in Massachusetts
Catholic Maryland
Quaker Pennsylvania
1773 “Boston Tea Party”
1774 the First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia
1775 the first shot thus the American War of Independence began
July 4,1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed the independence of 13 North American colonies
1781 the War of Independence came to an end
17 Washington began to set up the new federal government and frame his administration
1861 Civil War broke out
1865 ended
Constitution
Set up a federal system one in which power is shared between a central authority and its
constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each
Legislative Branch the Congress
The only branch that can make federal laws, levy federal taxes, declare war or
put foreign treaties into effect
The House of Representatives & the Senate
The main duty of the Congress is to make laws, including those which levy
taxes that pay for the work of the federal government
Executive Branch the President four-year term only two terms
Commander-in-chief of the armed forces
Under the Constitution, the president is primarily responsible for foreign
relations with other nations
Judicial Branch the Supreme Court : a chief justice & eight associate justices
Checks and Balances
Two major political parties Democratic Party donkey
Republican Party elephant
Economy
American is always a mighty presence on Global 100
After the birth of the nation, Americans lost no time in industrializing their new nation and in building trade with other countries
Key development the introduction of the factory system
The “American system” of mass production
The application of new technologies
The emergency of new forms of business organization
The construction of railroads marked the start of a new era for the United States
Service industries now dominate the economy
The Roots of Affluence
Bountiful resources, the geographical size of the country and population treads have all contributed to these success. Religious, social and political traditions; the institutional structures of government and business; and the courage, hard work and determination of countless entrepreneurs and workers have also played a part.
The 4th largest area and population in the world
Agriculture and its related industries serve as the foundation of American economic life, accounting for a larger portion of the United States’ GNP than other endeavor
The Current Recession
1930s the Great Depression
In late 2007 a crisis began in America and soon turned global
Triggered by a liquidity shortfall
Result in the collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by
national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world
Religion
The majority of Americans belong to the Protestant church
Baptists the largest Protestant group
Methodists the second largest Protestant group
Roman Catholics the largest single religious group
Character
1. American with different religions live together under the same law
2. The religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress
3. In the US every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own
finance and its own building
Literature
| writer | Work |
| Washington Irving | The first important American writer Inventing a history furnished American with its first myth-hero |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | Transcendentalists |
| Henry David Thoreau | |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | The scarlet Letter |
| Herman Melville | Moby-Dick |
| Walt Whitman | Leaves of Grass |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Uncle Tom’s Cabin |
| Mark Twain | The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn |
| Theodore Dreiser | Sister Carrie |
| Jack London | Call of the Wild |
| T. S. Eliot | The Waste Land |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | The Great Gatsby |
| Ernest Hemingway | The Sun Also Rises A Farewell to Arms For Whom the Bell Tolls |
| William Faulkner | The Sound and the Fury |
| John Steinbeck | The Grapes of Wrath |
| Ralph Ellison | Invisible Man |
| J. D. Salinger | The Catcher in the Rye |
Every child in America is guaranteed up to 13 years of education
Elementary School usually means grades kindergarten through 8
Secondary School generally means grades 9-12 called “high school”
Higher education
Successful applicants : high school records
Recommendations from high school teachers
Impression during interviews
Scores on SATs
Four categories : the university
The college
The technical training institution
Community college
Harvald University is the oldest in America
Both public and private colleges depend on 3 sources of income:
student tuition, endowments, government funding
Social movement
The Civil Rights Movement
The spontaneous action of one woman, Rosa Parks, was the beginning
The strongest leadership Martin Luther King
The Youth Movement resented traditional white male values
Anti-War Movement against the war in Vietnam
The Women’s Movement
Groups : professional women
White housewives and mothers The Feminine Mystique
Young activists
The accident was a word in the Civil Rights Act add “sex” into
Social problem
Racial problems the Afro-Americans used to be the largest of the racial and ethnic minorities
in the US, but recent, they after the Hispanics
Drug Abuse crime, automobile accidents, effects on individuals, economic losses
Crime
The Abuse of Power
Poverty
Way of Life
310 million people 3rd largest population
Melting Pot & Salad Bowl & Mosaic & Kaleidoscope
Technology
| Inventor | Invention |
| Eli Whitney | the cotton gin |
| Samuel F. B. Morse | telegraph wires Morse Code |
| Alexander Graham Bell | telephone |
| Thomas Alva Edison | Motion pictures Phonograph Electric light |
| Frederick Winslow Taylor | Scientific Management |
| Henry Ford | assembly line |
| Thomas B. Watson, President of IBM | semiconductor |
| Steve Jobs | Personal computer |
| Bill Gates | DOS |
| Robert Hutchings Goddard | rockets |
Nuclear energy is the most significant technology
Scenic spots
The Grand Canyon America’s most famous scenic wonder
Mt. Rushmore the Middle West
George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt
Hawaii the only state that is not on the North American continent
Alaska the largest state of the US by area
Canada
10 provinces and 3 territories
The traditional northern economy hunting and trapping animals for food and pelts
British Columbia (BC) has the most valuable forestry industry in Canada
Quebec the first colonists settled in the heartland of French Canada
Ottawa the capital city located in Ontario
Toronto the center the largest city located in Ontario
Montreal second largest city, located in the mainly French-speaking province of Quebec
More than half of Canada’s population live in Ontario and Quebec
History
French colonists first settled Canada
British
Europeans 17th
Battles fought between Indian tribes and the French and British entrepreneurs in 18th
Canada was born when 4 provinces joined together
Government
Two major foreign influences : its legacy as a former colony of Britain
The powerful influence exerted by its neighbor, the US
Canada’s system of government was based on the British system of parliamentary democracy
Monarchy both Queen and the Governor General occupy roles which are largely ceremonial
The first political community to combine federalism with a British system of government
Parliament : the House of Commons (a lower house) & The Senate (an upper house)
Leader : Prime Minster
4 major political parties : the Liberal Party, the Conservative, NDP, BQ
Mosaic
The first Canadians used to be called “Indians”
“the First Nations” first : they are the original inhabitants of the country
Nations: there are many “nations”, or tribes, which have different languages,
customs and beliefs
Now make up about 3.8% of the Canadian population, and their numbers are
increasing due to high birthrates
3 special groups of aboriginal peoples : the First Nations, the Inuit, the Metis
The Metis are different in appearance and economic development
Canada’s aboriginal peoples were vital to the fur trade and thus played a huge role in Canada’s economic development, but they were treated very badly by their white Europeans who came to colonies Canada. While in recent years their situation had improved, and they have become more politically active
Vancouver is the second largest Chinese community in North American, after San Francisco
Economy
3 main groups: natural resources, manufacturing, service industries
The export of primary resources remains the backbone of the Canadian economy
An exporter of Raw resources, an importer of manufactured goods, logging, oil industries
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